Sec.113. Sed qui his minor est: given by Halm as the em. of Io. Clericus for MSS. sed mihi minores. Guietus gave sed his minores, Durand sed minutior, while Halm suggests sed minutiores. I conj. nimio minares, which would be much nearer the MSS.; cf. Lucr. I. 734 inferiores partibus egregie multis multoque minores. Tale verum: visum omitted as in D.F. V. 76. Incognito: cf. 133. Amavi hominem: cf. Introd. p. 6. Ita iudico, politissimum; it is a mistake to suppose this sentence incomplete, like Halm, who wishes to add eum esse, or like Bait., who with Kayser prints esse after politissimum. Cf. 108 ita scribenti, exanclatum, and the examples given from Cic. by Madv. on D.F. II. 13. Horum neutrum: cf. 77 nemo. Utrumque verum: Cic. of course only accepts the propositions as Arcesilas did; see 77.

Sec.114. Illud ferre: cf. 136. Constituas: this verb is often used in connection with the ethical finis; cf. 129 and I. 19. Idemque etiam: Krebs and Allgayer (Antibarbarus, ed. 4) deny that the expression idem etiam is Latin. One good MS. here has atque etiam, which Dav. reads; cf. however Orat. 117. Artificium: = ars, as in 30. Nusquam labar: cf. 138 ne labar. Subadroganter: cf. 126.

Sec.115. Qui sibi cum oratoribus ... rexisse: so Cic. vary often speaks of the Peripatetics, as in D.F. IV. 5, V. 7. Sustinuero: cf. 70. Tam bonos: Cic. often speaks of them and of Epicurus in this patronising way; see e.g. T.D. II. 44, III. 50, D.F. I. 25, II. 81. For the Epicurean friendships cf. esp. D.F. I. 65. Diodoto: cf. Introd. p. 2. Nolumus: Halm and Bait., give nolimus; so fine a line divides the subjunctive from the indicative in clauses like these that the choice often depends on mere individual taste. De sapiente loquamur: n. on 66.

Sec.Sec.116—128. Summary. Of the three parts of philosophy take Physics first. Would your sapiens swear to the truth of any geometrical result whatever? (116) Let us see which one of actual physical systems the sapiens we are seeking will select (117). He must choose one teacher from among the conflicting schools of Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenos, Anaxagoras, Xenophanes, Leucippus, Democritus, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Melissus, Plato and Pythagoras. The remaining teachers, great men though they be, he must reject (118). Whatever system he selects he must know absolutely; if the Stoic, he must believe as strongly in the Stoic theology as he does in the sunlight. If he holds this, Aristotle will pronounce him mad; you, however, Lucullus, must defend the Stoics and spurn Aristotle from you, while you will not allow me even to doubt (119). How much better to be free, as I am and not compelled to find an answer to all the riddles of the universe! (120) Nothing can exist, say you, apart from the deity. Strato, however, says he does not need the deity to construct the universe. His mode of construction again differs from that of Democritus. I see some good in Strato, yet I will not assent absolutely either to his system or to yours (121). All these matters lie far beyond our ken. We know nothing of our bodies, which we can dissect, while we have not the advantage of being able to dissect the constitution of things or of the earth to see whether she is firmly fixed or hovers in mid air (122). Xenophanes, Hicetas, Plato and Epicurus tell strange things of the heavenly bodies. How much better to side with Socrates and Aristo, who hold that nothing can be known about them! (123) Who knows the nature of mind? Numberless opinions clash, as do those of Dicaearchus, Plato and Xenocrates. Our sapiens will be unable to decide (124). If you say it is better to choose any system rather than none, I choose Democritus. You at once upbraid me for believing such monstrous falsehoods (125). The Stoics differ among themselves about physical subjects, why will they not allow me to differ from them? (126) Not that I deprecate the study of Physics, for moral good results from it (127). Our sapiens will be delighted if he attains to anything which seems to resemble truth. Before I proceed to Ethics, I note your weakness in placing all perceptions on the same level. You must be prepared to asseverate no less strongly that the sun is eighteen times as large as the earth, than that yon statue is six feet high. When you admit that all things can be perceived no more and no less clearly than the size of the sun, I am almost content (128).

Sec.116. Tres partes: cf. I. 19. Et a vobismet: "and especially by you". The threefold division was peculiarly Stoic, though used by other schools, cf. Sext. P.H. II. 13 (on the same subject) [Greek: hoi Stoikoi kai alloi tines]. For other modes of dividing philosophy see Sext. A.M. VII. 2. At illud ante: this is my em. for the MSS. velut illud ante, which probably arose from a marginal variant "vel ut" taking the place of at; cf. a similar break in 40 sed prius, also in 128 at paulum ante. Such breaks often occur in Cic., as in Orator 87 sed nunc aliud, also T.D. IV. 47 repenam fortasse, sed illud ante. For velut Halm writes vel (which Bait. takes), Dav. verum. Inflatus tumore: cf. De Off. I. 91 inflati opinionibus. Bentl. read errore. Cogere: this word like [Greek: anankazein] and [Greek: biazesthai] often means simply to argue irresistibly. Initia: as in 118, bases of proof, themselves naturally incapable of proof, so [Greek: archai] in Gk. Digitum: cf. 58, 143. Punctum esse etc.: [Greek: semeion estin ou meros outhen] (Sext. P.H. III. 39), [Greek: stigme] = [Greek: to ameres] (A.M. IX. 283, 377). Extremitatem: = [Greek: epiphaneian]. Libramentum: so this word is used by Pliny (see Forc.) for the slope of a hill. Nulla crassitudo: in Sext. the [Greek: epiphaneia] is usually described not negatively as here, but positively as [Greek: mekos meta platous] (P.H. III. 39), [Greek: peras] (extremitas) [Greek: somatos duo echon diastaseis, mekos kai platos] (A.M. III. 77). Liniamentum ... carentem: a difficult passage. Note (1) that the line is defined in Greek as [Greek: mekos aplates]. (Sext. as above), (2) that Cic. has by preference described the point and surface negatively. This latter fact seems to me strong against the introduction of longitudinem which Ursinus, Dav., Orelli, Baiter and others propose by conjecture. If anything is to be introduced, I would rather add et crassitudine before carentem, comparing I. 27 sine ulla specie et carentem omni illa qualitate. I have merely bracketed carentem, though I feel Halm's remark that a verb is wanted in this clause as in the other two, he suggests quod sit sine. Hermann takes esse after punctum as strongly predicative ("there is a point," etc.), then adds similiter after liniamentum and ejects sine ulla. Observe the awkwardness of having the line treated of after the superficies, which has induced some edd. to transpose. For liniamentum = lineam cf. De Or. I. 187. Si adigam: the fine em. of Manut. for si adiiciamus of MSS. The construction adigere aliquem ius iurandum will be found in Caes. Bell. Civ. I. 76, II. 18, qu. by Dav., cf. also Virg. Aen. III. 56 quid non mortalia pectora cogis auri sacra fames? Sapientem nec prius: this is the "egregia lectio" of three of Halm's MSS. Before Halm sapientemne was read, thus was destroyed the whole point of the sentence, which is not that the sapiens will swear to the size of the sun after he has seen Archimedes go through his calculations, but that the sapiens, however true he admits the bases of proof to be which Archimedes uses, will not swear to the truth of the elaborate conclusions which that geometer rears upon them. Cicero is arguing as in 128 against the absurdity of attaching one and the same degree of certainty to the simplest and the most complex truths, and tries to condemn the Stoic sapiens out of his own mouth, cf. esp. nec ille iurare posset in 123. Multis partibus: for this expression see Munro on Lucr. I. 734, for the sense cf. 82, 123, 126, 128. Deum: see 126.

Sec.117. Vim: = [Greek: ananken], cf. cogere in 116. Ne ille: this asseverative ne is thus always closely joined with pronouns in Cic. Sententiam eliget et: MSS. have (by dittographia of m, eli) added melius after sententiam, and have also dropped et. Dav. wished to read elegerit, comparing the beginning of 119. Insipiens eliget: cf. 115 quale est a non sapiente explicari sapientiam? and 9 statuere qui sit sapiens vel maxime videtur esse sapientis. Infinitae quaestiones: [Greek: theseis], general propositions, opposed to finitae quaestiones, limited propositions, Gk. [Greek: hypotheseis]. Quintal III. 5, 5 gives as an ex. of the former An uxor ducenda, of the latter An Catoni ducenda. These quaestiones are very often alluded to by Cic. as in D.F. I. 12, IV. 6, De Or. I. 138, II. 65—67, Topica 79, Orat. 46, cf. also Quint. X. 5, II. E quibus omnia constant: this sounds like Lucretius, omnia = [Greek: to pan].

Sec.118. For these physici the student must in general be referred to R. and P., Schwegler, and Grote's Plato Vol. I. A more complete enumeration of schools will be found in Sext. P.H. III. 30 sq. Our passage is imitated by Aug De Civ. Dei XVIII. 37. Concessisse primas: Cic. always considers Thales to be sapientissimus e septem (De Leg. II. 26). Hence Markland on Cic. Ad Brutum II. 15, 3 argued that that letter cannot be genuine, since in it the supremacy among the seven is assigned to Solon. Infinitatem naturae: [Greek: to apeiron], naturae here = [Greek: ousias]. Definita: this is opposed to infinita in Topica 79, so definire is used for finire in Orat. 65, where Jahn qu. Verr. IV. 115. Similis inter se: an attempt to translate [Greek: homoiomereias]. Eas primum, etc.: cf. the exordium of Anaxagoras given from Diog. II. 6 in R. and P. 29 [Greek: panta chremata en homou eita nous elthon auta diekosmese]. Xenophanes ... deum: Eleaticism was in the hands of Xenoph. mainly theological. Neque natum unquam: cf. neque ortum unquam in 119. Parmenides ignem: cf. Arist. Met. A. 5 qu. R. and P. 94. He only hypothetically allowed the existence of the phenomenal world, after which he made two [Greek: archai, thermon kai psychron touton de to men kata men to hon thermon tattei, thateron de kata to me on]. Heraclitus: n. on I. 39. Melissus: see Simplicius qu. R. and P. 101, and esp. [Greek: to eon aiei ara en te kai estai]. Plato: n. on I. 27. Discedent: a word often used of those vanquished in a fight, cf. Hor. Sat. I. 7, 17.

Sec.119. Sic animo ... sensibus: knowledge according to the Stoics was homogeneous throughout, no one thing could be more or less known than another. Nunc lucere: cf. 98, also 128 non enim magis adsentiuntur, etc. Mundum sapientem: for this Stoic doctrine see N.D. I. 84, II. 32, etc. Fabricata sit: see 87 n. Solem: 126. Animalis intellegentia: reason is the essence of the universe with the Stoics, cf. Zeller 138—9, also 28, 29 of Book I. Permanet: the deity is to the Stoic [Greek: pneuma endiekon di holou tou kosmou] (Plut. De Plac. Phil. I. 7 qu. R. and P. 375), spiritus per omnia maxima ac minima aequali intentione diffusus. (Seneca, Consol. ad Helvid. 8, 3 qu. Zeller 147). Deflagret: the Stoics considered the [Greek: kosmos phthartos], cf. Diog. VII. 141, Zeller 156—7. Fateri: cf. tam vera quam falsa cernimus in 111. Flumen aureum: Plut. Vita Cic. 24 alludes to this ([Greek: hoti chrysiou potamos eie reontos]). This is the constant judgment of Cic. about Aristotle's style. Grote, Aristot. Vol I. p. 43, quotes Topica 3, De Or. I. 49, Brut. 121, N.D. II. 93, De Inv. II. 6, D.F. I. 14, Ad Att. II. 1, and discusses the difficulty of applying this criticism to the works of Aristotle which we possess. Nulla vis: cf. I. 28. Exsistere: Walker conj. efficere, "recte ut videtur" says Halm. Bait. adopts it. Ornatus: = [Greek: kosmos].

Sec.120. Libertas ... non esse: a remarkable construction. For the Academic liberty see Introd. p. 18. Quod tibi est: after these words Halm puts merely a comma, and inserting respondere makes cur deus, etc. part of the same sentence. Bait. follows. Nostra causa: Cic. always writes mea, tua, vestra, nostra causa, not mei, tui, nostri, vestri, just as he writes sua sponte, but not sponte alicuius. For the Stoic opinion that men are the chief care of Providence, see N.D. I. 23, II. 37, D.F. III. 67, Ac. I. 29 etc., also Zeller. The difficulties surrounding the opinion are treated of in Zeller 175, N.D. II. 91—127. They supply in Sext. P.H. I. 32, III. 9—12 an example of the refutation of [Greek: nooumena] by means of [Greek: nooumena]. Tam multa ac: MSS. om. ac, which I insert. Lactantius qu. the passage without perniciosa. Myrmecides: an actual Athenian artist, famed for minute work in ivory, and especially for a chariot which a fly covered with its wings, and a ship which the wings of a bee concealed. See Plin. Nat. Hist. VII. 21, XXXVI. 5.

Sec.121. Posse: n. on I. 29. Strato: R. and P. 331. Sed cum: sed often marks a very slight contrast, there is no need to read et, as Halm. Asperis ... corporibus: cf. fragm. 28 of the Ac. Post., also N.D. I. 66. Somnia: so N.D. I. 18 miracula non disserentium philosophorum sed somniantium, ib. I. 42 non philosophorum iudicia sed delirantium somnia, also ib. I. 66 flagitia Democriti. Docentis: giving proof. Optantis: Guietus humorously conj. potantis, Durand oscitantis (cf. N.D. I. 72), others opinantis. That the text is sound however may be seen from T.D. II. 30 optare hoc quidem est non docere, De Fato 46, N.D. I. 19 optata magis quam inventa, ib. III. 12 doceas oportet nec proferas; cf. also Orat. 59 vocis bonitas optanda est, non est enim in nobis, i.e. a good voice is a thing to be prayed for, and not to be got by exertion. There is a similar Greek proverb, [Greek: euche mallon e aletheia], in Sext. P.H. VIII. 353. Magno opere: Hermann wishes to read onere. The phrase magnum onus is indeed common (cf. De Or. I. 116), but magnum opus, in the sense of "a great task," is equally so, cf. T.D. III. 79, 84, Orat. 75. Modo hoc modo illud: 134.

Sec.122. Latent ista: see n. on fragm. 29 of the Ac. Post.; for latent cf. I. 45. Aug. Cont. Ac. II. 12, III. 1 imitates this passage. Circumfusa: cf. I. 44, and 46 of this book. Medici: cf. T.D. I. 46 Viderentur: a genuine passive, cf. 25, 39, 81. Empirici: a school of physicians so called. Ut ... mutentur: exactly the same answer was made recently to Prof. Huxley's speculations on protoplasm; he was said to have assumed that the living protoplasm would have the same properties as the dead. Media pendeat: cf. N.D. II. 98, De Or. III. 178.

Sec.123. Habitari ait: for this edd. qu. Lactant. Inst. III. 23, 12. Portenta: "monstrosities these," cf. D.F. IV. 70. Iurare: cf. 116. Neque ego, etc.: see fragm. 30 of Ac. Post. [Greek: Antipodas]: this doctrine appears in Philolaus (see Plut. Plac. Phil. III. 11 qu. R. and P. 75), who give the name of [Greek: antichthon] to the opposite side of the world. Diog. VIII. 26 (with which passage cf. Stob. Phys. XV. 7) mentions the theory as Pythagorean, but in another passage (III. 24) says that Plato first invented the name. The word [Greek: antipous] seems to occur first in Plat. Tim. 63 A. The existence of [Greek: antipodes]; was of course bound up with the doctrine that the universe or the world is a globe (which is held by Plat. in the Tim. and by the Stoics, see Stob. Phys. XV. 6, Diog. VII. 140), hence the early Christian writers attack the two ideas together as unscriptural. Cf. esp Aug. De Civ. Dei XVI. 9. Hicetas: he was followed by Heraclides Ponticus and some Pythagoreans. Sext. A.M. X. 174 speaks of the followers of Aristarchus the mathematician as holding the same doctrine. It seems also to be found in Philolaus, see R. and P. 75. Theophrastus: who wrote much on the history of philosophy, see R. and P. 328. Platonem: the words of Plato (Tim. 40 B) are [Greek: gen de trophon men hemeteran, eillomenen de peri ton dia pantos polon tetamenon]. Quid tu, Epicure: the connection is that Cic., having given the crotchets of other philosophers about [Greek: physike], proceeds to give the peculiar crotchet of Epic. Putas solem ... tantum: a hard passage. Egone? ne bis is the em. of Lamb. for MSS. egone vobis, and is approved by Madv., who thus explains it (Em. 185) "cum interrogatum esset num tantulum (quasi pedalem 82) solem esse putaret, Epic. non praecise definit (tantum enim esse censebat quantus videretur vel paulo aut maiorem aut minorem) sed latius circumscribit, ne bis quidem tantum esse, sed inter pedalem magnitudinem et bipedalem". (D.F. I. 20) This explanation though not quite satisfactory is the best yet given. Epicurus' absurdity is by Cic. brought into strong relief by stating the outside limit to which Epic. was prepared to go in estimating the sun's size, i.e. twice the apparent size. Ne ... quidem may possibly appear strange, cf. however ne maiorem quidem in 82. Aristo Chius: for this doctrine of his see R. and P. 358.

Sec.124. Quid sit animus: an enumeration of the different ancient theories is given in T.D. I. 18—22, and by Sext. A.M. VII. 113, who also speaks in P.H. II. 31 of the [Greek: polle kai anenytos mache] concerning the soul. In P.H. II. 57 he says [Greek: Gorgias oude dianoian einai phesi]. Dicaearcho: T.D. I. 21. Tres partis: in Plato's Republic. Ignis: Zeno's opinion, T.D. I. 19. Animam: ib. I. 19. Sanguis: Empodocles, as in T.D. I. 19 where his famous line [Greek: haima gar anthropois perikardion esti noema] is translated, see R. and P. 124. Ut Xenocrates: some edd. read Xenocrati, but cf. I. 44, D.F. II. 18, T.D. III. 76. Numerus: so Bentl. for mens of MSS., cf. I. 39, T.D. I. 20, 41. An explanation of this Pythagorean doctrine of Xenocrates is given in R. and P. 244. Quod intellegi etc.: so in T.D. I. 41 quod subtiliter magis quam dilucide dicitur. Momenta n. on I. 45.

Sec.125. Verecundius: cf. 114 subadroganter. Vincam animum: a common phrase in Cic., cf. Philipp. XII. 21. Queru potissimum? quem?: In repeated questions of this kind Cic. usually puts the corresponding case of quisnam, not quis, in the second question, as in Verr. IV. 5. The mutation of Augustine Contra Ac. III. 33 makes it probable that quemnam was the original reading here. Zumpt on Verr. qu. Quint. IX. 2, 61, Plin. Epist. I. 20, who both mention this trick of style, and laud it for its likeness to impromptu. Nobilitatis: this is to be explained by referring to 73—75 (imitari numquam nisi clarum, nisi nobilem), where Cic. protests against being compared to a demagogue, and claims to follow the aristocracy of philosophy. The attempts of the commentators to show that Democr. was literally an aristocrat have failed. Convicio: cf. 34. Completa et conferta: n. on I. 27. Quod movebitur ... cedat: this is the theory of motion disproved by Lucr. I. 370 sq., cf. also N.D. II. 83. Halm writes quo quid for quod (with Christ), and inserts corpus before cedat, Baiter following him. The text is sound. Trans. "whatever body is pushed, gives way." Tam sit mirabilis: n. on I. 25. Innumerabilis: 55. Supra infra: n. on 92. Ut nos nunc simus, etc.: n. on fragm. 13 of Ac. Post. Disputantis: 55. Animo videre: cf. 22. Imagines: [Greek: eidola], which Catius translated (Ad Fam. XV. 16) by spectra, Zeller 432. Tu vero: etc. this is all part of the personal convicium supposed to be directly addressed to Cic. by the Antiocheans, and beginning at Tune aut inane above. Commenticiis: a favourite word of Cic., cf. De Div. II. 113.

Sec.126. Quae tu: elliptic for ut comprobem quae tu comprobas cf. 125. Impudenter: 115. Atque haud scio: atque here = [Greek: kaitoi], "and yet," n. on 5 ac vereor. Invidiam: cf. 144. Cum his: i.e. aliis cum his. Summus deus: "the highest form of the deity" who was of course one in the Stoic system. Ether is the finest fire, and [Greek: pyr technikon] is one of the definitions of the Stoic deity, cf. I. 29, Zeller 161 sq. Solem: as of course being the chief seat of fire. Solis autem ... nego credere: Faber first gave ac monet for MSS. admonens, which Halm retains, Manut. then restored to its place permensi refertis, which MSS. have after nego. Hic, which MSS. have after decempeda, Madv. turns into hunc, while hoc, which stands immediately after nego, he ejects (Em. 187). Ergo after vos is of course analeptic. Halm departs somewhat from this arrangement. Leniter: Halm and Hermann leviter; the former reads inverecundior after Morgenstern, for what reason it is difficult to see.

Sec.127. Pabulum: similar language in D.F. II. 46. Consideratio contemplatioque: Cic. is fond of this combination, as De Off. I. 153; cf. Wesenberg on T.D. V. 9, who qu. similar combinations from D.F. V. 11, 58. Elatiores: MSS. mostly have latiores. Halm with Lamb. reads altiores, in support of which reading Dav. qu. D.F. II. 51, Val. Flaccus Argon. II. 547, add Virg. Aen. VI. 49, Cic. Orat. 119. Exigua et minima: [Greek: smikra kai elachista]. Madv. on D.F. V. 78 notes that except here Cic. always writes exigua et paene minima or something of the kind. Occultissimarum: n. on I. 15. Occurit ... completur: MSS. have occuret mostly, if that is retained complebitur must be read. Madv. Opusc. II. 282 takes occurit, explaining it as a perfect, and giving numerous exx. of this sequence of tenses, cf. also Wesenb. on T.D. IV. 35.

Sec.128. Agi secum: cf. nobiscum ageret in 80. Simile veri: cf. 66. Notionem: = cognitionem, [Greek: epistemen]. At paulum: MSS. et Halm sed.; cf. at illud ante in 116. Si quae: Halm and many edd. have se, quae. But the se comes in very awkwardly, and is not needed before the infinitive. Madv. indeed (Em. 114), after producing many exx. of the reflexive pronoun omitted, says that he doubts about this passage because considero does not belong to the class of verbs with which this usage is found, but he produces many instances with puto, which surely stands on the same level. Non magis: so in 119 nec magis approbabit nunc lucere, etc. The sunlight was the stock example of a most completely cognisable phenomenon; hence the Academics showed their hostility to absolute knowledge by refusing [Greek: ton helion homologein einai katalepton] (Galen De Opt. Gen. Dicendi 497 B qu. P. Valentia 304 ed. Or.). Cornix: for the Stoic belief in divination see Zeller 349—358. Signum illud: the xystus (9) was adorned with statues; edd. qu. Plin. Nat. Hist. XXXIV. 8. Duodeviginti: 82, I just note that octodecim is not used by Cic. Sol quantus sit: 91. Omnium rerum ... comprehendendi: not a case of a plural noun with a singular gerund like spe rerum potiendi, etc., but of two genitives depending in different ways on the same word (definitio). M. Em. 197 qu. Plat. Leg. 648 E [Greek: ten panton hettan phoboumenos anthropon toi pomatos], Brut. 163 Scaevolae dicendi elegantia, De Or. III. 156. Other exx. in M.D.F. I. 14. For the turn of expression cf. T.D. IV. 62 omnium philosophorum una est ratio medendi, Lael. 78 omnium horum vitiorum una cautio est, also 51 of this book.

Sec.Sec.129—141. Summary. What contention is there among philosophers about the ethical standard! I pass by many abandoned systems like that of Herillus but consider the discrepancies between Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Euclides, Menedemus, Aristo, Pyrrho, Aristippus, Epicurus, Callipho, Hieronymus, Diodorus, Polemo, Antiochus, Carneades (129-131). If I desire to follow the Stoics, Antiochus will not allow me, while if I follow Polemo, the Stoics are irate (132). I must be careful not to assent to the unknown, which is a dogma common to both you, Lucullus, and myself (133). Zeno thinks virtue gives happiness. "Yes," says Antiochus, "but not the greatest possible." How am I to choose among such conflicting theories? (134) Nor can I accept those points in which Antiochus and Zeno agree. For instance, they regard emotion as harmful, which the ancients thought natural and useful (135). How absurd are the Stoic Paradoxes! (136) Albinus joking said to Carneades "You do not think me a praetor because I am not a sapiens." "That," said Carneades, "is Diogenes' view, not mine" (137). Chrysippus thinks only three ethical systems can with plausibility be defended (138). I gravitate then towards one of them, that of pleasure. Virtue calls me back, nor will she even allow me to join pleasure to herself (139). When I hear the several pleadings of pleasure and virtue, I cannot avoid being moved by both, and so I find it impossible to choose (141, 142).

Sec.129. Quod coeperam: in 128 at veniamus nunc ad boni maique notionem. Constituendi: n. on 114. Bonorum summa: cf. D.F. V. 21 and Madv. Est igitur: so in De Div. II. 8, igitur comes fourth word in the clause; this is not uncommon in Cic., as in Lucretius. Omitto: MSS. et omitto, but cf. Madv. Em. 201 certe contra Ciceronis usum est 'et omitto' pro simplici 'omitto,' in initio huius modi orationis ubi universae sententiae exempla subiciuntur per figuram omissionis. Relicta: cf. 130 abiectos. Cic. generally classes Herillus (or Erillus as Madv. on D.F. II. 35 spells the name), Pyrrho and Aristo together as authors of exploded systems, cf. D.F. II. 43, De Off. I. 6, T.D. V. 85. Ut Herillum. MSS. have either Erillum or et illum, one would expect ut Herilli. Cognitione et scientia: double translation of [Greek: episteme]. For the finis of Herillus see Madv. on D.F. II. 43. Megaricorum: Xenophanes. Cic considers the Eleatic and Megarian schools to be so closely related as to have, like the schools of Democritus and Epicurus, a continuous history. The Megarian system was indeed an ethical development of Eleatic doctrine. Zeller, Socrates 211. Unum et simile: for this see Zell. Socr. 222 sq, with footnotes, R. and P. 174 sq. Simile ought perhaps to be sui simile as in Tim. c. 7, already quoted on I. 30, see my note there and cf. I. 35. Menedemo: see Zeller Socr. 238, R. and P. 182. The Erctrian school was closely connected with the Megarian. Fuit: = natus est, as often. Herilli: so Madv. for ulli of MSS.

Sec.130. Aristonem: this is Aristo of Chios, not Aristo of Ceos, who was a Peripatetic; for the difference see R. and P. 332, and for the doctrines of Aristo the Chian ib. 358, Zeller 58 sq. In mediis: cf. I. 36, 37. Momenta = aestimationes, [Greek: axiai] in 36, where momenti is used in a different way. Pyrrho autem: one would expect Pyrrhoni as Dav. conj., but in 124 there is just the same change from Pyrrhoni to Xenocrates. [Greek: Apatheia]: Diog. IX. 108 affirms this as well as [Greek: praiotes] to be a name for the sceptic [Greek: telos], but the name scarcely occurs if at all in Sext. who generally uses [Greek: ataraxia], but occasionally [Greek: metriopatheia]; cf. Zeller 496, R. and P. 338. [Greek: Apatheia] was also a Stoic term. Diu multumque: n. on I. 4.

Sec.131. Nec tamen consentiens: cf. R. and P. 352 where the differences between the two schools are clearly drawn out, also Zeller 447, 448. Callipho: as the genitive is Calliphontis, Cic. ought according to rule to write Calliphon in the nom; for this see Madv. on D.F. II. 19, who also gives the chief authorities concerning this philosopher. Hieronymus: mentioned D.F. II. 19, 35, 41, V. 14, in which last place Cic. says of him quem iam cur Peripateticum appellem nescio. Diodorus: see Madv. on D.F. II. 19. Honeste vivere, etc.: in D.F. IV. 14 the finis of Polemo is stated to be secundum naturam vivere, and three Stoic interpretations of it are given, the last of which resembles the present passage—omnibus aut maximis rebus iis quae secundum naturam sint fruentem vivere. This interpretation Antiochus adopted, and from him it is attributed to the vetus Academia in I. 22, where the words aut omnia aut maxima, seem to correspond to words used by Polemo; cf. Clemens Alex. qu. by Madv. on D.F. IV. 15. See n. below on Carneades. Antiochus probat: the germs of many Stoic and Antiochean doctrines were to be found in Polemo; see I. 34, n. Eiusque amici: Bentl. aemuli, but Halm refers to D.F. II. 44. The later Peripatetics were to a great degree Stoicised. Nunc: Halm huc after Jo. Scala. Carneades: this finis is given in D.F. II. 35 (frui principiis naturalibus), II. 42 (Carneadeum illud quod is non tam ut probaret protulit, quam ut Stoicis quibuscum bellum gerebat opponeret), V. 20 (fruendi rebus iis, quas primas secundum naturam esse diximus, Carneades non ille quidem auctor sed defensor disserendi causa fuit), T.D. V. 84 (naturae primus aut omnibus aut maximis frui, ut Carneades contra Stoicos disserebat). The finis therefore, thus stated, is not different from that of Polemo, but it is clear that Carneades intended it to be different, as he did not include virtus in it (see D.F. II. 38, 42, V. 22) while Polemo did (I. 22). See more on 139. Zeno: cf. D.F. IV. 15 Inventor et princeps: same expression in T.D. I. 48, De Or. I. 91, De Inv. II. 6; inv. = [Greek: oikistes].

Sec.132. Quemlibet: cf. 125, 126. Prope singularem: cf. T.D. I. 22 Aristoteles longe omnibus—Platonem semper excipio—praestans; also D.F. V. 7, De Leg. I. 15. Per ipsum Antiochum: a similar line of argument is taken in Sext. P.H. I. 88, II. 32, etc. Terminis ... possessione: there is a similar play on the legal words finis terminus possessio in De Leg. I. 55, 56, a noteworthy passage. Omnis ratio etc.: this is the constant language of the later Greek philosophy; cf. Aug. De Civ. Dei XIX. 1 neque enim existimat (Varro) ullam philosophiae sectam esse dicendam, quae non eo distat a ceteris, quod diversos habeat fines bonorum et malorum, etc. Si Polemoneus: i.e. sapiens fuerit. Peccat: a Stoic term turned on the Stoics, see I. 37. Academicos et: MSS. om. et as in I. 16, and que in 52 of this book. Dicenda: for the omission of the verb with the gerundive (which occurs chiefly in emphatic clauses) cf. I. 7, and Madv. on D.F. I. 43, who how ever unduly limits the usage. Hic igitur ... prudentior: MSS. generally have assentiens, but one good one (Halm's E) has assentientes. I venture to read adsentietur, thinking that the last two letters were first dropt, as in 26 (tenetur) and that then adsentiet, under the attraction of the s following, passed into adsentiens, as in 147 intellegat se passed into intelligentes. N, I may remark, is frequently inserted in MSS. (as in I. 7 appellant, 16 disputant, 24 efficerentur), and all the changes involved in my conj. are of frequent occurrence. I also read sin, inquam (sc. adsentietur) for si numquam of MSS. The question uter est prudentior is intended to press home the dilemma in which Cicero has placed the supposed sapiens. All the other emendations I have seen are too unsatisfactory to be enumerated.

Sec.133. Non posse ... esse: this seems to me sound; Bait. however reads non esse illa probanda sap. after Lamb., who also conj. non posse illa probata esse. Paria: D.F. III. 48, Paradoxa 20 sq., Zeller 250. Praecide: [Greek: syntomos] or [Greek: synelon eipe], cf. Cat. Mai. 57, Ad Att. VIII. 4, X. 16. Inquit: n. on 79. Quid quod quae: so Guietus with the approval of Madv. (Em. 203) reads for MSS. quid quae or quid quaeque, Halm and Bait., follow Moser in writing Quid? si quae removing the stop at paria, and make in utramque partem follow dicantur, on Orelli's suggestion. When several relative pronouns come together the MSS. often omit one. Dicebas: in 27. Incognito: 133.

Sec.134. Etiam: = "yes," Madv. Gram. 454. Non beatissimam: I. 22, n. Deus ille: i.e. more than man (of Aristotle's [Greek: e theos e therion]), if he can do without other advantages. For the omission of est after the emphatic ille cf. 59, n. Theophrasto, etc.: n. on I. 33, 35. Dicente: before this Halm after Lamb., followed by Bait., inserts contra, the need for which I fail to see. Et hic: i.e. Antiochus. Ne sibi constet: Cic. argues in T.D. V. that there cannot be degrees in happiness. Tum hoc ... tum illud: cf. 121. Iacere: 79. In his discrepant: I. 42 in his constitit.

Sec.135. Moveri: [Greek: kineisthai], 29. Laetitia efferri: I. 38. Probabilia: the removal of passion and delight is easier than that of fear and pain. Sapiensne ... deleta sit: see Madv. D.F. p. 806, ed. 2, who is severe upon the reading of Orelli (still kept by Klotz), non timeat? nec si patria deleatur? non doleat? nec, si deleta sit? which involves the use of nec for ne ... quidem. I have followed the reading of Madv. in his Em., not the one he gives (after Davies) in D.F. ne patria deleatur, which Halm takes, as does Baiter. Mine is rather nearer the MSS. Decreta: some MSS. durata; Halm conj. dictata. Mediocritates: [Greek: mesopetes], as in Aristotle; cf. T.D. III. 11, 22, 74. Permotione: [Greek: kinesei]. Naturalem ... modum: so T.D. III. 74. Crantoris: sc. librum, for the omission of which see n. on I. 13; add Quint. IX. 4, 18, where Spalding wished to read in Herodoti, supplying libro. Aureolus ... libellus: it is not often that two diminutives come together in Cic., and the usage is rather colloquial; cf. T.D. III. 2, N.D. III. 43, also for aureolus 119 flumen aureum. Panaetius: he had addressed to Tubero a work de dolore; see D.F. IV. 23. Cotem: T.D. IV. 43, 48, Seneca De Ira III. 3, where the saying is attributed to Aristotle (iram calcar esse virtutis). Dicebant: for the repetition of this word cf. 146, I. 33.

Sec.136. Sunt enim Socratica: the Socratic origin of the Stoic paradoxes is affirmed in Parad. 4, T.D. III. 10. Mirabilia: Cic. generally translates [Greek: paradoxa] by admirabilia as in D.F. IV. 74, or admiranda, under which title he seems to have published a work different from the Paradoxa, which we possess: see Bait., and Halm's ed. of the Phil. works (1861), p. 994. Quasi: = almost, [Greek: hos epos eipein]. Voltis: cf. the Antiochean opinion in I. 18, 22. Solos reges: for all this see Zeller 253 sq. Solos divites: [Greek: hoti monos ho sophos plousios], Parad. VI. Liberum: Parad. V. [Greek: hoti monos ho sophos eleutheros kai pas aphron doulos]. Furiosus: Parad. IV. [Greek: hoti pas aphron mainetai].

Sec.137. Tam sunt defendenda: cf. 8, 120. Bono modo: a colloquial and Plautine expression; see Forc. Ad senatum starent: "were in waiting on the senate;" cf. such phrases as stare ad cyathum, etc. Carneade: the vocative is Carneades in De Div. I. 23. Huic Stoico: i.e. Diogeni; cf. D.F. II. 24. Halm brackets Stoico, and after him Bait. Sequi volebat: "professed to follow;" cf. D.F. V. 13 Strato physicum se voluit "gave himself out to be a physical philosopher:" also Madv. on D.F. II. 102. Ille noster: Dav. vester, as in 143 noster Antiochus. But in both places Cic. speaks as a friend of Antiochus; cf. 113. Balbutiens: "giving an uncertain sound;" cf. De Div. I. 5, T.D. V. 75.

Sec.138. Mihi veremini: cf. Caes. Bell. Gall. V. 9 veritus navibus. Halm and Bait. follow Christ's conj. verenti, removing the stop at voltis. Opinationem: the [Greek: oiesin] of Sext., e.g. P.H. III. 280. Quod minime voltis: cf. I. 18. De finibus: not "concerning," but "from among" the different fines; otherwise fine would have been written. Cf. I. 4 si qui de nostris. Circumcidit et amputat: these two verbs often come together, as in D.F. I. 44; cf. also D.F. III. 31. Si vacemus omni molestia: which Epicurus held to be the highest pleasure. Cum honestate: Callipho in 131. Prima naturae commoda: Cic. here as in D.F. IV. 59, V. 58 confuses the Stoic [Greek: prota kata physin] with [Greek: ta tou somatos agatha kai ta ektos] of the Peripatetics, for which see I. 19. More on the subject in Madvig's fourth Excursus to the D.F. Relinquit: Orelli relinqui against the MSS.

Sec.139. Polemonis ... finibus: all these were composite fines. Adhuc: I need scarcely point out that this goes with habeo and not with probabilius; adhuc for etiam with the comparative does not occur till the silver writers. Labor eo: cf. Horace's nunc in Aristippi furtim praecepta relabor, also D.F. V. 6 rapior illuc: revocat autem Antiochus. Reprehendit manu: M.D.F. II. 3. Pecudum: I. 6, Parad. 14 voluptatem esse summum bonum, quae mihi vox pecudum videtur esse non hominum; similar expressions occur with a reference to Epicurus in De Off. I. 105, Lael. 20, 32. T.D. V. 73, D.F. II. 18; cf. also Aristoph. Plut. 922 [Greek: probatiou bion legeis] and [Greek: boskematon bios] in Aristotle. The meaning of pecus is well shown in T.D. I. 69. Iungit deo: Zeller 176 sq. Animum solum: the same criticism is applied to Zeno's finis in D.F. IV. 17, 25. Ut ... sequar: for the repeated ut see D.F. V. 10, Madv. Gram. 480, obs. 2. Bait. brackets the second ut with Lamb. Carneades ... defensitabat: this is quite a different view from that in 131; yet another of Carneades is given in T.D. V. 83. Istum finem: MSS. ipsum; the two words are often confused, as in I. 2. Ipsa veritas: MSS. severitas, a frequent error; cf. In Verr. Act. I. 3, III. 162, De Leg. I. 4, also Madv. on D.F. IV. 55. Obversetur: Halm takes the conj. of Lamb., adversetur. The MSS. reading gives excellent sense; cf. T.D. II. 52 obversentur honestae species viro. Bait. follows Halm. Tu ... copulabis: this is the feigned expostulation of veritas (cf. 34 convicio veritatis), for which style see 125.

Sec.140. Voluptas cum honestate: this whole expression is in apposition to par, so that cum must not be taken closely with depugnet; cf. Hor. Sat. I. 7, 19 Rupili et Persi par pugnat uti non compositum melius (sc. par) cum Bitho Bacchius. Si sequare, ruunt: for constr. cf. I. 7. Communitas: for Stoic philanthropy see Zeller 297. Nulla potest nisi erit: Madv. D.F. III. 70 "in hac coniunctione—hoc fieri non potest nisi—fere semper coniunctivus subicitur praesentis—futuri et perfecti indicativus ponitur." Gratuita: "disinterested." Ne intellegi quidem: n. on I. 7, cf. also T.D. V. 73, 119. Gloriosum in vulgus: cf. D.F. II. 44 populus cum illis facit (i.e. Epicureis). Normam ... regulam: n. on Ac. Post. fragm. 8. Praescriptionem: I. 23, n.

Sec.141. Adquiescis: MSS. are confused here, Halm reads adsciscis, comparing 138. Add D.F. I. 23 (sciscat et probet), III. 17 (adsciscendas esse), III. 70 (adscisci et probari) Bait. follows Halm. Ratum ... fixum: cf. 27 and n. on Ac. Post. fragm. 17. Falso: like incognito in 133. Nullo discrimine: for this see the explanation of nihil interesse in 40, n. Iudicia: [Greek: kriteria] as usual.

Sec.Sec.142—146. Summary. To pass to Dialectic, note how Protagoras, the Cyrenaics, Epicurus, and Plato disagree (142). Does Antiochus follow any of these? Why, he never even follows the vetus Academia, and never stirs a step from Chrysippus. Dialecticians themselves cannot agree about the very elements of their art (143). Why then, Lucullus, do you rouse the mob against me like a seditious tribune by telling them I do away with the arts altogether? When you have got the crowd together, I will point out to them that according to Zeno all of them are slaves, exiles, and lunatics, and that you yourself, not being sapiens, know nothing whatever (144). This last point Zeno used to illustrate by action Yet his whole school cannot point to any actual sapiens (145). Now as there is no knowledge there can be no art. How would Zeuxis and Polycletus like this conclusion? They would prefer mine, to which our ancestors bear testimony.

Sec.142. Venio iam: Dialectic had been already dealt with in 91—98 here it is merely considered with a view to the choice of the supposed sapiens, as was Ethical Science in 129—141 and Physics in 116—128. With the enumeration of conflicting schools here given compare the one Sextus gives in A.M. VII. 48 sq. Protagorae: R. and P. 132 sq. Qui putet: so MSS., Halm and Bait. putat after Lamb. Trans. "inasmuch as he thinks". Permotiones intimas: cf. 20 tactus interior, also 76. Epicuri: nn. on 19, 79, 80. Iudicium: [Greek: kriterion] as usual. Rerum notitiis: [Greek: prolepsesi], Zeller 403 sq. Constituit: note the constr. with in, like ponere in. Cogitationis: cf. I. 30. Several MSS. have cognitionis, the two words are frequently confused. See Wesenberg Fm. to T.D. III. p. 17, who says, multo tamen saepius "cogitatio" pro "cognitio" substituitur quam contra, also M.D.F III. 21.

Sec.143. Ne maiorum quidem suorum: sc. aliquid probat. For maiorum cf. 80. Here Plato is almost excluded from the so-called vetus Academia, cf. I. 33. Libri: titles of some are preserved in Diog. Laert. IV. 11—14. Nihil politius: cf. 119, n. Pedem nusquam: for the ellipse cf. 58, 116, Pro Deiot. 42 and pedem latum in Plaut. Abutimur: this verb in the rhetorical writers means to use words in metaphorical or unnatural senses, see Quint. X. 1, 12. This is probably the meaning here; "do we use the name Academic in a non natural fashion?" Si dies est lucet: a better trans of [Greek: ei phos estin, hemera estin] than was given in 96, where see n. Aliter Philoni: not Philo of Larissa, but a noted dialectician, pupil of Diodorus the Megarian, mentioned also in 75. The dispute between Diodorus and Philo is mentioned in Sext. A.M. VIII. 115—117 with the same purpose as here, see also Zeller 39. Antipater: the Stoic of Tarsus, who succeeded Diogenes Babylonius in the headship of the school. Archidemus: several times mentioned with Antipater in Diog., as VII. 68, 84. Opiniosissimi: so the MSS. I cannot think that the word is wrong, though all edd. condemn it. Halm is certainly mistaken in saying that a laudatory epithet such as ingeniosissimi is necessary. I believe that the word opiniosissimi (an adj. not elsewhere used by Cic.) was manufactured on the spur of the moment, in order to ridicule these two philosophers, who are playfully described as men full of opinio or [Greek: doxa]—just the imputation which, as Stoics, they would most repel. Hermann's spinosissimi is ingenious, and if an em. were needed, would not be so utterly improbable as Halm thinks.

Sec.144. In contionem vocas: a retort, having reference to 14, cf. also 63, 72. For these contiones see Lange, Romische Alterthumer II. 663, ed 2. They were called by and held under the presidency of magistrates, all of whom had the right to summon them, the right of the tribune being under fewer restrictions than the right of the others. Occludi tabernas in order of course that the artisans might all be at the meeting, for this see Liv. III. 27, IV. 31, IX. 7, and compare the cry "to your tents, O Israel" in the Bible. Artificia: n. on 30. Tolli: n. on 26. Ut opifices concitentur: cf. Pro Flacc. 18 opifices et tabernarios quid neqoti est concitare? Expromam: Cic. was probably thinking of the use to which he himself had put these Stoic paradoxes in Pro Murena 61, a use of which he half confesses himself ashamed in D.F. IV. 74. Exsules etc.: 136.

Sec.145. Scire negatis: cf. Sext. A.M. VII. 153, who says that even [Greek: katalepsis] when it arises in the mind of a [Greek: phaulos] is mere [Greek: doxa] and not [Greek: episteme]; also P.H. II. 83, where it is said that the [Greek: phaulos] is capable of [Greek: to alethes] but not of [Greek: aletheia], which the [Greek: sophos] alone has. Visum ... adsensus: the Stoics as we saw (II. 38, etc.) analysed sensations into two parts; with the Academic and other schools each sensation was an ultimate unanalysable unit, a [Greek: psilon pathos]. For this symbolic action of Zeno cf. D.F. II. 18, Orat. 113, Sextus A.M. II. 7, Quint. II. 20, 7, Zeller 84. Contraxerat: so Halm who qu. Plin. Nat. Hist. XI. 26, 94 digitum contrahens aut remittens; Orelli construxerat; MSS. mostly contexerat. Quod ante non fuerat: [Greek: katalambanein] however is frequent in Plato in the sense "to seize firmly with the mind." Adverterat: the best MSS. give merely adverat, but on the margin admoverat which Halm takes, and after him Bait.; one good MS. has adverterat. Ne ipsi quidem: even Socrates, Antisthenes and Diogenes were not [Greek: sophoi] according to the Stoics, but merely were [Greek: en prokopei]; see Diog. VII. 91, Zeller 257, and cf. Plut. Sto. Rep. 1056 (qu. by P. Valentia p. 295, ed Orelli) [Greek: esti de outos] (i.e. [Greek: ho sophos]) [Greek: oudamou ges oude gegone]. Nec tu: sc. scis; Goer. has a strange note here.

Sec.146. Illa: cf. illa invidiosa above (144). Dicebas: in 22. Refero: "retort," as in Ovid. Metam. I. 758 pudet haec opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse et non potuisse referri; cf. also par pari referre dicto. Ne nobis quidem: "nor would they be angry;" cf. n. on. I. 5. Arbitrari: the original meaning of this was "to be a bystander," or "to be an eye-witness," see Corssen I. 238. Ea non ut: MSS. have ut ea non aut. Halm reads ut ea non merely, but I prefer the reading I have given because of Cicero's fondness for making the ut follow closely on the negative: for this see Madv. Gram. 465 b, obs.

Sec.147. Obscuritate: cf. I. 44, n. on I. 15. Plus uno: 115. Iacere: cf. 79. Plagas: cf. n. on 112.

Sec.148. Ad patris revolvor sententiam: for this see Introd. 50, and for the expression 18. Opinaturum: see 59, 67, 78, 112. Intellegat se: MSS. intellegentes, cf. n. on 132. Qua re: so Manut. for per of MSS. [Greek: Epochen] illam omnium rerum: an odd expression; cf. actio rerum in 62. Non probans: so Madv. Em. 204 for MSS. comprobans. Dav. conj. improbans and is followed by Bait. I am not sure that the MSS. reading is wrong. The difficulty is essentially the same as that involved in 104, which should be closely compared. A contrast is drawn between a theoretical dogma and a practical belief. The dogma is that assent (meaning absolute assent) is not to be given to phenomena. This dogma Catulus might well describe himself as formally approving (comprobans). The practice is to give assent (meaning modified assent). There is the same contrast in 104 between placere and tenere. I may note that the word alteri (cf. altero in 104) need not imply that the dogma and the practice are irreconcilable; a misconception on this point has considerably confirmed edd. in their introduction of the negative. Nec eam admodum: cf. non repugnarem in 112. Tollendum: many edd. have gone far astray in interpreting this passage. The word is used with a double reference to adsensus and ancora; in the first way we have had tollere used a score of times in this book; with regard to the second meaning, cf. Caes. Bell. Gall. IV. 23, Bell. Civ. I. 31, where tollere is used of weighing anchor, and Varro De Re Rust. III. 17, 1, where it occurs in the sense "to get on," "to proceed," without any reference to the sea. (The exx. are from Forc.) This passage I believe and this alone is referred to in Ad Att. XIII. 21, 3. If my conjecture is correct, Cic. tried at first to manage a joke by using the word inhibendum, which had also a nautical signification, but finding that he had mistaken the meaning of the word, substituted tollendum.

[1] De Leg. II. Sec.3.

[2] Cf. De Or. II. Sec.1 with II. Sec.5.

[3] Ad Fam. XIII. 1, Phaedrus nobis,... cum pueri essemus, valde ut philosophus probabatur.

[4] N.D. I. Sec.93, Phaedro nihil elegantius, nihil humanius.

[5] Ad Fam. XIII. 1.

[6] Brutus, Sec.309.

[7] Ad Att. II. 20, Sec.6.

[8] Ad Fam. XIII. 16. T.D. V. Sec.113. Acad. II. Sec.115.

[9] Brutus, Sec.306.

[10] Ibid.

[11] Rep. I. Sec.7. T.D. V. Sec.5. De Off. II. Sec.Sec.3,4. De Fato, Sec.2.

[12] Cf. Brutus, Sec.Sec.312, 322.

[13] Cf. Brutus, Sec.Sec.312, 314, 316.

[14] Brutus, Sec.315.

[15] N.D. I. Sec.59.

[16] VII. I. Sec.35.

[17] Cf. N.D. I. Sec.93 with Ad Fam. XIII. 1, Sec.1.

[18] Ac. I. Sec.46.

[19] D.F. V. Sec.3.

[20] D.F. I. Sec.16.

[21] D.F. V. Sec.6, etc.

[22] D.F. V. Sec.8.

[23] Ac. II. Sec.4.

[24] Ib. Sec.69.

[25] Ad Att. XIII. 19, Sec.5.

[26] Ac. II. Sec.113.

[27] Ac. II. Sec.113. De Leg. I. Sec.54.

[28] II. Sec.12.

[29] Brutus, Sec.316.

[30] Hortensius, fragm. 18, ed. Nobbe.

[31] T.D. II. Sec.61.

[32] De Div. I. Sec.130.

[33] D.F. I. Sec.6.

[34] Ad Att. I. 10 and 11.

[35] Ibid. II. 1, Sec.3. N.D. I. Sec.6.

[36] Ad Att. II. 2.

[37] Ibid. I. 20. Cf. II. 1, Sec.12.

[38] II. 6.

[39] Ad Att. II. 7 and 16.

[40] Ibid. II. 6, Sec.2.

[41] Cf. Ad Att. IV. 11 with IV. 8 a.

[42] Ibid. IV. 10.

[43] Ibid. IV. 16, Sec.2.

[44] Ibid. IV. 16 c, Sec.10, ed. Nobbe.

[45] Ad Qu. Fr. II. 14.

[46] Ad Qu. Fr. III. 5 and 6.

[47] Sec.332.

[48] Ad Fam. XIII. 1. Ad Att. V. 11, Sec.6.

[49] Ad Att. V. 10, Sec.5.

[50] De Off. I. Sec.1.

[51] Tim. c. 1.

[52] Cf. Tim. c. 1 with De Div. I. Sec.5. Brutus, Sec.250.

[53] Ad Att. VI. 1, Sec.26.

[54] Ibid. VI. 2, Sec.3.

[55] Ibid. VI. 6, Sec.2.

[56] Ibid. VI. 7, Sec.2. Ad Fam. II. 17, Sec.1.

[57] T.D. V. Sec.22.

[58] Ad Att. VII. 1, Sec.1.

[59] Ibid. VII. 3, VIII. 11.

[60] Ad Att. X. 8, Sec.6.

[61] Ibid. VIII. 2, Sec.4.

[62] [Greek: peri homonoias], Ad Att. IX. 9, Sec.2, etc.

[63] Ibid. IX. 4, Sec.2; 9, Sec.1.

[64] Ibid. IX. 10, Sec.2.

[65] Ad Fam. IX. 1.

[66] Ibid. IX. 3.

[67] Ibid. IV. 3 and 4.

[68] De Rep. I. Sec.7. T.D. V. Sec.5, etc.

[69] Cf. N.D. I. Sec.6.

[70] Esp. I. Sec.Sec.26, 37.

[71] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.29.

[72] Ac. II. Sec.70.

[73] De Div. II. Sec.1. Ac. I. Sec.45, etc.

[74] N.D. I. Sec.1.

[75] Cf. esp. N.D. I. Sec.5. T.D. II. Sec.5.

[76] De Div. II. Sec.1. N.D. I. Sec.7, etc.

[77] T.D. II. Sec.4.

[78] N.D. I. Sec.10.

[79] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.8. N.D. I. Sec.Sec.10, 66.

[80] T.D. II. Sec.9.

[81] N.D. I. Sec.10.

[82] Ibid. I. Sec.17. Ac. II. Sec.Sec.120, 137.

[83] T.D. V. Sec.33.

[84] Ac. II. Sec.121.

[85] T.D. V. Sec.82, libas ex omnibus.

[86] Ac. II. Sec.143.

[87] T.D. V. Sec.11.

[88] Ac. II. Sec.10.

[89] N.D. I. Sec.12.

[90] Parad. Sec.2. De Fato, Sec.3. T.D. I. Sec.7. De Off. I. Sec.3.

[91] D.F. IV. Sec.5.

[92] Paradoxa, Sec.2.

[93] T.D. I. Sec.55. De Div. II. Sec.62.

[94] T.D. V. Sec.11. D.F. II. Sec.Sec.1 and 2, etc.

[95] Sec.13.

[96] Cf. esp. N.D. i. Sec.6. Ac. ii. Sec.Sec.11 and 17.

[97] De Leg. I. Sec.39.

[98] Ibid. I. Sec.Sec.55, 56.

[99] N.D. I. Sec.4.

[100] T.D. IV. Sec.53.

[101] Cf. De Off. III. Sec.20.

[102] T.D. V. Sec.Sec.21-31, esp. Sec.23.

[103] Ibid. V. Sec.75.

[104] De Off. II. Sec.35.

[105] T.D. V. Sec.34.

[106] Ac. I. Sec.16.

[107] Paradoxa, Sec.4. Ac. II. Sec.Sec.136, 137. T.D. III. Sec.10.

[108] Ac. II. Sec.135.

[109] See esp. N.D. I. Sec.Sec.3, 4.

[110] Ibid., also T.D. V. Sec.83.

[111] Grote's Aristotle, vol. I. ch. 11.

[112] T.D. IV. Sec.9. D.F. III. Sec.41.

[113] I. Sec.6.

[114] T.D. IV. Sec.7.

[115] Ibid. IV. Sec.7. Cf. D.F. II. Sec.44, populus cum illis facit.

[116] Ac. I. Sec.6. T.D. IV. 6, 7; II. Sec.7; III. Sec.33. D.F. III. Sec.40.

[117] T.D. IV. Sec.3.

[118] D.F. I. Sec.Sec.4-6. Ac. I. Sec.10. D.F. III. Sec.5.

[119] De Div. I. Sec.Sec.4, 5.

[120] D.F. III. Sec.5. N.D. I. Sec.8. T.D. III. Sec.Sec.10, 16.

[121] T.D. I. Sec.5.

[122] T.D. II. Sec.5.

[123] De Div. II. Sec.1. De Off. II. Sec.4.

[124] De Div. II. Sec.6. De Off. II. Sec.2.

[125] See esp. De Consolatione, fragm. 7, ed. Nobbe. T.D. V. Sec.5. Ac. I. Sec.11.

[126] N.D. I. Sec.6.

[127] T.D. II. Sec.Sec.1, 4. De Off. II. Sec.3. D.F. I. Sec.1.

[128] T.D. II. Sec.1. D.F. I. Sec.Sec.1, 3.

[129] D.F. I. Sec.Sec.1, 11.

[130] De Div. II. Sec.5. De Off. II. Sec.2. T.D. IV. Sec.1.

[131] De Div. II. Sec.4.

[132] N.D. I. Sec.9. T.D. II. Sec.1.

[133] De Div. II. Sec.4.

[134] Ad Att. XII. 19, Sec.1.

[135] Ibid. XII. 14, Sec.3.

[136] Ibid. XII. 15, 16.

[137] Ibid. XII. 21, Sec.5.

[138] Ibid. XII. 23, Sec.2.

[139] Ut scias me ita dolere ut non iaceam.

[140] De Or. III. Sec.109.

[141] Ad Att. XII. 28, Sec.2.

[142] Cf. esp. Ad Att. XII. 40, Sec.2 with 38, Sec.3.

[143] Ibid. XII. 40, Sec.2.

[144] Ibid. XII. 40, Sec.5.

[145] Ibid. XIII. 26.

[146] Ibid. XII. 41, Sec.1, also 42, 43; XIII. 26.

[147] Ibid. XII. 46.

[148] Ad Att. XII. 45, Sec.1.

[149] Ueber Cicero's Akademika, p. 4.

[150] Cf. Ad Att. XII. 12, Sec.2, where there is a distinct mention of the first two books.

[151] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3.

[152] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.4.

[153] Ibid. XIII. 21, Sec.Sec.4, 5; 22, Sec.3.

[154] II. Sec.2.

[155] De Fin. Praef. p. lvii. ed. 2.

[156] Ad Att. XIII. 12, Sec.3; 16, Sec.1.

[157] Ibid. XVI. 3, Sec.1.

[158] Ibid. XVI. 6, Sec.4.

[159] Ac. II. Sec.61.

[160] D.F. I. Sec.2.

[161] T.D. II. Sec.4. De Div. II. Sec.1.

[162] Cf. Krische, p. 5.

[163] Ac. II. Sec.61.

[164] Ad Att. XIII. 5, Sec.1.

[165] Ibid. XIII. 32, Sec.3.

[166] Ad Att. XIII. 33, Sec.4.

[167] Ibid. XIII. II. Sec.1.

[168] Ibid. XII. 42.

[169] Ibid. XIII. 16, Sec.1.

[170] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3.

[171] Ibid. IV. 16a, Sec.2.

[172] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3; also IV. 16a, Sec.2.

[173] Ad Att. XIII. 12, Sec.3.

[174] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.4.

[175] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3.

[176] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.4.

[177] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3; 19, Sec.4; 16, Sec.1.

[178] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.3.

[179] Ad Att. XIII. 22, Sec.1.

[180] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.5.

[181] Cf. Ibid. XIII. 14, Sec.3; 16, Sec.2; 18; 19, Sec.5.

[182] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.5.

[183] Ibid. XIII. 25, Sec.3.

[184] Ad Att. XIII. 24.

[185] Ibid. XIII. 13, Sec.1; 18.

[186] Ibid. XIII. 13, Sec.1; 18; 19, Sec.4.

[187] Ibid. XIII. 12, Sec.3. I may here remark on the absurdity of the dates Schuetz assigns to these letters. He makes Cicero execute the second edition of the Academica in a single day. Cf. XIII. 12 with 13.

[188] Ad Att. XIII. 13, Sec.1.

[189] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.5.

[190] Ibid. XIII. 19, Sec.3.

[191] Ibid. XIII. 25, Sec.3.

[192] Ibid. XIII. 25, Sec.3.

[193] Ibid. XIII. 21, Sec.4.

[194] Ibid. XIII. 21, Sec.5.

[195] Ad Att. XIII. 22, Sec.3.

[196] Ibid. XIII. 24.

[197] Ibid. XIII. 35, 36, Sec.2.

[198] Ibid. XIII. 38, Sec.1.

[199] Ibid. XIII. 21, Sec.Sec.3, 4.

[200] T.D. II. Sec.4. Cf. Quintil. Inst. Or. III. 6, Sec.64.

[201] Ad Att. XVI. 6, Sec.4. N.D. I. Sec.11. De Div. II. Sec.1.

[202] De Off. II. Sec.8, Timaeus, c. 1. Ad Att. XIII. 13, Sec.1; 19, Sec.5.

[203] Ad Att. XIII. 12; 16; 13; 19.

[204] Ibid. XVI. 6, Sec.4. T.D. II. Sec.4. N.D. I. Sec.11. De Div. II. Sec.1.

[205] Nat. Hist. XXXI. c. 2.

[206] Inst. Or. III. 6, Sec.64.

[207] Plut. Lucullus, c. 42.

[208] Sec.Sec.12, 18, 148.

[209] Cf. Att. XIII. 19, Sec.4.

[210] Lucullus, Sec.12.

[211] Ad Att. XIII. 16, Sec.1.

[212] Lactant. Inst. VI 2.

[213] Cf. esp. De Off. I. Sec.133 with Brutus, Sec.Sec.133, 134.

[214] Esp. Pro Lege Manilia, Sec.51.

[215] Brutus, Sec.222.

[216] In Verrem, II. 3, Sec.210.

[217] Pro Lege Manilia, Sec.59.

[218] Pro Sestio, Sec.122.

[219] Pro Sestio, Sec.101.

[220] Philipp. II. Sec.12.

[221] Ad Att. II. 24, Sec.4.

[222] Pis. Sec.6. Pro Sestio, Sec.121. Pro Domo, Sec.113. Post Reditum in Senatu, Sec.9. Philipp. II. Sec.12.

[223] Ad Fam. IX. 15, Sec.3.

[224] Cf. Post Reditum in Senatu, Sec.9. Pro Domo, Sec.113.

[225] Pro Archia, Sec.Sec.6, 28.

[226] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.9 with Sec.80.

[227] Sec.62.

[228] Pro Plancio, Sec.12. Pro Murena, Sec.36. Pro Rabirio, Sec.26. Pro Cornelia II. fragm. 4, ed. Nobbe.

[229] T.D. V. Sec.56. Cf. De Or. III. Sec.9. N.D. III. Sec.80.

[230] Cf. esp. III. Sec.173.

[231] Ibid. II. Sec.28.

[232] Ibid. II. Sec.Sec.13, 20, 21.

[233] Ibid. II. Sec.51.

[234] Cf. ibid. II. Sec.74 with III. Sec.127.

[235] Cf. II. Sec.152 with III. Sec.187.

[236] Ibid. II. Sec.154.

[237] Brutus, Sec.Sec.132, 133, 134, 259. De Or. III. Sec.29.

[238] Brutus, Sec.132.

[239] De Or. II. Sec.244. N.D. I. Sec.79. Cf. Gellius, XIX. 9.

[240] De Or. II. Sec.155.

[241] Ibid. III. Sec.194.

[242] Cf. De Or. II. Sec.68 with III. Sec.Sec.182, 187.

[243] De Or. I. Sec.82 sq.; II. Sec.360.

[244] Ibid. I. Sec.45; II. Sec.365; III. Sec.Sec.68, 75.

[245] Sec.12, commemoravit a patre suo dicta Philoni.

[246] Cf. De Or. III. Sec.110.

[247] Ac. II. Sec.148.

[248] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.11.

[249] Ibid.

[250] Ibid. Sec.Sec.12, 18, with my notes.

[251] Ac. II. Sec.12: ista quae heri defensa sunt compared with the words ad Arcesilam Carneademque veniamus.

[252] See below.

[253] Ac. II. Sec.Sec.33—36 inclusive; Sec.54.

[254] Ac. II. Sec.28.

[255] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.Sec.59, 67, 78, 112, 148, with my notes.

[256] Ibid. II. Sec.10.

[257] Ibid. II. Sec.28.

[258] Cf. II. Sec.61 with the fragments of the Hortensius; also T.D. II. Sec.4; III. Sec.6; D.F. I. Sec.2.

[259] Lactant. III. 16.

[260] Cf. Ac. II. Sec.10.

[261] Ib. II. Sec.61.

[262] Sec.Sec.44—46.

[263] Sec.13.

[264] Cf. II. Sec.14 with I. Sec.44, and II. Sec.Sec.55, 56.

[265] II. Sec.Sec.17, 18, 22.

[266] Cf. II. Sec.31 with I. Sec.45.

[267] II. Sec.Sec.17, 24, 26, 27, 29, 38, 54, 59.

[268] II. Sec.79.

[269] Cf. the words tam multa in II. Sec.79.

[270] See II. Sec.42, where there is a reference to the "hesternus sermo."

[271] II. Sec.10.

[272] Cf. II. Sec.10: id quod quaerebatur paene explicatum est, ut tota fere quaestio tractata videatur.

[273] What these were will appear from my notes on the Lucullus.

[274] II. Sec.12.

[275] Ad Fam. IX. 8.

[276] Cf. Ad Att. XIII. 25, Sec.3: Ad Brutum transeamus.

[277] This is not, as Krische supposes, the villa Cicero wished to buy after Hortensius' death. That lay at Puteoli: see Ad Att. VII. 3, Sec.9.

[278] II. Sec.9.

[279] Cf. II. Sec.61.

[280] II. Sec.80: O praeclarum prospectum!

[281] Cf. II. Sec.9 with Sec.128 (signum illud), also Sec.Sec.80, 81, 100, 105, 125.

[282] II. Sec.115.

[283] II. Sec.63.

[284] II. Sec.Sec.147, 148.

[285] II. Sec.135.

[286] Cf. II. Sec.Sec.11, 12 with the words quae erant contra [Greek: akatalepsian] praeclare collecta ab Antiocho: Ad Att. XIII. 19, Sec.3.

[287] Varro, De Re Rust. III. 17.

[288] II. Sec.11.

[289] Paradoxa, Sec.1. D.F. III. Sec.8. Brutus, Sec.119.

[290] Ac. I. Sec.12. D.F. V. Sec.8.

[291] Cf. II. Sec.80.

[292] Cf. Aug. Adv. Acad. III. Sec.35. Nonius, sub v. exultare.

[293] Cf. the word nuper in Sec.1.

[294] Sec.11.

[295] Sec.Sec.3, 18.

[296] Ad Fam. IX. 8, Sec.1.

[297] Ad Att. II. 25, Sec.1.

[298] Ibid. III. 8, Sec.3.

[299] Ibid. III. 15, Sec.3; 18, Sec.1.

[300] Ad Fam. IX. 1—8. They are the only letters from Cicero to Varro preserved in our collections.

[301] Above, pp. xxxvii—xlii.

[302] De Civ. Dei, XIX. cc. 1—3.

[303] See Madvig, De Fin. ed. 2, p. 824; also Krische, pp. 49, 50. Brueckner, Leben des Cicero, I. p. 655, follows Mueller.

[304] Cf. Krische, p. 58.

THE END