At the present day this process is regarded as a complex, and not a simple operation. It seems to be a process in which the mechanical, chemical, and vital agencies must all act in harmony and order; for if one of these be withdrawn, the function cannot be sustained for any considerable length of time; and of the chemical and mechanical parts of the process, since the former is much more important, and, as a matter of course, the vital powers are indispensable, therefore digestion may be considered as a chemical operation, directly dependent on the laws of vitality, or of life; since the proper consistency of the food depends, in a great measure, upon the character of the solvents, while the secretion of these fluids, their proper amount, together with the peculiar instinct—as it almost seems to be—necessary to direct the stomach in its many functions, are exclusively and entirely dependent on the laws and conditions of life.

G.

As food is necessary to supply the waste and promote the growth of the body, it follows that that will be the best adapted to the system which contains the same chemical elements of which the body is composed; viz., oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. These elements are found in greater or less quantity in all animal food, and in many vegetable products. Hence, that article of food which contains all these elements in a proper proportion will tend much more to the growth and strength of the body than those kinds which are deficient in one or more of them. Much experience on this point, and scientific research, seem to show that a reasonable amount of animal food in health tends to give greater strength of muscle, and a more general sense of fulness, than in ordinary cases a vegetable diet is able to do, owing to the presence of nitrogen in animal tissues. Yet there are examples of the healthiest and strongest men, who live years without a morsel of animal food; and the fact can only be accounted for, by supposing that the system has the power to make the most economical use of the little nitrogen offered to it in the food; or else that it has by some means the power to abstract it from the atmosphere, and transform it to the living animal substance.

H.

The proximate principles, which are the most important in nourishing the body, are albumen and fibrin. These constitute the greater part of all the softer animal tissues, and are also found in certain classes of vegetables, such as peas, beans, lentils, and many seeds. Hence, in many cases, a vegetable diet, especially if embracing any of those articles, would be sufficient to sustain life, even if no animal food should be eaten. But no animal can exist for a long time if permitted only to eat substances destitute of nitrogen, as in the case of a dog fed entirely on sugar, which lived but thirty days. And owing to this fact, Baron Liebig proposes to call substances used for food, containing nitrogen, "elements of nutrition," and those containing an excess of carbon, "elements of respiration;" since, according to his view, the food is necessary to support the growth of the body by replacing the effete and worn-out particles with new matter, and also to keep up the supply of fuel, in order to promote a sufficient degree of heat in the system. Accordingly, under the first division would be included all lean meats and vegetables, such as peas, &c.; while the fat of animals, vegetable oils, sugars, tubers, (as the potato,) and all other substances containing starch, would be included under the latter division.

I.

This definition of exhalants is from the theory of Haller and others. It is now believed that the fluids exude through the thin coats of the blood vessels. This process is called exosmose, and is the exhalation of old physiologists.

J.

It is a well-established fact, in animal and vegetable physiology, that membranes possess the property of allowing fluids and gases to pass through them in either direction, and also to permit two fluids to pass in opposite directions at the same time. This property is designated endosmose when a fluid passes from without a body inward; and exosmose when the reverse takes place. The first is called imbibition. One of the most striking instances of this, in the human system, is shown in the lungs, where carbonic acid and water pass out through the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and air-cells; and the oxygen of the air enters the blood through the same membrane. By this process of imbibition, the oxygenation of the blood is much more readily and faithfully accomplished; inasmuch, as by the immense number of bronchial tubes and air-cells a larger quantity of blood is exposed to a greater portion of air, than if the blood were directly laid open to the atmosphere in a mass, or the air were immediately transmitted through it.

Since the function of respiration is to free the system of superfluous carbon and hydrogen, by union with the oxygen of the air, it follows that the greater the amount of the products to be expelled, the larger the quantity of oxygen will be required to effect this purpose, as we find to be the case with those who consume large quantities of food.

The quantity of oxygen daily consumed through the lungs by an adult is about 32.5 oz., and the carbon in the food 13.9 oz. But in order to convert this whole amount of carbon into carbonic acid, which passes off through the lungs and skin, 37 oz. of oxygen are required; the remaining 4.5 oz. being absorbed by the skin. If the supply of food remain the same, while the amount of oxygen in the inspired air is diminished, the superfluous carbon will induce disease in the system, as is the case of those persons who are limited in their supply of air of a proper quality or quantity, and, consequently, have less appetite for food than those who are abundantly supplied with air of the proper standard of health; and in children, who proportionally consume more food than adults, and who are more active, thereby causing a more rapid circulation of blood, and, consequently, the removal of more superfluous particles of matter.

In children we notice the need of air, by their disposition to be much in the open air, and often inspiring more deeply than is common in older persons. Also, if the carbon of the food does not have a requisite supply of oxygen from the air, or other sources, the body becomes emaciated, although nourishing food may be used. And on the other hand, if there be a diminished supply of food, but an abundance of atmospheric air, leanness and emaciation are sure to follow; owing to the fact that if the oxygen has no waste carbon from the body to unite with, it combines with the fat, and some other soft portions of the body, which the Author of nature seems to have provided for this very purpose; as is seen in the case of hibernating animals, who enter their places of winter abode sleek and fat, but crawl out in the spring not merely deprived of their fatty matter, but also with great diminution of all the softer parts, which have given up their share of carbon to supply animal heat. One important cause of emaciation in febrile diseases is the greater rapidity of the pulse and respiration, which consume more carbon than is afforded by the scanty supply of food that is taken, although profuse perspiration, which almost always occurs in some stages of fevers, greatly diminishes the full state of the body.

K.

The theory of Baron Liebig concerning the change which the blood experiences in color, in its passage through the lungs, meets with the approbation of many physiologists, although there are some important difficulties in the way of fully receiving it. A chemical analysis of the blood shows it to be composed of albumen and fibrin, together with some other substances, in small proportions, and always perceptible traces of iron. He attributes the change in color to the iron, as this substance enters into combination with carbon and oxygen. For, as the blood passes through the trunks of the larger vessels and capillaries, it receives the carbon from the tissues which are continually transformed, and taking up the oxygen from the arterialized blood, forms carbonic acid, which unites with the iron, forming proto-carbonate of iron. This being of a gray color, he supposes it to be that which, with the other impurities of the blood, gives the venous blood the dark blue color. Then, as the blood comes in contact with the oxygen, as it is returned and exposed to this element in the lungs, the carbonic acid leaves the iron, which has a stronger affinity for oxygen than for carbonic acid, and forms the scarlet red peroxide of iron, that gives the characteristic color to the arterial blood. After this, as the blood is sent out through the smaller arteries and capillaries, it again gathers carbon and other impurities from the system, and becomes the dark, venous blood, thus completing the whole change of color in the circulation.

L.

As already mentioned, different articles of food have been divided into the azotized and non-azotized, or those which contain nitrogen as one of their constituents, and those which are nearly destitute of it. Of these, according to Liebig, the azotized portions are simply to supply the waste that is continually going on in the body, and promote its growth in the early stages of existence, or, in other words, the nutrient portion; while the sugar, starch, &c., are mainly of use in the respiratory organs. The correctness of this view may be understood from the fact, that the inhabitants in the colder regions of the earth consume a much larger quantity of oil and fat than the residents of hotter climates; and also those dwelling in the temperate zones can eat with greater impunity a larger quantity of fat meats in the winter than in the summer, there being then so much more demand for animal heat than in the summer.

M.

The suggestion of using the bellows in asphyxia, is from the directions of that distinguished and veteran surgeon, Valentine Mott, of New York city. The directions in the first part of the paragraph are the most practical, and best adapted to the wants of the community.



GLOSSARY

AB-DUC'TOR. [L. abduco to lead away.] A muscle which moves certain parts, by separating them from the axis of the body.

AB-DO'MEN. [L. abdo, to hide.] That part of the body which lies between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis.

AB-DOM'IN-IS. Pertaining to the abdomen.

A-CE-TAB'U-LUM. [L. acetum, vinegar.] The socket for the head of the thigh-bone; an ancient vessel for holding vinegar.

A-CE'TIC. [L. acetum, vinegar.] Relating to acetic acid. This is always composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, in the same proportion.

A-CHIL'LIS. A term applied to the tendon of two large muscles of the leg.

A-CRO'MI-ON. [Gr. akros, akros, highest, and omos, omos, shoulder.] A process of the scapula that joins to the clavicle.

AD-DUC'TOR. [L. adduco, to lead to.] A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another.

AL-BU-GIN'E-A. [L. albus, white.] A term applied to white textures.

AL-BU'MEN. [L. albus, white.] An animal substance of the same nature as the white of an egg.

A-LU'MIN-UM. Ḷ The name given to the metallic base of alumina.

AL'VE-O-LAR. [L. alveolus, a socket] Pertaining to the sockets of the teeth.

AM-MO'NI-A. An alkali. It is composed of three equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen.

A-NAS'TO-MOSE. [Gr. ana, ana, through, and stoma, stoma, mouth.] The communication of arteries and veins with each other.

AN-A-TOM'I-CAL. Relating to the parts of the body, when dissected or separated.

A-NAT'O-MY. [Greek ana, ana, through, and tome, tome a cutting.] The description of the structure of animals. The word anatomy properly signifies dissection.

AN'GU-LI. [L. angulus, a corner.] A term applied to certain muscles on account of their form.

AN-I-MAL'CU-LAE. [L. animalcula, a little animal.] Animals that are only perceptible by means of a microscope.

AN'NU-LAR. [L. annulus, a ring.] Having the form of a ring.

AN-TI'CUS. Ḷ A term applied to certain muscles.

A-ORT'A. [Gr. aorte, aorte; from aer, aer, air, and tereo, tereo, to keep.] The great artery that arises from the left ventricle of the heart.

AP-O-NEU-RO'SIS. [Gr. apo, apo, from, and neuron, neuron, a nerve.] The membranous expansions of muscles and tendons. The ancients called every white tendon neuron, a nerve.

AP-PA-RA'TUS. [L. apparo, to prepare.] An assemblage of organs designed to produce certain results.

AP-PEND'IX. [L., an addition.] Something appended or added.

A'QUE-OUS. [L. aqua, water.] Partaking of the nature of water.

A-RACH'NOID. [Gr. arachne, arachne, a spider, and eidos, eidos, form.] Resembling a spider's web. A thin membrane that covers the brain.

AR'BOR. Ḷ A tree. Arbor vitae. The tree of life. A term applied to a part of the cerebellum.

AR'TE-RY. [Gr. aer, aer, air, and tereo, tereo, to keep; because the ancients thought that the arteries contained only air.] A tube through which blood flows from the heart.

A-RYT-E'NOID. [Gr. arytaina, arutaina, a ewer, and eidos, eidos, form.] The name of a cartilage of the larynx.

AS-CEND'ENS. Ḷ Ascending; rising.

AS-PHYX'I-A. [Gr. a, a, not, and sphyxis, sphyxis, pulse.] Originally, want of pulse; now used for suspended respiration, or apparent death.

AS-TRAG'A-LUS. [Gr.] The name of a bone of the foot. One of the tarsal bones.

AUD-I'TION. [L. audio, to hear.] Hearing.

AUD-IT-O'RI-US. Ḷ Pertaining to the organ of hearing.

AU'RI-CLE. [L. auricula, the external ear; from auris, the ear.] A cavity of the heart.

AU-RIC'U-LAR. [L. auricula.] Pertaining to the auricle.

AX-IL'LA. Ḷ The armpit.

AX'IL-LA-RY. Belonging or relating to the armpit.

A-ZOTE'. [Gr. a, a, not, and zoe, zoe, life.] Nitrogen. One of the constituent elements of the atmosphere. So named because it will not sustain life.

BEN-ZO'IC. Benzoic acid. A peculiar vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin and some other balsams.

BI'CEPS. [L. bis, twice, and caput, a head.] A name applied to muscles with two heads at one extremity.

BI-CUS'PIDS. [L. bis and cuspis, a point.] Teeth that have two points upon their crown.

BILE. [L. bilis.] A yellow, viscid fluid secreted by the liver.

BI-PEN'NI-FORM. [L. bis and penna, a feather.] Bipenniform muscle. Having fibres on each side of a common tendon.

BRACH'I-AL. [L. brachium.] Belonging to the arm.

BRE'VIS. Ḷ Brevis, short; brevior, shorter.

BRONCH'I-A, -AE. Ḷ A division of the trachea that passes to the lungs.

BRONCH'I-AL. Relating to the bronchia.

BRONCH-I'TIS. Ḷ An inflammation of the bronchia.

BUC-CI-NA'TOR. [L. buccinum, a trumpet.] The name of a muscle of the cheek, so named because used in blowing wind instruments.

BUR'SAE MU-CO'SA. [L. bursa, a purse, and mucosa, viscous.] Small sacs, containing a viscid fluid, situated about the joints, under tendons.

CAE'CUM. Ḷ Blind; the name given to the commencement of the colon.

CALX, CAL'CIS. Ḷ The heel-bone.

CAL'CI-UM. Ḷ The metallic basis of lime.

CAP'IL-LA-RY. [L. capillus, a hair.] Resembling a hair; small.

CAP'SU-LAR. Pertaining to a capsule.

CAP'SULE. [L. capsula, a little chest.] A membranous bag, enclosing a part.

CA'PUT. Ḷ The head. Caput coli. The head of the colon.

CAR'BON. [L. carbo, a coal.] Pure charcoal. An elementary combustible substance.

CAR-BON'IC. Pertaining to carbon.

CAR'DI-AC. [Gr. kardia, kardia, heart.] Relating to the heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.

CAR'NE-A, -AE. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] Fleshy.

CA-ROT'ID. [Gr. karos, karos, lethargy.] The great arteries of the neck that convey blood to the heart. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be seated in these arteries.

CAR'PAL. [L. carpus, the wrist.] Relating to the wrist.

CAR'PUS, -I. Ḷ The wrist.

CAR'TI-LAGE. [L. cartilago.] Gristle. A smooth, elastic substance, softer than bone.

CAR-TI-LAG'IN-OUS. Pertaining to cartilage.

CAU-CA'SIAN. One of the races of men.

CA'VA. Ḷ Hollow. Vena cava. A name given to the two great veins of the body.

CEL'LU-LAR. [L. cellula, a little cell.] Composed of cells.

CER-E-BEL'LUM. Ḷ The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the little brain.

CER'E-BRAL. Pertaining to the brain.

CER'E-BRUM. Ḷ The front and large part of the brain. The term is sometimes applied to the whole contents of the cranium.

CER'E-BRO-SPI'NAL. Relating to the brain and spine.

CER'VIX. Ḷ The neck.

CER'VI-CAL. Relating to the neck.

CHEST. [Sax.] The thorax; the trunk of the body from the neck to the abdomen.

CHLO'RINE. [Gr. chloros, chloros, green.] Chlorine gas, so named from its color.

CHOR'DA, -AE. Ḷ A cord. An assemblage of fibres.

CHO'ROID. [Gr. chorion, chorion.] A term applied to several parts of the body that resemble the skin.

CHYLE. [Gr. chulos, chulos, juice.] A nutritive fluid, of a whitish appearance, which is extracted from food by the action of the digestive organs.

CHYL-I-FI-CA'TION. [chyle and L. facio, to make.] The process by which chyle is formed.

CHYME. [Gr. chumos, chumos, juice.] A kind of grayish pulp formed from the food in the stomach.

CHYM-I-FI-CA'TION. [chyme and L. facio, to make.] The process by which chyme is formed.

CIL'IA-RY. [L. cilia, eyelashes.] Belonging to the eyelids.

CIN-E-RI'TIOUS. [L. cinis, ashes.] Having the color of ashes.

CLAV'I-CLE. [L. clavicula, from clavis, a key.] The collar-bone; so called from its resemblance in shape to an ancient key.

CLEI'DO. A term applied to some muscles that are attached to the clavicle.

CO-AG'U-LUM. Ḷ A coagulated mass, a clot of blood.

COC'CYX. [Gr.] An assemblage of bones joined to the sacrum.

COCH'LE-A. [Gr. kochlo, kochlo, to twist; or L. cochlea, a screw.] A cavity of the ear resembling in form a snail shell.

CO'LON. [Gr.] A portion of the large intestine.

CO-LUM'NA, -AE.Ḷ A column or pillar.

COM-MU'NIS. Ḷ A name applied to certain muscles.

COM-PLEX'US. [L. complector, to embrace.] The name of a muscle that embraces many attachments.

COM-PRESS'OR. [L. con, together, and premo, pressus, to press.] A term applied to some muscles, that compress the parts to which they are attached.

CON'DYLE. [Gr. kondulos, kondulos, a knuckle, a protuberance.] A prominence on the end of a bone.

CON-JUNC-TI'VA. [L. con, together, and jungo, to join.] The membrane that covers the anterior part of the globe of the eye.

COP'PER. A metal of a pale, red color, tinged with yellow.

COR-A'COID. [Gr. korax, korax, a crow, and eidos, eidos, form.] A process of the scapula shaped like the beak of a crow.

CO'RI-ON. [Gr. chorion, chorion, skin.] The true skin.

CORN'E-A. [L. cornu, a horn.] The transparent membrane in the fore part of the eye.

COS'TA. [L. costa, a coast, side, or rib.] A rib.

CRIB'RI-FORM. [L. cribrum, a sieve, and forma, form.] A plate of the ethmoid bone, through which the olfactory nerve passes to the nose.

CRI'COID. [Gr. krikos, krikos, a ring, and eidos, eidos, form.] A name given to a cartilage of the larynx, from its form.

CRYS'TAL-LINE. [L. crystallinus, consisting of crystal.] Crystalline lens. One of the humors of the eye. It is convex, white, firm, and transparent.

CU'BI-TUS, -I. [L. cubitus, the elbow.] One of the bones of the forearm, also called the ulna.

CU'BOID. [Gr. kubos, kubos, a cube, and eidos, eidos, form.] Having nearly the form of a cube.

CU-NE'I-FORM. [L. cuneus, a wedge.] The name of bones in the wrist and foot.

CUS'PID. [L. cuspis, a point.] Having one point.

CU-TA'NE-OUS. [L. cutis, skin.] Belonging to the skin.

CU'TI-CLE. [L. cutis.] The external layer of the skin.

CU'TIS VE'RA. [L. cutis, and vera, true.] The internal layer of the skin; the true skin.

DEL'TOID. [Gr. delta, delta, the Greek letter Delta, and eidos, eidos, form.] The name of a muscle, that resembles in form the Greek letter Delta.

DENS. Ḷ A tooth.

DENT'AL. [L. dens, tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth.

DE-PRESS'OR. Ḷ The name of a muscle that draws down the part to which it is attached.

DERM'OID. [Gr. derma, derma, the skin, and eidos, eidos, form.] Resembling skin.

DE-SCEND'ENS. [L. de and scando, to climb.] Descending, falling.

DI'A-PHRAGM. [Gr. diaphragma, diaphragma, a partition.] The midriff; a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.

DI-AR-RHOE'A. [Gr. diarreo, diarrheo, to flow through.] A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines.

DI-AS'TO-LE. [Gr. diastello, diastello, to put asunder.] The dilatation of the heart and arteries when the blood enters them.

DI-GES'TION. [L. digestio.] The process of dissolving food in the stomach, and preparing it for circulation and nourishment.

DIG-I-TO'RUM. [L. digitus, a finger.] A term applied to certain muscles of the extremities.

DOR'SAL. [L. dorsum, the back.] Pertaining to the back.

DU-O-DE'NUM. [L. duodenus, of twelve fingers' breadth.] The first portion of the small intestine.

DU'RA MA'TER. [L. durus, hard, and mater, mother.] The outermost membrane of the brain.

DYS'EN-TER-Y. [Gr. dys, dus, bad, and enteria, enteria, intestines.] A discharge of blood and mucus from the intestines attended with tenesmus.

DYS-PEP'SI-A. [Gr. dys, dus, bad, and pepto, pepto, to digest.] Indigestion, or difficulty of digestion.

EN-AM'EL. [Fr.] The smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of a tooth.

EP-I-DERM'IS. [Gr. epi, epi, upon, and derma, derma, the skin.] The scarf-skin; the cuticle.

EP-I-GLOT'TIS. [Gr. epi, epi, upon, and glotta, glotta, the tongue.] One of the cartilages of the glottis.

EU-STA'CHI-AN TUBE. A channel from the fauces to the middle ear, named from Eustachius, who first described it.

EX'CRE-MENT. [L. excerno, to separate.] Matter excreted and ejected; alvine discharges.

EX-CRE-MEN-TI'TIAL. Pertaining to excrement.

EX'CRE-TO-RY. A little duct or vessel, destined to receive secreted fluids, and to excrete or discharge them; also, a secretory vessel.

EX-HA'LANT. [L. exhalo, to send forth vapor.] Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.

EX-TENS'OR. Ḷ A name applied to a muscle that serves to extend any part of the body; opposed to Flexor.

FA'CIAL. [L. facies, face.] Pertaining to the face.

FALX. [L. falx, a scythe.] A process of the dura mater shaped like a scythe.

FAS'CI-A. [L. fascia, a band.] A tendinous expansion or aponeurosis.

FAS-CIC'U-LUS, -LI. [L. fascis, a bundle.] A little bundle.

FAUX, -CES. Ḷ The top of the throat.

FEM'O-RAL. Pertaining to the femur.

FEM'O-RIS. A term applied to muscles that are attached to the femur.

FE'MUR. Ḷ The thigh-bone.

FE-NES'TRA, -UM. [L. fenestra, a window.] A term applied to some openings into the internal ear.

FI'BRE. [L. fibra.] An organic filament, or thread, which enters into the composition of every animal and vegetable texture.

FI'BRIN. A peculiar organic substance found in animals and vegetables; it is a solid substance, tough, elastic, and composed of thready fibres.

FI'BROUS. Composed or consisting of fibres.

FI'BRO-CAR'TI-LAGE. An organic tissue, partaking of the nature of fibrous tissue and that of cartilage.

FIB'U-LA. [L., a clasp.] The outer and lesser bone of the leg.

FIB'U-LAR. Belonging to the fibula.

FIL'A-MENT. [L. filamenta, threads.] A fine thread, of which flesh, nerves, skin, &c., are composed.

FLEC'TION. [L. flectio.] The act of bending.

FOL'LI-CLE. [L. folliculus, a small bag.] A gland; a little bag in animal bodies.

FORE'ARM. The part of the upper extremity between the elbow and hand.

FOS'SA. [L., a ditch.] A cavity in a bone, with a large aperture.

FRAE'NUM. [L., a bridle.] Fraenum linguae. The bridle of the tongue.

FUNC'TION. [L. fungor, to perform.] The action of an organ or system of organs.

FUN'GI-FORM. [L. fungus and forma.] Having terminations like the head of a fungus, or a mushroom.

GAN'GLI-ON, -A. [Gr.] An enlargement in the course of a nerve.

GAS'TRIC. [Gr. gaster, gaster, the stomach.] Belonging to the stomach.

GAS-TROC-NE'MI-US. [Gr. gaster, gaster, the stomach, and kneme, kneme, the leg.] The name of large muscles of the leg.

GEL'A-TIN. [L. gelo, to congeal.] A concrete animal substance, transparent and soluble in water.

GLE'NOID. [Gr. glene, glene, a cavity.] A term applied to some articulate cavities of bones.

GLOS'SA. [Gr.] The tongue. Names compounded with this word are applied to muscles of the tongue.

GLOS'SO-PHA-RYN'GI-AL. Relating to the tongue and pharynx.

GLOT'TIS. [Gr.] The narrow opening at the upper part of the larynx.

GLU'TE-US. [Gr.] A name given to muscles of the hip.

HEM'OR-RHAGE. [Gr. haima, haima, blood and regnuo, regnuo, to burst.] A discharge of blood from an artery or vein.

HU'MER-US. Ḷ The bone of the arm.

HY'A-LOID. [Gr.] A transparent membrane of the eye.

HY'DRO-GEN. [Gr. hydor, water, and gennao, to generate.] A gas which constitutes one of the elements of water.

HY'GI-ENE. [Gr. hugieinon, hugieinon, health.] The part of medicine which treats of the preservation of health.

HY'OID. [Gr. u and eidos, eidos, shape.] A bone of the tongue resembling the Greek letter upsilon in shape.

HY-OID'E-US. Pertaining to the hyoid bone.

HY'PO-GLOS'SAL. Under the tongue. The name of a nerve of the tongue.

IL'E-UM. [Gr. eilo, eilo, to wind.] A portion of the small intestines.

IL'I-AC. [From the above.] The flank; pertaining to the small intestine.

IL'I-UM. The haunch-bone.

IN-CI'SOR. [L. incido, to cut.] A front tooth that cuts or divides.

IN'DEX. [L. indico, to show.] The fore-finger; the pointing finger.

IN-NOM-I-NA'TA. [L. in, not, and nomen, name.] Parts which have no proper name.

IN-OS'CU-LATE. [L. in and osculatus, from osculor, to kiss.] To unite, as two vessels at their extremities.

IN'TER. Ḷ Between.

IN-TER-COST'AL. [L. inter, between, and costa, a rib.] Between the ribs.

IN-TER-NO'DI-I. [L. inter, between, and nodus, knot.] A term applied to some muscles of the forearm.

IN-TER-STI'TIAL. [L. inter, between, and sto, to stand.] Pertaining to or containing interstices.

IN-TES'TINES. [L. intus, within.] The canal that extends from the stomach to the anus.

I'RIS. [L., the rainbow.] The colored circle that surrounds the pupil of the eye.

I'VO-RY. A hard, solid, fine-grained substance of a fine white color; the tusk of an elephant.

JE-JU'NUM. [L., empty.] A portion of the small intestine.

JU'GU-LAR. [L. jugulum, the neck.] Relating to the throat. The great veins of the neck.

LA'BI-UM, LA'BI-I. Ḷ The lips.

LAB'Y-RINTH. [Gr.] The internal ear, so named from its many windings.

LACH'RY-MAL. [L. lachryma, a tear.] Pertaining to tears.

LAC'TE-AL. [L., lac, milk.] A small vessel or tube of animal bodies for conveying chyle from the intestine to the thoracic duct.

LAM'I-NA, -AE. Ḷ A plate, or thin coat lying over another.

LAR'YNX. [Gr. larunx, larunx.] The upper part of the windpipe.

LAR-YN-GI'TIS. Inflammation of the larynx.

LA-TIS'SI-MUS, -MI. [L., superlative of latus, broad.] A term applied to some muscles.

LE-VA'TOR. [L. levo, to raise.] A name applied to a muscle that raises some part.

LIG'A-MENT. [L. ligo, to bind.] A strong, compact substance serving to bind one bone to another.

LIN'E-A, -AE. Ḷ A line.

LIN'GUA, -AE. Ḷ A tongue.

LIV'ER. The name of one of the abdominal organs, the largest gland in the system. It is situated below the diaphragm, and secretes the bile.

LOBE. A round projecting part of an organ.

LON'GUS, LON'GI-OR. [L., long, longer.] A term applied to several muscles.

LUM'BAR. [L. lumbus, the loins.] Pertaining to the loins.

LYMPH. [L. lympha, water.] A colorless fluid in animal bodies, and contained in vessels called lymphatics.

LYM-PHAT'IC. A vessel of animal bodies that contains or conveys lymph.

MAG-NE'SI-UM. The metallic base of magnesia.

MAG'NUS, -NA, -NUM. [L., great.] A term applied to certain muscles.

MA'JOR. [L., greater.] Greater in extent or quantity.

MAN'GA-NESE. A metal of a whitish gray color.

MAR'ROW. [Sax.] A soft, oleaginous substance, contained in the cavities of bones.

MAS-SE'TER. [Gr. massaomai, massaomai, to chew.] The name of a muscle of the face.

MAS'TI-CATE, MAS-TI-CA'TION. [L. mastico.] To chew; the act of chewing.

MAS'TOID. [Gr. mastos, mastos, breast, and eidos, eidos, form.] the name of a process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

MAS-TOID'E-US. A name applied to muscles that are attached to the mastoid process.

MAX-IL'LA. Ḷ The jaw-bone.

MAX'IL-LA-RY. Pertaining to the jaw.

MAX'I-MUS, -UM. [L., superlative of magnus, great.] A term applied to several muscles.

ME-A'TUS. [L. meo, to go.] A passage or channel.

ME-DI-AS-TI'NUM. A membrane that separates the chest into two parts.

ME'DI-UM, -A. Ḷ The space or substance through which a body passes to any point.

MED'UL-LA-RY. [L., medulla, marrow.] Pertaining to marrow.

ME-DUL'LA OB-LON-GA'TA. Commencement of the spinal cord.

ME-DUL'LA SPI-NA'LIS. The spinal cord.

MEM'BRA-NA. A membrane; a thin, white, flexible skin formed by fibres interwoven like net-work.

MEM'BRA-NOUS. Relating to membrane.

MES'EN-TER-Y. [Gr. mesos, mesos, the middle, and enteron, enteron, the intestine.] The membrane in the middle of the intestines, by which they are attached to the spine.

MES-EN-TER'IC. Pertaining to the mesentery.

MET-A-CAR'PAL. Relating to the metacarpus.

MET-A-CAR'PUS. [Gr. meta, meta, after, and karpos, karpos, wrist.] The part of the hand between the wrist and fingers.

MET-A-TAR'SAL. Relating to the metatarsus.

MET-A-TAR'SUS. [Gr. meta, meta, after, and tarsos, tarsos, the tarsus.] The instep. A term applied to seven bones of the foot.

MID'RIFF. [Sax. mid, and hrife, the belly.] See DIAPHRAGM.

MIN'I-MUS, -I. Ḷ The smallest. A term applied to several muscles.

MI'NOR. Ḷ Less, smaller. A term applied to several muscles.

MI'TRAL. [L. mitra, a mitre.] The name of the valves in the left side of the heart.

MO-DI'O-LUS. [L. modus, a measure.] A cone in the cochlea around which the membranes wind.

MO'LAR. [L. mola, a mill.] The name of some of the large teeth.

MOL'LIS. Ḷ Soft.

MO'TOR, -ES. [L. moveo, to move.] A mover. A term applied to certain nerves.

MU'COUS. Pertaining to mucus.

MU'CUS. A viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and defend.

MUS'CLE. A bundle of fibres enclosed in a sheath.

MUS'CU-LAR. Relating to a muscle.

MY-O'DES. A term applied to certain muscles of the neck.

NA'SAL. Relating to the nose.

NA'SUS. [L., the nose.] The nostrils.

NERVE. An organ of sensation and motion in animals.

NERV'OUS. Relating to the nerves.

NEU-RI-LEM'A. [Gr. neuron, neuron, a nerve, and lemma, lema, a sheath.] The sheath or covering of a nerve.

NI'GRUM. Ḷ Black.

NI'TRO-GEN. That element of the air which is called azote.

NU-TRI'TION. The art or process of promoting the growth, or repairing the waste of the system.

OC-CIP-I-TA'LIS. Pertaining to the back part of the head.

OC'CI-PUT. [L. ob and caput, the head.] The hinder part of the head.

OC-U-LO'RUM. Of the eyes.

OC'ULUS, -I. Ḷ The eye.

OE-SOPH'A-GUS. [Gr. oio, oio, to carry, and phago, phago, to eat.] The name of the passage through which the food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

O-LEC'RA-NON. [Gr. olene, olene, the cubit, and kranon, kranon, the head.] The elbow; the head of the ulna.

OL-FACT'O-RY. [L. oleo, to smell, and facio, to make.] Pertaining to smelling.

O-MEN'TUM. Ḷ The caul.

O'MO. [Gr. omos, omos, the shoulder.] Names compounded of this word are applied to muscles attached to the shoulder.

OPH-THAL'MIC. [Gr. ophthalmos, ophthalmos, the eye.] Belonging to the eye.

OP-PO'NENS. That which acts in opposition to something. The name of two muscles of the hand.

OP'TI-CUS, OP'TIC. [Gr. optomai, optomai, to see.] Relating to the eye.

OR-BIC'U-LAR. [L. orbis, a circle.] Circular.

OR-BIC-U-LA'RIS. A name applied to several muscles.

OR'GAN. A part of the system destined to exercise some particular function.

OR'I-GIN. Commencement; source.

OS. Ḷ A bone; the mouth of any thing.

O'RIS. [L. os, oris.] Of the mouth.

OS HY-OID'ES. [Gr. See HYOID.] The name of the bone at the base of the tongue.

OS'MA-ZOME. [Gr. osme, osme, smell, and zomos, zomos, broth.] A principle obtained from animal fibre which gives the peculiar taste to broth.

OS'SA. [L., plural of os, bone.] Bones.

OS'SE-OUS. Pertaining to bones.

OS-SI-FI-CA'TION. The formation of bones in animals.

OS'SI-FY. [L. ossa, bones, and facio, to make.] To convert into bone.

OS'SIS. Of a bone.

O-VA'LE. Ḷ The shape of an egg.

OX-AL'IC. Pertaining to sorrel. Oxalic acid is the acid of sorrel. It is composed of two equivalents of carbon and three of oxygen.

OX'Y-GEN. A permanently elastic fluid invisible and inodorous. One of the components of atmospheric air.

PA-LA'TUM. Ḷ The palate; the roof of the mouth.

PAL-PE-BRA'RUM. [L. palpebra, the eyelid.] Of the eyelids.

PAL'MAR. [L. palma, the palm.] Belonging to the hand.

PAL-MA'RIS. A term applied to some muscles attached to the palm of the hand.

PAN'CRE-AS. [Gr. pan, pan, all, and kreas, kreas, flesh.] The name of one of the digestive organs.

PAN-CRE-AT'IC. Belonging to the pancreas.

PA-PIL'LA, -AE. Ḷ Small conical prominences.

PA-RAL'Y-SIS. Abolition of function whether of intellect, sensation, or motion.

PA-REN'CHY-MA. [Gr. parencheo, parengcheo, to pour through.] The substance contained between the blood vessels of an organ.

PA-ROT'ID. [Gr. para, para, near, and otos, otos, the gen. of ous, ous, the ear.] The name of the largest salivary gland.

PA-TEL'LA, -AE. Ḷ The knee-pan.

PA-THET'I-CUS, -CI. [Gr. pathos, pathos, passion.] The name of the fourth pair of nerves.

PEC'TUS. Ḷ The chest.

PEC'TO-RAL. Pertaining to the chest.

PEC-TO-RA'LIS. Belonging to the chest.

PE'DIS. [L., gen. of pes, the foot.] Of the foot.

PEL'I-TONGS. A term applied to masses of fat.

PEL'LI-CLE. [L., dim. of pellis, the skin.] A thin skin or film.

PEL'VIC. Relating to the pelvis.

PEL'VIS. Ḷ The basin formed by the large bones at the lower part of the abdomen.

PEN'NI-FORM. [L. penna, a feather.] Having the form of a feather, or quill.

PER-I-CAR'DI-UM. [Gr. peri, peri, around, and kardia, kardia, the heart.] A membrane that encloses the heart.

PER-I-CHON'DRI-UM. [Gr. peri, peri, around, and chondros, chondros, cartilage.] A membrane that invests cartilage.

PER-I-CRA'NI-UM. [Gr. peri, and kranion, kranion, the cranium.] A membrane that invests the skull.

PER'MA-NENT. Durable; lasting.

PER-I-STAL'TIC. [Gr. peristello, peristello, to involve.] A movement like the crawling of a worm.

PER-SPI-RA'TION. [L. per, through, and spiro, to breathe.] The excretion from the skin.

PHAL'ANX, -GES. [Gr. phalanx, phalanx, an army.] Three rows of small bones forming the fingers or toes.

PHA-LAN'GI-AL. Belonging to the fingers or toes.

PHA-RYN'GE-AL. Relating to the pharynx.

PHAR'YNX. [Gr. pharunx, pharunx.] The upper part of the oesophagus.

PHOS'PHOR-US. [Gr. phos, phos, the light, and phero, phero, to bear.] A combustible substance, of a yellowish color, semi-transparent, resembling wax.

PHREN'IC. [Gr. phren, phren, the mind.] Belonging to the diaphragm.

PHYS-I-OL'O-GY. [Gr. phusis, phusis, nature, and logos, logos, a discourse.] The science of the functions of the organs of animals and plants.

PI'A MA'TER. [L., good mother.] The name of one of the membranes of the brain.

PIG-MEN'TUM. Ḷ Paint; a preparation of colors.

PIN'NA. [L., a wing.] A part of the external ear.

PLA-TYS'MA. [Gr. platus, platus, broad.] A muscle of the neck.

PLEU'RA, -AE. [Gr. pleura, pleura, the side.] A thin membrane that covers the inside of the thorax, and also forms the exterior coat of the lungs.

PLEU'RAL. Relating to the pleura.

PLEX'US. [L. plecto, to weave together.] Any union of nerves, vessels, or fibres, in the form of net-work.

PNEU-MO-GAS'TRIC. [Gr. pneumon, pneumon, the lungs, and gaster, gaster, the stomach.] Belonging to both the stomach and lungs.

POL'LI-CIS. Ḷ A term applied to muscles attached to the fingers and toes.

PONS. Ḷ A bridge. Pons varolii. A part of the brain formed by the union of the crura cerebri and cerebelli.

POP-LIT-E'AL. [L. poples, the ham.] Pertaining to the ham or knee-joint. A name given to various parts.

POS'TI-CUS. Ḷ Behind; posterior. A term applied to certain muscles.

POR'TI-O DU'RA. [L., hard portion.] The facial nerve; 8th pair.

POR'TI-O MOL'LIS. [L., soft portion.] The auditory nerve; 7th pair.

PO-TAS'SI-UM. Ḷ The metallic basis of pure potash.

PRO-BOS'CIS. [Gr. pro, pro, before, and bosko, bosko, to feed.] The snout or trunk of an elephant or other animal.

PROC'ESS. A prominence or projection.

PRO-NA'TOR. [L. pronus, turned downward.] The muscle of the forearm that moves the palm of the hand downward.

PSO'AS. [Gr. psoai, psoai, the loins.] The name of two muscles of the leg.

PUL-MON'IC. } } PUL'MO-NA-RY. } [L. pulmo, the lungs.] Belonging or } relating to the lungs. PUL-MO-NA'LIS. }

PU'PIL. A little aperture in the centre of the iris, through which the rays of light pass to the retina.

PY-LOR'IC. Pertaining to the pylorus.

PY-LOR'US. [Gr. puloros, puloros, a gate keeper.] The lower orifice of the stomach, with which the duodenum connects.

RA'DI-US. [L., a ray, a spoke of a wheel.] The name of one of the bones of the forearm.

RA-DI-A'LIS. Radial; belonging to the radius.

RA'DI-ATE. Having lines or fibres that diverge from a point.

RA'MUS. Ḷ A branch. A term applied to the projections of bones.

REC-RE-MEN-TI'TIAL. [L. re, again, and cerno, to secrete.] Consisting of superfluous matter separated from that which is valuable.

REC'TUM. The third and last portion of the intestines.

REC'TUS, -I. Ḷ Straight; erect. A term applied to several muscles.

RE-SID'U-AL. Pertaining to waste matter.

RE-SID'U-UM. Ḷ Waste matter. The faeces.

RES-PI-RA'TION. [L. re, again, and spiro, to breathe.] The act of breathing. Inspiring air into the lungs and expelling it again.

RE-SPI'RA-TO-RY. Pertaining to respiration; serving for respiration.

RET'I-NA. [L., rete, a net.] The essential organ of sight. One of the coats of the eye, formed by the expansion of the optic nerve.

RO-TUN'DUM, -A. Ḷ Round; circular.

RU'GA, -AE. Ḷ A wrinkle; a fold.

SAC'CU-LUS. [L., dim. of saccus, a bag.] A little sac.

SA'CRAL. Pertaining to the sacrum.

SA'CRUM. [L., sacred.] The bone which forms the posterior part of the pelvis, and is a continuation of the spinal column.

SA-LI'VA. Ḷ The fluid which is secreted by the salivary glands, which moistens the food and mouth.

SAL'I-VA-RY. That which belongs to the saliva.

SAN'GUIN-E-OUS. [L. sanguis, the blood.] Bloody; abounding with blood; plethoric.

SAR-TO'RI-US. [L. sartor, a tailor.] A term applied to a muscle of the thigh.

SCA'LA, -AE. [L., a ladder.] Cavities of the cochlea.

SCA-LE'NUS. [Gr. skalenos, skalenos, unequal.] A term applied to some muscles of the neck.

SCAPH'OID. [Gr. skaphe, skaphe, a little boat.] The name applied to one of the wrist-bones.

SCAP'U-LA. Ḷ The shoulder-blade.

SCAP'U-LAR. Relating to the scapula.

SCARF-SKIN. The outer, thin integument of the body; the cuticle.

SCI-AT'IC. [Gr., pertaining to the loins.] The name of the large nerve of the loins and leg.

SCLE-ROT'IC. [Gr. skleros, skleros, hard.] A membrane of the eye.

SE-BA'CEOUS. [L., sebum, tallow.] Pertaining to fat; unctuous matter.

SE-CRE'TION. The act of secerning; the act of producing from the blood substances different front the blood itself, as bile, saliva. The matter secreted, as mucus, bile, &c.

SE-CRE'TO-RY. Performing the office of secretion.

SE-CUN'DUS. Second. A term applied to certain muscles.

SEM-I-CIR'CU-LAR. Having the form of a half circle. The name of a part of the ear.

SEM-I-TEN-DI-NO'SUS. [L. semi, half and tendo, a tendon.] The name of a muscle.

SEP'TUM. Ḷ A membrane that divides two cavities from each other.

SE'ROUS. Thin; watery. Pertaining to serum.

SE'RUM. Ḷ The thin, transparent part of blood.

SER-RA'TUS. [L. serro, to saw.] A term applied to some muscles of the trunk.

SIG'MOID. [Gr.] Resembling the Greek s, sigma.

SI-LI'CI-UM. A term applied to one of the earths.

SI'NUS. [L., a bay.] A cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the entrance.

SKEL'E-TON. [Gr. skello, skello, to dry.] The aggregate of the hard parts of the body; the bones.

SO'DI-UM. The metallic base of soda

SPHINC'TER. [Gr. sphingo, sphingo, to restrict.] A muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice.

SPI'NAL CORD. A prolongation of the brain.

SPI-NA'LIS. Relating to the spine.

SPINE. A thorn. The vertebral column; back-bone.

SPI'NOUS. Belonging to the spinal column.

SPLEEN. The milt. It is situated in the abdomen, and attached to the stomach.

SPLEN'IC. Relating to the spleen.

SPLE'NI-US. The name of a muscle of the neck.

STA'PES. The name of one of the small bones of the ear.

STER'NUM. The breast-bone. The bone that forms the front of the chest from the neck to the stomach.

STOM'ACH. The principal organ of the digestive apparatus.

STRA'TUM. [L. sterno, to stew.] A bed; a layer.

STY'LOID. [L. stylus, a pencil.] An epithet applied to processes that resemble a style, a pen.

SUB-CLA'VI-AN. [L. sub, under, and clavis, a key.] Situated under the clavicle.

SUB-LI'MIS. High in place.

SUB-LIN'GUAL. [L. sub, under, and lingua, the tongue.] Situated under the tongue.

SUB-MAX'IL-LA-RY. [L. sub, under, and maxilla, the jaw-bone.] Located under the jaw.

SUL'PHUR. A simple, mineral substance, of a yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat.

SU-PE-RI-O'RIS. A term applied to certain muscles.

SU-PI-NA'TOR. Ḷ A muscle that turns the palm of the hand upward.

SUT'URE. [L. suo, to sew.] The seam or joint that unites the bones of the skull.

SYN-O'VI-A. [Gr. syn, sun, with, and oon, oon, an egg.] The fluid secreted into the cavities of joints for the purpose of lubricating them.

SYN-O'VI-AL. Pertaining to synovia.

SYS'TEM. An assemblage of organs composed of the same tissues, and intended for the same functions.

SYS-TEM'IC. Belonging to the general system.

SYS'TO-LE. [Gr. systello, sustello, to contract.] The contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on the circulation.

TAR'SAL. Relating to the tarsus.

TAR'SUS. Ḷ The posterior part of the foot.

TEN'DON. [Gr. teino, teino, to stretch.] A hard, insensible cord, or bundle of fibres, by which a muscle is attached to a bone.

TEN'DI-NA, -AE. Pertaining to a tendon.

TENS'OR. A muscle that extends a part.

TEN-TAC'U-LA, -AE. [L. tento, to seize.] A filiform process or organ on the bodies of various animals.

TEN-TO'RI-UM. [L. tendo, to stretch.] A process of the dura mater which lies between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

TE'RES. [L. teres, round.] An epithet given to many organs, the fibres of which are collected in small bundles.

THO'RAX. [Gr.] That part of the skeleton that composes the bones of the chest. The cavity of the chest.

THO-RAC'IC. Relating to the chest.

THY'ROID. [Gr. thureos, thureos, a shield.] Resembling a shield. A cartilage of the larynx.

TIB'I-A. [L., a flute.] The large bone of the leg.

TIB-I-A'LIS, TIB'I-AL. Relating to the tibia.

TIS'SUE. The texture or organization of parts.

TON'SIL. Ḷ A glandular body in the throat or fauces.

TRA'CHE-A. [Gr. trachus, trachus, rough.] The windpipe.

TRA'CHE-AL. Belonging to the trachea.

TRANS-VERSE', TRANS-VER-SA'LIS. Lying in a cross direction.

TRA-PE'ZI-US. The name of a muscle, so called from its form.

TRI'CEPS. [L. tres, three, and caput, head.] Three. A name given to muscles that have three attachments at one extremity.

TRI-CUS'PID. [L. tres, three, and cuspis, point.] The triangular valves in the right side of the heart.

TROCH'LE-A. [Gr. trochalia, trochalia, a pulley.] A pulley-like cartilage, over which the tendon of a muscle of the eye passes.

TROCH-LE-A'RIS. The name of a muscle of the eye.

TRUNK. The principal part of the body, to which the limbs are articulated.

TU'BER-CLE. [L. tuber, a bunch.] A small push, swelling, or tumor, on animal bodies.

TU-BER-OS'I-TY. The state of being knobbed or protuberant.

TYM'PAN-UM. Ḷ The middle ear.

UL'NA. Ḷ A bone of the forearm.

UL'NAR, UL-NA'RIS. Relating to the ulna.

U'RIC. [Gr. ouron, ouron, urine.] An acid contained in urine, and in gouty concretions.

U-VE'A. [L. uva, a grape.] Resembling grapes. A thin membrane of the eye.

U'VU-LA. A soft body, suspended from the palate, near the aperture of the nostrils, over the glottis.

VAC'CINE VI'RUS. [L. vacca, a cow, virus, poison.] Pertaining to cows; derived from cows.

VALVE. Any membrane, or doubling of any membrane, which prevents fluids from flowing back in the vessels and canals of the animal body.

VAL'VU-LA, -AE. A valve.

VAS'CU-LAR. [L. vasculum, a vessel.] Pertaining to vessels; abounding in vessels.

VAS'TUS. Ḷ Great, vast. Applied to some large muscles.

VEINS. Vessels that convey blood to the heart.

VE'NOUS. Pertaining to veins.

VEN'TRI-CLE. [L. venter, the stomach.] A small cavity of the animal body.

VEN-TRIC'U-LAR. Relating to ventricles.

VER-MIC'U-LAR. [L. vermiculus, a little worm.] Resembling the motions of a worm.

VERM-I-FORM'IS. [L. vermis, a worm, and forma, form.] Having the form and shape of a worm.

VERT'E-BRA, -AE. [L. verto, to turn.] A joint of the spinal column.

VERT'E-BRAL. Pertaining to the joints of the spinal column.

VES'I-CLE. [L. vesica, a bladder.] A little bladder, or a portion of the cuticle separated from the cutis vera and filled with serum.

VES'TI-BULE. Ḷ A porch of a house. A cavity belonging to the ear.

VIL'LI. Ḷ Fine, small fibres.

VI'RUS. [L. poison.] Foul matter of an ulcer; poison.

VI'TAL. [L. vita, life.] Pertaining to life.

VIT'RE-OUS. [L. vitrum, glass.] Belonging to glass. A humor of the eye.

VO'LAR. [L. vola, the hollow of the hand or foot.] Belonging to the palm of the hand.

VO'MER. [L. a ploughshare.] One of the bones of the nose.

ZYG-O-MAT'I-CUS. [Gr. zugos, zugos, a yoke.] A term applied to some muscles of the face, from their attachment.



INDEX.

A. PAGE.

ABDOMEN, 34 ABSORPTION, 181 ——, Varieties of, 183 ——, Cutaneous, 185 ACETABULUM, 38 ACIDS, Acetic, 28 ——, Benzoic, 28 ——, Muriatic, 440 ——, Nitric, 440 ——, Oxalic, 28, 440 ——, Sulphuric, 440 AIR, Composition of the, 223 ——, Influence of, on the Muscles, 90 ——, Quality of the, 223, 318 ——, Quantity inhaled, 222 ——, Quantity exhaled, 228 ——, Impure Air, the Effects of, 232 AIR VESICLES, 212 ALBUMEN, 27 ANIMAL HEAT, 252 AORTA, 159 ——, Valves of the, 157 APPARATUS, 18 ARTERIES, Structure of the, 158 ——, Cutaneous, 285 ——, Pulmonary, 158 ATTITUDE, Effects of, on Digestion, 152 ——, Effects of, on the Voice, 274 ——, Effects of, in Respiration, 245 AURICLES of the Heart, 156 ASPHYXIA, from Drowning, 249 ——, from Electricity, 250 ——, from Hanging, 250 ——, from Carbonic Gas, 251 AZOTE, 26

B.

BATHING, Necessity of, 311 ——, Methods of, 313 ——, Proper Time for, 316 ——, Influence of, on the System, 316 ——, Frequency of, 317 BEDS, 309 BILE, 122 BLOOD, Composition of, 154 ——, Color of, 204 ——, Quantity of, 171 ——, Change of, 225 ——, Impure, Effects of, 205 BONES, Anatomy of the, 29 ——, Physiology of the, 48 ——, Hygiene of the, 53 ——, of the Head, 32 ——, of the Trunk, 34 ——, of the Upper Extremities, 39 ——, of the Lower Extremities, 42 ——, Composition of, 29 ——, Ossification of, 30 ——, Union of fractured, 62 ——, Influence of Position on the, 55 BRAIN, 329 ——, Functions of the, 346 ——, Effects of Impure Blood on the, 360 ——, Effects of inadequate Mental Exertion, 361 ——, Effects of excessive Mental Exertion, 363 ——, Directions for exercising the, 368 ——, Membranes of the, 334 ——, Injuries of the, 377 BRONCHIA, 212 BRONCHITIS, 214 BURNS AND SCALDS, 319 BURSAE MUCOSAE, 46

C.

CAECUM, 118 CAPILLARIES, 163 CARBON, 26 CARBONIC GAS, where formed, 224 ——, Effects of, when inhaled, 230 ——, Effects of, on Combustion, 230 ——, Effects of, on Respiration, 231 CARPUS, 41 CARTILAGE, 45 —— of the Larynx, 269 CAUL, 123 CELLULAR TISSUE, 19 CEREBELLUM, 331

CEREBRUM, 330 CHEST, 35 ——, Compression of the, 56 ——, Influence of the Size of the, 239 CHILBLAINS, 321 CHLORINE, 27 CHYLE, 126 CHYME, 126 CIRCULATORY ORGANS, Anatomy, 154 ——, Physiology of the, 164 ——, Hygiene of the, 172 CLAVICLE, 39 CLOTHING, Kind of, 301 ——, Amount of, 305 ——, Cleanliness of, 308 COCCYX, 38 COLDS, Treatment of, 248 COLON, 119 CONSUMPTION, how frequently produced, 247 CORNS, Treatment of, 295 CUTICLE, Structure of the, 282 ——, Use of the, 293 CUTIS VERA, Structure of the, 283

D.

DEFINITIONS, General, 13 DIAPHRAGM, 73, 215 DIGESTIVE ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 113 ——, Physiology of the, 124 ——, Hygiene of the, 129 ——, Influence of the Mind on the, 148 ——, Influence of Pure Air on the, 151 ——, Influence of Position on the, 152 DRINKS, how taken, 145 DROWNED PERSONS, Treatment of, 249 DUODENUM, 117

E.

EAR, Bones of, 34, 415 EPIGLOTTIS, 125, 270 EXHALANTS, 192 EXERCISE, how it should be taken, 91 ——, Influence of, on the Bones, 53 ——, Influence of, on Muscles, 85 ——, Influence of, on the Circulation, 173 EYE, 394 EXPIRATION, how effected, 220

F.

FACE, Bones of the, 34 FASCIA, 66 FAT, 67, 195 FEMUR, 42 FIBRE, 18 FIBRIN, 27 FIBULA, 42 FILAMENT, 18 FLANNEL, Use of, 302 FLUIDS, Use of, 17 FOLLICLE, 192 FOOD, Quantity of the, 129 ——, Quality of the, 134 ——, Manner in which it is taken, 142 ——, Condition of the system, when taken, 146 FOOT, Bones of the, 44 FROZEN LIMBS, Treatment of, 320

G.

GASTRIC JUICE, 125 GELATIN, 27 GLANDS, 193 ——, Gastric, 116 ——, Lachrymal, 402 ——, Lymphatic, 183 ——, Mesenteric, 121 ——, Oil, 288 ——, Perspiratory, 290 ——, Salivary, 114 GLOTTIS, 271

H.

HAIR, 322 HEART, 154 ——, Auricles of the, 156 ——, Ventricles of the, 156 HEAT, Animal, 252 ——, Hygiene of, 261 HEARING, Anatomy of the Organs of, 414 ——, Physiology of the Organs of, 420 ——, Hygiene of the Organs of, 422 HUMERUS, 39 HEMORRHAGE, Means of arresting, 175 HYDROGEN, 26

I.

ILEUM, 118 INTESTINES, 117 INNOMINATUM, 37

INSPIRATION, how effected, 219 IRON, 25

J.

JEJUNUM, 118 JOINTS, Structure of the, 45

L.

LACTEALS, 120, 181 LAMINAE, 17 LARYNX, 268 LARYNGITIS, 276 LIGAMENTS, 23, 47 ——, Use of, 50 ——, Capsular, 40 LIGHT, Influence on the Skin, 318 LIME, 25 LIVER, 122 LUNGS, 209 LYMPH, 30 LYMPHATICS, Anatomy of the, 181 ——, Physiology of the, 183 ——, Hygiene of the, 188 ——, Cutaneous, 287

M.

MAGNESIA, 25 MARROW, Uses of, 24

MEDIASTINUM, 211 MEDULLA OBLONGATA, 333 MEMBRANE, 19 ——, Adipose, 20 ——, Cellular, 19 ——, Dermoid, 22, 282 ——, Mucous, 21 ——, Muscular, 24 ——, Serous, 21 MESENTERY, 120 METACARPUS, 41 MOUTH, Structure of, 113 MUCUS, 28 MUSCLES, Anatomy of, 64 ——, Physiology of, 76 ——, Hygiene of, 85 ——, Compression of, 93, 276 ——, Exhaustion of, 87, 101 ——, Effects of Pure Blood on, 89 ——, Effects of Pure Air on the, 90 ——, Effects of Light on the, 90 ——, Influence of the Mind on, 93 ——, Influence of Position on, 90 ——, Intercostal, 216 ——, Respiratory, 216

N.

NAILS, 324 NERVES, Cranial, 335, 350 ——, Cutaneous, 286 ——, Respiratory, 340, 352 ——, Spinal, 341, 351 ——, Sympathetic, 343, 356 NERVOUS SYSTEM, Anatomy of, 327 ——, Physiology of, 346 ——, Hygiene of, 358 NITROGEN, 26 NOSE, Structure, 389 NURSES, Directions for, 433 NUTRITION, 200 ——, Hygiene of, 205

O.

OESOPHAGUS, 116 OIL-GLANDS, Structure of the, 288 ——, Use of the, 297 OMENTUM, 123 ORGAN, 18 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC BODIES, Difference between, 14 ORIFICE, Cardiac, 116 ——, Pyloric, 116 OSMAZOME, 28 OXYGEN, 26 ——, Quantity at each Inspiration, 222

P.

PAPILLA, 284 PANCREAS, 122 PAROTID GLAND, 114 PATELLA, 42 PERICARDIUM, 155 PERICHONDRIUM, 31 PERICRANIUM, 31 PERIOSTEUM, 31 PELVIS, Bones of the, 37 PERSPIRATORY APPARATUS, 290 —— Use of, 298 PHALANGES, 42, 45 PHARYNX, 115 PHOSPHORUS, 26 PLEURA, 211 POISONS, and their Antidotes, 439

POTASH, 25 PRESERVATION OF HEALTH, 425

R.

RADIUS, 41 READING, Proper Position in, 275 RECTUM, 120 REMOVAL OF DISEASE, 426 RESPIRATORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 209 ——, Physiology of, 217 ——, Hygiene of, 228 RETINA, 397 RIBS, 35 ROOMS, Ventilation of, 233 ——, Warming of, 238

S.

SACRUM, 38 SALIVA, Its Use, 124 SCAPULA, 39 SECRETORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 192 ——, Physiology of, 193 ——, Hygiene of, 197 SENSES, 378 SICK-ROOM, Ventilation of, 236 SITTING, Proper Position in, 99 SKELETON, 29 SKIN, Anatomy of the, 282 ——, Physiology of the, 293 ——, Hygiene of the, 301 SKULL, Structure of, 32 SLEEP, Necessity of, 92 SLEEPING-ROOMS, Ventilation of, 235 SMELL, Anatomy of the Organs of, 389 ——, Physiology of the Organs of, 391 SODA, 25 SOLIDS, Arrangement of, 17 SOUND, 273 SPINAL COLUMN, Structure of, 36 ——, Curvature of, 57, 60 SPINAL CORD, 36, 340 SPLEEN, 123 SPRAINS, 63 STAMMERING, how improved, 281 STERNUM, 35 STOMACH, 116 SUBLINGUAL GLAND, 115 SUBMAXILLARY GLAND, 115 SULPHUR, 26 SUTURES, 33 SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, 46 SYNOVIA, 49 SYSTEM, 18

T.

TARSUS, 42 TASTE, Anatomy of the Organs of, 384 ——, Physiology of the Organs of, 386 TEETH, Anatomy of the, 105 ——, Physiology of the, 109 ——, Hygiene of the, 110 TENDONS, 23, 65 THORACIC DUCT, 120 THORAX, 35 THROAT, Extraneous Bodies in, 281 TIBIA, 42 TISSUE, 18 ——, Adipose, 20 ——, Cartilaginous, 23 ——, Fibrous, 22 ——, Osseous, 23 ——, Nervous, 24 TOUCH, Sense of, 378 ——, Hygiene of the, 379 TRACHEA, 212

U.

ULNA, 40 UVEA, 396

V.

VALVES of the Heart, 157 ——, Use of the, 164 ——, of the Veins, 162 VEINS, 160 ——, Cutaneous, 285 VENTILATION, 233 VENTRICLES of the Heart, 156 VERTEBRA, 36 VISION, Anatomy of the Organs of, 394 ——, Physiology of the Organs of, 404 ——, Hygiene of the Organs of, 410 VOCAL ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 268 ——, Physiology of the, 272 ——, Hygiene of the, 274 VOCAL CORDS, 270

W.

WATCHERS, Directions for, 136 WOUNDS, Treatment of, 178 WRITING, Proper Position when, 103



KEY TO ANATOMICAL OUTLINE PLATES.

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

In using these plates, we would suggest, that the pupil carefully examine the illustrating cuts interspersed with the text, in connection with the lesson to be recited. The similarity between these and the plates will enable the pupil to recite, and the teacher to conduct his recitation, from the latter.

Let a pupil show the situation of an organ, or part, on an anatomical outline plate, and also give its structure; while other members of the class note all omissions and misstatements. Another pupil may give the use of that organ, and if necessary, others may give an extended explanation. The third may explain the laws on which the health of the part depends, while other members of the class supply what has been omitted. After thus presenting the subject in the form Of topics, questions may be proposed promiscuously, from each paragraph, and where examples occur in the text, let other analogous ones be given.

If the physiology and hygiene of a given subject have not been studied, confine the recitation to those parts only on which the pupil is prepared. When practicable, the three departments should be united; but this can only be done when the chapter on the hygiene has been learned, while the physiology can be united with the anatomy, in all chapters upon physiology.

PLATE I.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

Bones of the Head. 7, The sphenoid bone. 8, The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 13, The nasal bone. 14, The ethmoid bone. 15, The malar bone, (cheek-bone.) 16, The vomer. 17, The inferior maxillary bone, (the lower jaw.) a, Its body. b, Its ramus, or branch. 18, The teeth.

Bones of the Trunk. 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sternum. 3, 3, The ribs. 4, The sacrum. 5, The innominatum.

Bones of the Upper Extremities. 19, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 20, The scapula, (shoulder blade.) 21, The humerus. 22, The ulna. 23, The radius. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, The bones of the carpus (wrist.) 32, 32, 32, The five bones of the metacarpus, (the palm of the hand.) 33, 33, 33, The first range of finger-bones. 34, 34, The second range of finger-bones. 35, 35, 35, The third range of finger-bones.

Bones of the Lower Extremities. 36, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 37, The patella, (knee-pan.) 38, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 39, The fibula. 40, 40, 40, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 41, 41, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

Ligaments of the Trunk. 1, 1, The common spinal ligament. 2, 2, The intervertebral ligament, (cartilage between the vertebrae.) 9, 10, 11, 12, Articulations of the ribs with the spinal column. 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, Ligaments that connect the cartilages of the ribs with the sternum.

Ligaments of the Upper Extremities. 25, The ligament that connects the clavicle and sternum. 27, The ligament that connects the upper rib and clavicle. 28, 29, 30, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the shoulder-joint. 35, 35, 36, Ligaments of the elbow-joint. 37, 38, 39, 40, Ligaments of the wrist. 41, 42, 43, 44, Ligaments of the fingers.

Ligaments of the Lower Extremities. 49, 49, Ligaments of the hip-joint. 50, 50, Ligaments of the patella. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 56, A large bursa mucosa. 57, The ligament of the tibia and fibula. 58, 58, The interosseous ligament. 59, 59, Ligaments of the ankle-joint 60, 61, 62, Ligaments of the metatarsus. 63, 64, Ligaments of the toes.

A, The brachial artery. B, The brachial vein. C, The radial artery D, The femoral artery. E, The femoral vein. F, G, The anterior tibia artery.

PLATE II.

A BACK VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

Bones of the Head. 5, The occipital bone. 6, The parietal bone. 7, The temporal bone. 8, The frontal bone. 9, The sphenoid bone. 15, The malar bone. 16, The nasal bone. 17, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 18, The inferior maxillary bone, (lower jaw.) 19, The teeth.

Bones of the Trunk. 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 20, The innominatum. 4, 4, The ribs.

Bones of the Upper Extremities. 21, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 22, The scapula, (shoulder-blade.) 23, The humerus. 24. The ulna, 25, The radius. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, The bones of the carpus, (wrist.) 33, 33, 33, The bones of the metacarpus, (palm of the hand.) 34, 34, 34, The first range of finger-bones. 35, 35, The second range of finger-bones. 36, 36, 36, The third range of finger-bones.

Bones of the Lower Extremities. 37, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 38, The patella, (knee-pan.) 39, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 40, The fibula. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 46, 46, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 47, 47, Bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

Ligaments of the Trunk. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Ligaments of the spinal column. 14, 14, 15, 15, Ligaments that connect the ribs and spinal column. 11, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Ligaments that connect the sacrum and innominatum.

Ligaments of the Upper Extremities. 27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. 30, 30, Ligaments of the elbow. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the carpus, (wrist.)

Ligaments of the Lower Extremities. 9, Tendon of the gluteus muscle. 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint. 36, 36, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 37, The ligament that connects the tibia and fibula. 38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the ankle-joint.

PLATE III.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

Muscles of the Head and Neck. 7, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The trapezius muscle. 11, The orbicularis oculi muscle. 12, The frontal muscle. 14, The orbicularis oris muscle. 15, The elevator muscle of the nostrils. 16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower lip. 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the nose. 20, 21, The aural muscles. 22, The masseter muscle.

Muscles of the Trunk. 2, 3, The external oblique muscles.

Muscles of the Upper Extremities. 1, The grand pectoral muscle. 3, 4, The serratus muscle. 23, The deltoid muscle. 24, The biceps brachialis muscle. 25, The coraco-brachialis muscle. 26, The anterior brachial muscle. 27, The triceps brachialis muscle. 28, The long supinator muscle. 29, The external radial muscle. 30, The pronator teres muscle. 31, The anterior radial muscle. 32, The palmaris brevis muscle. 33, The anterior ulnar muscle. 35, The palmar muscle. 36, The abductor muscle of the thumb. 37, The adductor muscle of the thumb. 38, 39, Small flexor muscles of the thumb. 40, The abductor muscle of the little finger. 41, 41, The lumbricales muscles. 61, 61, The bifurcation of the tendons of the superficial flexor muscle, in the fingers.

Muscles of the Lower Extremities. 42, The fascia lata muscle. 43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus muscle. 46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight muscle. 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas muscle. 51, The tibialis anticus muscle. 52, The long extensor muscle of the great toe. 53, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 54, The anterior peroneal muscle. 55, The long lateral peroneal muscle. 56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes. 60, The abductor muscle of the great toe.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of important fasciae, that cover the muscles and enclose the tendons.

PLATE IV.

BACK VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

Muscles of the Head and Neck. 4, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 5, The complexus muscle. 6, The mylo-hyoideus muscle. 7, 8, The occipito-frontalis muscle. 9, The masseter muscle. 10, 11, 12, The anterior, middle, and posterior aural muscles. 13, The temporal muscle.

Muscles of the Trunk. 1, 1, The trapezius muscle. 2, The latissimus dorsi muscle. 3, The rhomboideus muscle. 4, The external oblique muscle.

Muscles of the Upper Extremities. 5, The deltoid muscle. 6, 7, The infra-spinatus muscle. 9, The triceps extensor muscle. 10, The internal brachial muscle. 11, The long supinator muscle. 12, The external radial muscle. 13, The second external radial muscle. 14, The anconeus muscle. 15, 16, The extensor digitorum communis muscle. 17, The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. 18, The flexor carpi ulnaris. 19, 20, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis muscles. 21, An extensor muscle of the thumb. 22, 28, Interossii muscles.

Muscles of the Lower Extremities. 29, The gluteus maximus muscle. 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle. 32, The semi-tendinosus muscle. 33, The semi-membranosis muscle. 34, The gracilis muscle. 35, The adductor muscle. 36, The vastus externus muscle. 37, The sartorius muscle. 38, 39, The gastrocnemii muscles. 40, The long peroneal muscle. 41, The external peroneal muscle. 42, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 43, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 44, The short extensor muscle of the toes. 47, The short flexor muscle of the toes.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of membranous fasciae which envelop the muscles and tendons.

PLATE V.

ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.

Fig. 1. The Mouth and Neck. (A Side view.) 1, The upper lip. 2, The lower lip. 3, The upper jaw. 4, The lower jaw. 5, The tongue. 6, The hard palate, (roof of the mouth.) 7, The parotid gland. 8, The sublingual gland. T, The larynx. 10, The pharynx. 11, The oesophagus. 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.

The Chest and its Organs. 9, 9, The trachea. R, The right auricle of the heart. L, The left auricle. 13, The left ventricle of the heart. 14, The right ventricle. 15, The aorta. 16, The pulmonary artery. 17, The vena cava descendens. 18, The right subclavian vein. 19, The left subclavian vein. 20, The right jugular vein. 21, The left jugular vein. 22, The right carotid artery. 23, The left carotid artery. 24, 25, 26, The upper, middle, and lower lobes of the right lung. 27, 28, The upper and lower lobes of the left lung. 29, 29, 29, The diaphragm. P, P, P, P, The pleura, that lines the cavity of the chest. S, S, The clavicles. O, O, O, O, The ribs. M, M, M, M, Muscles of the chest. 40, The thoracic duct, opening into the left subclavian vein.

The Abdomen and its Organs. 30, The stomach. 31, 32, The right and left lobe of the liver. F, The fissure that separates the two lobes. 33, The gall bladder. 34, 34, The duodenum. 35, The ascending colon. 36, The transverse colon. 37, The descending colon. 38, 38, 38, 38, The small intestine. 39, 39, The walls of the abdominal cavity turned down. 41, The spleen.

Fig. 2. The Relation of the Lacteals and Thoracic Duct. 1, 1, A section of the small intestine. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, Mesenteric glands, through which the lacteals from the intestine pass. 3, Several lacteal vessels entering the enlarged portion and commencement of the thoracic duct. 5, 5, 5, The thoracic duct. 6, The thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 7, (See 40, Fig. 1.) 8, The right subclavian vein. 9, The vena cava descendens. 10, 11, 11, The aorta. 12, The carotid arteries. 13, 13, The jugular veins. 14, The vena azagos. 15, 15, The spinal column. 16, The diaphragm.

Fig. 3. The Relation of the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchia, and Air-cells. 1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea. 5, The right bronchia. 6, The left bronchia. 7, 7, 7, 7, Divisions of the right bronchia. 8, 8, 8, 8, Divisions of the left bronchia. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells.

Fig. 4. An ideal View of a lateral and vertical Section of the Larynx. 1, 1, The superior vocal cords, (ligaments.) 2, 2, The inferior vocal cords. 3, 3, The glottis. 4, 4, The ventricles of the larynx.

PLATE VI.

HEART, ARTERIES, AND VEINS

Fig. 1. The Heart and large Arteries. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The right ventricle of the heart. 3, The left auricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The aorta. 7, 7, The descending aorta. 8, The arteria innominata. 9, The left carotid artery. 10, The left subclavian artery. 56, The right subclavian artery.

Arteries of the Neck and Head. 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery. 17, The right temporal artery. 50, The right facial artery. 54, The left temporal artery.

Arteries of the Upper Extremities. 11, 11, The left brachial artery. 12, The left radial artery. 13, 13, The right brachial artery. 14, The right radial artery. 51, The right ulnar artery.

Arteries of the Lower Extremities. 18, The left iliac artery. 19, The right iliac artery. 20, The left femoral artery. 21, The right femoral artery. 22, The peroneal artery. 23, The left anterior tibial artery. 24, The muscular artery. 25, 25, The right and left arteria profunda. 26, The right anterior tibial artery. 27, The right peroneal artery.

The Veins of the Neck and Head. 28, The vena cava descendens. 29, The left subclavian vein. 30, The right subclavian vein. 31, The right jugular vein. 32, The left jugular vein. 53, The right temporal vein. 55, The left temporal vein. 49, The right facial vein.

Veins of the Upper Extremities. 33, The left brachial vein. 34, The left radial vein. 35, The right brachial vein. 36, The right radial vein. 51, The right ulnar vein.

Veins of the Lower Extremities. 37, The vena cava ascendens. 38, The left iliac vein. 39. The right iliac vein. 40, The left femoral vein. 41, The right femoral vein. 42, The left anterior tibial vein. 43, The left peroneal vein. 44, The right anterior tibial vein. 45, The right peroneal vein. 46, 46, The profunda veins. 47, The muscular veins. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, Intercostal arteries and veins.

Fig. 2. The Relation of the Cavities of the Heart to the large Blood-vessels. 1, The vena cava descendens. 2, The vena cava ascendens. 3, The right auricle of the heart. 4, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. 5, The right ventricle. 6, The tricuspid valves. 7, The pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary artery that pass to the right and left lung. 9, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. 10, The left pulmonary veins. 11, The right pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle. 13, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. 14, The left ventricle. 15, The mitral valves. 16, 16, The aorta. 17, The semilunar valves of the aorta. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricle.

Fig. 3. An ideal View of the Heart, Arteries, and Veins. A, The right auricle. B, The right ventricle. C, The tricuspid valves. D, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. E, The left auricle. F, the left ventricle. G, The mitral valves. H, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. I, The septum between the right and left ventricle. K, The pulmonary artery. L, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. M, M, The right pulmonary artery. N, N, The left pulmonary artery. O, O, O, O, O, O, The capillary vessels of the lungs. P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein. R, R, The aorta. S, The semilunar valves of the aorta. T, T, A branch of the aorta to the upper extremities. U, U, U, U, A branch to the lower extremities. V, V, V, V, V, V, The capillary vessels at the extremity of the branches of the aorta. W, W, The descending vena cava. X, X, X, The ascending vena cava.

In Figs. 1, 2, 3, the course of the blood through the circulatory vessels is indicated by arrows.

PLATE VII.

THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION.

Fig. 1. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle of the heart. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the left lung. 7, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the right lung. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Branches of the pulmonary artery in the right and left lung. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells. 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Small pulmonary veins in the right and left lung. 11, The left pulmonary vein. 12, 12, The right pulmonary vein.

Fig. 2. An ideal View of the Pulmonary Circulation. 1, 1, The right lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, The right bronchia. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, The left bronchia. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, Air-cells, with arteries and veins passing around them. 7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The right ventricle of the heart. 9, The tricuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. 11, 11, 11, 11, The right pulmonary artery. 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, The left pulmonary artery. 13, 13, 13, 13, The right pulmonary vein. 14, 14, 14, 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The left auricle. 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricles.

Fig. 3. An ideal View of the Capillaries. 1, 1, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 2, 2, A branch of the pulmonary vein. 3, 3, Capillary vessels between the artery and vein.

Fig. 4. An ideal View of the Relations of the Bronchia, Air-cells, Pulmonary Arteries, and Veins. 1, A bronchial tube. 2, 2, 2, Air-cells. 3, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 4, A branch of the pulmonary vein.

PLATE VIII.

THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES

1, The cerebrum. 2, The cerebellum. 3, 3, The spinal cord. 4, The brachial plexus of nerves. 5, The lumbar plexus of nerves. 6, The sacral plexus of nerves. 7, The facial nerve. 8, 17, The radial nerve. 9, 9, 16, The ulnar nerve. 10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.

11, 11, The great sciatic nerve. 12, The external popliteal, or peroneal nerve. 13, 13, The posterior tibial nerve. 14, The external tibial nerve. 15, The muscular branch of the external peroneal nerve. 18, The muscular branch of the sciatic nerve. P, Q, The posterior tibial nerve.

The letters and other figures indicate minor nervous filaments distributed to the various muscles and the skin.

PLATE IX.

THE SKIN.

Fig. 1. A perspiratory Tube and Gland. 1, 1, The contorted portion of the tube that forms the gland. 2, 2, Two branches which unite to form the main duct of the gland. 3, 3, The perspiratory tube. 4, The cuticle. 5. Its colored portion. 6, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 7, 7, Fat vesicles, in which the gland is imbedded.

Fig. 2. A Papilla of the Skin. 1, 1, Two papillae, formed of an artery vein, and nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2, Nerves forming a loop in the papillae. 3, 3, Arteries of the papillae. 4, 4, Veins of the papillae. 5, 5, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves. 6, 6, Nerves of the skin. 8, 8, Arteries of the skin. 7, 7, Veins of the skin.

Fig. 3. A Hair, and its Oil-Glands. 1, 1, The hair. 2, 2, The sheath of the hair. 3, Oil-glands that surround the bulb of the hair, the ducts of which open into the sheath of the hair, (2, 2.)

Fig. 4. A Section of the Skin. 1, 1, The cuticle. 2, 2, Its colored portion. 3, 3, The papillary layer. 4, 4, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves, upon the upper surface of the cutis vera. 5, 5, 5, 5, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 6, 6, 6, Hairs that originate in the cutis vera. 7, 7, 7, Oil-glands, the ducts of which connect with the sheath of the hair. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the skin 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Arteries of the skin. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, Veins of the skin. 12, 12, 12, 12, Papillae, or ridges of the skin.

PLATE X.

AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYE.

Fig. 1. 1, 1, The sclerotic coat. 2, 2, The cornea. 3, 3, The choroid coat. 4, 4, The retina. 5, 5, The iris. 6, 6, The posterior chamber of the eye that contains the aqueous humor. 7, 7, The anterior chamber. 8, 8, The pupil. 9, The crystalline humor. 10, 10, The vitreous humor 11, The optic nerve. 12, A representation of a pen. 13, An inverted image of the pen (12) on the retina. 14, 14, A canal surrounding the crystalline humor. 15, 15, The bevelled junction of the cornea and sclerotic coats. A, a perpendicular ray of light from the pen. B, B, oblique rays, that are refracted in passing through the humors of the eye.

Fig. 2. A View of the External, Middle, and Internal Ear. 1, 1, The external ear. 2, The meatus auditorius externus, (the tube that connects with the middle ear.) 3. The membrana tympani, (drum of the ear.) 8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis. 7, The stapes, (stirrup-bone,) that connects with the vestibule of the internal ear. 9, 9, (4, 5, 6, 7, The small bones of the middle ear,) 10, 11, 12, The semicircular canals. 13, 13, The cochlea. 14, The auditory nerve. 15, The division of the auditory nerve to the semicircular canals. 16, The division to the cochlea. 17, 17, The Eustachian tube. 18, The chorda tympani nerve. 19, The seventh pair (facial) nerve. 20, The styloid process of the temporal bone. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, The petrous or hard portion of the temporal bone, in which the parts of the middle and internal ear are situated.

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Below is given the Title of a Book on a new plan, just published, intended for beginners in the study of Physiology.

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HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY,

PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE

BY

MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER.

WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.

NEW YORK:

CLARK, AUSTIN, AND SMITH

3 PARK ROW



TEXT BOOKS

UPON

Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.

Recommended by the Hon. N. W. EDWARDS, School Sup't, Ill.

HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. For District Schools. With 100 Engravings. 132 pages. By MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER. Price 33 cts.

This work contains full directions for the study and teaching of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. This is a new feature. Every teacher would profit by it. The plan of the work can be gathered from the following fac-simile of the table of contents:—



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Transcriber's note:

Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.

Author's archaic and variable spelling is mostly preserved.

Author's punctuation style is mostly preserved.

Passages in italics indicated by underscores.

Passages in bold indicated by equal signs.

In paragraph 97, '[s]' is used to represent the integral symbol.

Greek words and letters have been transliterated and placed between marks.

This transcription is faithful to the original transliterations of Greek (which occur in italics), even when they seem incorrect.

Author's Greek transliterations included vowels with macrons. These macrons have been changed to circumflexes in order to display correctly in this text transcription.

The original revision questions at the bottom of each page have been set between lines that look like '------------'.

Footnotes have been placed directly below their relevant paragraphs.

Transcriber's changes:

Title page: Was 'DESIGNER' (DESIGNED FOR)

Title page: Was 'Massachuetts' (In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.)

Title page: Added '.' (No. 15 Vandewater Street, N. Y.)

Page 18: Added ',' (Example. The digestive apparatus consists of the teeth, stomach, liver, &c., all of which aid in the digestion of food.)

Page 23, Fig. 5: Added '.' (Fig. 5. A section of the femur, (thigh-bone.) 1, 1, The extremities, showing a thin plate of compact texture)

Page 24: Was 'serious' (40. How does the mucous differ from the serous tissue? What is the appearance of the external surface of this membrane?)

Page 27: Added comma (The most important compounds are Al-bu'men, Fi'brin, Gel'a-tin)

Page 27: Was 'organ ized (57. What are proximate elements? Do they exist already formed in organized bodies? Name the most important compounds.)

Page 29: Added '.' (The earthy portion of the bones gives them solidity and strength, while the animal part endows them with vitality.)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Added '.' (7. 1, 1, The coronal suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Was 'cra nium' over line break. (suture at the front and upper part of the skull, or cranium. 2, The sagittal suture on the top of the skull.)

Page 35, Fig. 9: Added '.' (Fig. 9. 1, The first bone of the sternum, (breast-bone.) 2. The second bone of the sternum.)

Page 36: Added '.' (83. Describe the thorax. Explain fig. 9. 84. Describe the sternum. 85. Describe the ribs.)

Page 36: Added '?' (88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is the spinal cord placed? 89. What is placed between each vertebra? What is its use?)

Page 37, Fig 10: Added '.' (5, The transverse process. 7, The inferior articulating process.)

Page 38, Fig 12: Added '.' (2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 4, 4, The acetabulum. a, a, The pubic portion)

Page 38: Added '.' (In the adult? Describe the acetabulum. 93. Describe the sacrum. Explain fig. 12. 94. Describe the coccyx.)

Page 41: Was 'out side' over page break (101. The RADIUS articulates with the bones of the carpus and forms the wrist-joint. This bone is situated on the outside of the fore-arm)

Page 41, Fig. 16: Added '.' (11, 11, First range of finger-bones. 12, 12, Second range of finger-bones. 13, 13, Third range of finger-bones. 14, 15, Bones of the thumb.)

Page 42: Was 'meta carpal' over line break. (and upon the other, the first bone of the thumb. The five metacarpal bones articulate with the second range of carpal bones.)

Page 42: Added '.' (101. The radius. 102. How many bones in the carpus? How are they ranged? 103. Describe the)

Page 42: Added '.' (103. Describe the metacarpus.)

Page 42: Was 'sim ilar' over line break. (109. The FIBULA is a smaller bone than the tibia, but of similar shape. It is firmly bound to the tibia, at each extremity.)

Page 43, Fig. 17: Added '.' (Fig. 17. 1, The shaft of the femur, (thigh-bone.))

Page 44: Was 'a' (They articulate at one extremity with one range of tarsal bones; at the other extremity, with the first range of the toe-bones.)

Page 45, Fig. 21: Added '.' (Fig. 21 The relative position of the bones, cartilages, and synovial membrane. 1, 1, The extremities of two bones that concur to form a joint.)

Page 46: Added '.' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. Give the anatomy of the joints. 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints composed?)

Page 46: Added '?' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. Give the anatomy of the joints. 113. What is said of the joints? Of what are the joints composed?)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (14, The hand. 15, The haunch-bone. 16, The sacrum. 17, The hip-joint.)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (19, The patella. 20, The knee-joint. 21, The fibula. 22, The tibia.)

Page 65: Added '.' (150-160. Give the anatomy of the muscles. 150. What is said of the muscles? 151. Give their structure.)