 |
(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass, which laid on silver and moistened, gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Pyrolusite
Formula. [..Mn].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Frequently gives off a small quantity of water and, when strongly heated, oxygen.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. V.
(5) in borax. Gives the manganese reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Manganite
Formula. [...Mn=]Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off much water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. V. Exfoliates slightly.
(5) in borax. As the preceding.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Psilomelane
Formula. ([.Ba],[.Ca],[.Mg],K) [..Mn] + Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and, when strongly heated, oxygen.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. V. Colors flame faintly green(Ba) and red towards the point (Ca).
(5) in borax. As pyrolusite.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As pyrolusite.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Wad
Formula. [..Mn],[.Mn],Ḣ, also [...Fe=],[...Al=], [.Ba],[.Cu],[...Pb],[...Si], etc.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. V. Colors flame variously according to its composition.
(5) in borax. Gives the manganese reaction, more or less modified by the presence of other oxides.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As pyrolusite.
(8) Special reactions. Various according to composition. When strongly heated and then moistened has an alkaline reaction on red litmus paper.
* * * * *
Mineral. Rhodonite
Formula. [.Mn]^{3}[...Si]^{2}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off more or less water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Under a strong flame fuses to a brown opaque bead.
(4) in forceps. II. As on charcoal.
(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame gives the manganese reaction. In reducing flame the iron reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but leaves an insoluble siliceous skeleton.
(7) with carb. soda. With a small quantity of the alkali fuses to a black bead. With a larger quantity forms a slag.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Diallogite
Formula. [.Mn][..C].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Frequently decrepitates and gives off more or less water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. If strongly heated and moistened has an alkaline reaction on litmus paper due to the presence of Ca.
(4) in forceps. V. Frequently colors the flame slightly red.
(5) in borax. Gives the manganese and iron reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible slag.
(8) Special reactions. In warm acid dissolves with much effervescence.
* * * * *
Mineral. Triplite
Formula. ([..Mn][.Fe])^{4}[.....P].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Generally gives off more or less water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. I. Colors the outer blowpipe flame green ([.....P]).
(5) in borax. Gives the manganese and iron reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible mass.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
NICKEL AND COBALT.
* * * * *
Mineral. Millerite
Formula. NiS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2}.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much ebullition to a magnetic bead.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a nickel reaction, slightly modified by small quantities of iron and copper.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a slaggy mass, which on silver gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Coppernickel
Formula. Ni^{2}As.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off a little AsO^{3}.
(2) in open tube. Gives off much AsO^{3} and some SO^{2} and falls to powder.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a magnetic bead, with the evolution of arsenic, which colors the flame blue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The arsenical bead obtained by fusing the mineral on charcoal, if fused upon the same support with borax successively added and removed, gives firstly an iron reaction, then cobalt if present, and lastly nickel.
(6) in mic. salt. If the residual bead which has been treated with borax be further treated with microcosmic salt, the nickel reaction will be obtained and sometimes a slight copper reaction.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. Affords a sublimate of metallic arsenic when treated with cyanide of potassium.
* * * * *
Mineral. Smaltine
Formula. CoAs.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. When strongly heated generally evolves metallic arsenic.
(2) in open tube. Gives a crystalline sublimate of AsO^{3}. Also some SO^{2}.
(3) on charcoal. Gives off fumes of arsenic, and fuses to a dark grey magnetic bead, very brittle, colors flame blue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As the preceding, but the cobalt being in large excess requires some time for its perfect oxidation, before the nickel reaction is exhibited.
(6) in mic. salt. Gives the cobalt reaction, and after the cobalt has been, removed that of nickel.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.
* * * * *
Mineral. Glance cobalt
Formula. CoS^{2} + CoAs.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. As the preceding, but gives off more SO^{2}.
(3) on charcoal. Gives off S and As, and fuses to a magnetic bead. Colors flame blue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. Gives a cobalt and slight iron reaction when treated as the preceding minerals.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Gives a sulphur reaction of silver.
(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.
* * * * *
Mineral. Nickel glance
Formula. NiS^{2} + NiAs.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates and gives an orange colored sublimate of AsS^{2}.
(2) in open tube. As the preceding.
(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As copper nickel.
(6) in mic. salt. Gives the nickel reaction occasionally somewhat obscured by cobalt.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel.
* * * * *
Mineral. Ulmannite
Formula. NiS^{2} + Ni(AsSb)^{2}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives a slight white sublimate of SbO^{3} and more or less AsS^{3}.
(2) in open tube. Gives off thick fumes of SbO^{3} and SbO^{5} with AsO^{3} and SO^{2}.
(3) on charcoal. As glance cobalt, but accompanied by dense fumes of SbO^{3}.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As copper nickel.
(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel generally, but arsenic is not always present.
* * * * *
Mineral. Cobalt pyrites
Formula. ([,Co][,Ni][,Fe]) ([,,,Co=][,,,Ni=][,,,Fe=]).
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. When strongly heated gives off sulphur and becomes brown.
(2) in open tube. Gives off much SO^{2} and a small quantity of AsO^{3}.
(3) on charcoal. In the reducing flame small fragments fuse with the evolution of sulphur to a magnetic bead having a bronze colored fracture.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame on charcoal gives a violet colored glass. In the reducing flame the nickel is reduced and may collected in a gold bead. When the nickel is removed, the glass exhibits a slight iron reaction while warm.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but the reduction of the nickel is more difficult than in the latter flux.
(7) with carb. soda. As glance cobalt.
(8) Special reactions. As copper nickel, but the amount of arsenic is usually very small.
* * * * *
Mineral. Emerald nickel
Formula. [.Ni]^{3}[..C] + 6Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off much water and turns black.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. Dissolves with much effervescence and gives the nickel reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms a slaggy mass.
(8) Special reactions. In warm dilute HCl dissolves with much effervescence.
* * * * *
Mineral. Cobalt Bloom
Formula. [.Co]^{3}[.....As] + 8Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Evolves arsenical fumes and in the reducing flame fuses to a dark grey bead of arsenide of cobalt.
(4) in forceps. In the point of the blue flame fuses and colors the outer flame blue (As).
(5) in borax. Gives the cobalt reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. Gives off arsenic with cyanide of potassium in glass tube.
* * * * *
Mineral. Earthy cobalt
Formula. [.Mn],[.Co],[.Cu],[.Fe],Ḣ, etc.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Emits a slight smell of arsenic, but does not fuse.
(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.
(5) in borax. In oxidizing flame gives the cobalt reaction which obscures those of [.Mn], [.Cu], etc. In reducing flame occasionally gives the [.Cu] reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax. If a saturated bead be treated on charcoal with tin in the reducing flame for a few seconds, the [.Cu] reaction is sometimes obtained.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms an infusible mass.
(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinum foil, gives a strong manganese reaction.
* * * * *
ZINC.
* * * * *
Mineral. Zincblende
Formula. ZnS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates strongly.
(2) in open tube. Evolves SO and becomes white or yellow if containing iron.
(3) on charcoal. V. In the reducing flame incrusts the charcoal with ZnO; also with CdO, if that metal be present.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives a zinc reaction, and sometimes a slight iron reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. Moreover colors the flame blue. The fused alkali gives a S reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Red oxide of zinc
Formula. [.Zn].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. In the reducing flame forms a thin incrustation of oxide of zinc on the charcoal.
(4) in forceps. V.
(5) in borax. Generally gives a manganese and slight iron reaction in addition to that of zinc.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. On charcoal, forms a thick incrustation of ZnO.
(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinum foil gives manganese reaction.
* * * * *
Mineral. Electric calamine
Formula. 2[.Zn]^{3}[...Si] + 3Ḣ
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and becomes white and opaque.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. —
(4) in forceps. V.
(5) in borax. Dissolves to a clear glass, which cannot be rendered opaque by the intermittent flame.
(6) in mic. salt. Dissolves to a clear glass, which becomes opaque on cooling. Silica remains insoluble.
(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda alone is infusible. With 2 parts of alkali and 1 of borax fuses to a glass and sets free [.Zn], which incrusts the charcoal.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Calamine
Formula. [.Zn][..C].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off CO^{2} and becomes opaque.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. As the red oxide. Sometimes also gives a lead incrustation.
(4) in forceps. V.
(5) in borax. Gives a zinc reaction and frequently an iron and manganese reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Forms a thick incrustation of zinc, sometimes also of [.Pb] and [.Co].
(8) Special reactions. Dissolves with much effervescence in cold acid.
* * * * *
BISMUTH.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native bismuth
Formula. Bi.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Fuses and is converted into a yellow oxide.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead and incrusts the charcoal with oxide.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the bismuth reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Bismuthine
Formula. BiS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Fuses with ebullition and gives of S and SO^{2}.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much spirting and in the reducing flame yields a metallic bead and incrusts the charcoal with oxide.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The oxide obtained upon charcoal gives the bismuth reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Bismuthblende
Formula. [...Bi=]^{2}[...Si]^{3}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Turns yellow and, when strongly heated, fuses.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with ebullition to a brown globule forming an incrustation of [...Bi=] on the charcoal.
(4) in forceps. I. Fuses with ease to a yellow bead, coloring the outer flame bluish green, especially if moistened with HCl. This color is due to [.....P].
(5) in borax. Gives the bismuth and also an iron reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax, but leaves a silicious skeleton.
(7) with carb. soda. Fuses to a yellow mass. The bismuth is then reduced to the metallic state and partially volatilized, incrusting the charcoal beyond.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Tetradymite
Formula. Bi, Te, S.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Occasionally decrepitates and then fuses, forming a greyish white sublimate immediately above the mineral fragment.
(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off white fumes, part of which pass up the tube and part deposit immediately above the mineral. This latter if heated fuses to clear drops (TeO^{3}). The mineral residue becomes surrounded by fused [...Bi=], characterized by its yellow color.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a metallic bead, colors the outer flame bluish green (Te and Se) and incrusts the charcoal around with the orange [...Bi=], beyond which is a white incrustation partly consisting of [...Te].
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The yellow oxide obtained upon charcoal gives the bismuth reaction, and the white incrustation of bismuth and telluric acid.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame yields a bead of metallic bismuth, part of which is part of the tellurium volatilized and incrusts the charcoal around.
(8) Special reactions. The fused alkaline mass gives the sulphur reaction on silver. Also gives the tellurium reaction with charcoal and carbonate of soda.
* * * * *
LEAD.
* * * * *
Mineral. Galena
Formula. PbS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Generally decrepitates and gives off a small quantity of sulphur.
(2) in open tube. Gives off SO^{2}, and when strongly heated, a white sublimate of [.Pb], Ṡ.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is reduced affording a bead of metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of PbO on the charcoal. Colors the outer flame blue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the lead reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives a sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Clausthalite
Formula. PbSe.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates slightly.
(2) in open tube. Forms a sublimate of selenium, which is grey when thickly deposited, and red when thin.
(3) on charcoal. Gives off fumes smelling strongly of selenium and coloring the flame blue. In the reducing flame fuses partially and incrusts the charcoal with Se and PbO. After some time a black infusible mass alone remains.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The infusible residue obtained upon charcoal gives an iron and sometimes copper and cobalt reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda, oxalate of potash yields a metallic bead, the fused alkali laid upon silver and moistened produces a stain similar to that produced by sulfur.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Jamesonite
Formula. [,Pb]^{3}[,,,Sb]^{2}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and gives off some sulphur, sulphide of antimony and antimony which condense in the neck of the bulb.
(2) in open tube. Fuses and emits dense white fumes of SbO^{3}, which pass off and redden blue litmus paper.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with great ease evolving much SbO^{3} and PbO, which incrusts the charcoal around the mineral. When the fumes have ceased, a small bead of metallic lead remains.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The yellow incrustation formed upon charcoal gives the reaction of lead, and the white those of antimony.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Minium
Formula. Pb^{3}O^{4}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Is reduced first to litharge (PbO) and then to metallic lead which forms the usual incrustation.
(4) in forceps. Colors the outer flame blue.
(5) in borax. Gives the lead reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Mendipite
Formula. PbCl + 2PbO.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates slightly and assumes a yellow color.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily and is reduced to metallic lead with the evolution of acid fumes. Forms a white incrustation of PbCl, and a yellow one of PbO.
(4) in forceps. As the preceding.
(5) in borax. As the preceding.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction with CuO and microcosmic salt.
* * * * *
Mineral. Cerusite
Formula. [.Pb][..C].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, gives off CO^{2}, turns yellow and fuses.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Is reduced to metallic lead, incrusting the charcoal around with PbO.
(4) in forceps. As the preceding.
(5) in borax. Gives the lead reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.
(8) Special reactions. In nitric acid dissolves with much effervescence.
* * * * *
Mineral. Anglesite
Formula. [.Pb][...S].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates and gives off a small quantity of water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. In the oxidizing flame fuses to a clear bead, which becomes opaque on cooling. In reducing flame is reduced with much ebullition to a metallic bead and incrusts the charcoal around with PbO.
(4) in forceps. As the preceding.
(5) in borax. Gives the lead reaction and occasionally a slight iron and manganese reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced yielding a metallic lead bead. The fused alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Pyromorphite
Formula. PbCl + 3[.Pb]^{3}[.....P].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, and when strongly heated for some time, gives a slight white sublimate of PbCl.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. In oxidizing flame fuses to a bead having a crystalline surface on cooling, and forms a thin film of PbCl on the charcoal In reducing flame fuses without reduction and on cooling assumes a polyhedral form. Incrusts the charcoal slightly with PbO.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the flame blue.
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced yielding a metallic bead and incrusting the charcoal with PbO.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction with microcosmic salt and CuO. Also the phosphoric acid reactions.
* * * * *
Mineral. Mimetene
Formula. PbCl+ 3[.Pb]^{3}[.....As]
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses, but less easily than the preceding, gives off AsO^{3} and incrusts the charcoal with PbCl. Finally is reduced to a metallic bead and forms an incrustation of PbO.
(4) in forceps. As the preceding.
(5) in borax. The oxide formed on charcoal gives the lead reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the chlorine reaction.
* * * * *
Mineral. Vanadinite
Formula. PbCl + 3[.Pb]^{3}[...V]?
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. As pyromorphite.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. The powdered mineral fuses fuses to a black shining mass, which in the reducing flame affords a metallic bead. Incrusts the charcoal first with a white film of PbCl and afterwards with PbO.
(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.
(5) in borax. Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, in the oxidizing flame, is yellow, while hot, and colorless when cold. In reducing flame becomes opaque, and on cooling green.
(6) in mic. salt. In oxidizing flame is yellow while hot, becoming paler on cooling. In reducing flame brown while warm, and emerald green when cold.
(7) with carb. soda. On platinum wire fuses to a yellow bead, which is crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields a button of metallic lead.
(8) Special reactions. With microcosmic salt and CuO, gives the chlorine reaction. If fused in a platinum spoon with from 3 to 4 times its volume of K,[...S]^{2} it forms a fluid yellow mass having an orange color when cold.
* * * * *
Mineral. Crocoisite
Formula. [.Pb][...Cr].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates violently and assumes a dark color.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and detonates yielding Cr^{2}O^{3} and metallic lead, and forming an incrustation of PbO on the charcoal.
(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.
(5) in borax. Dissolves readily and colors the glass yellow while warm, and green when cold. (See Chromium reaction.)
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. On platinum foil gives a dark yellow mass, which becomes paler on cooling. On charcoal yields a metallic button.
(8) Special reactions. Treated as above with K,[...S]^{2} forms a violet colored mass, which on solidifying becomes reddish and on cooling pale grey.
* * * * *
Mineral. Molybdate of lead
Formula. [.Pb][...M].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is partly absorbed into the charcoal leaving a globule of metallic lead, which is partially oxidized and incrusts the charcoal.
(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.
(5) in borax. Dissolves readily and gives the molybdena reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic lead.
(8) Special reactions. Fused as above with K,[...S]^{2} forms a yellow mass, which becomes white on cooling. If this be dissolved in water and a piece of zinc introduced into the solution, the latter becomes blue.
* * * * *
Mineral. Scheeletine
Formula. [.Pb][...W].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates more or less.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead incrusting the charcoal with PbO. The bead on cooling is crystalline and has a dark metallic surface.
(4) in forceps. As pyromorphite.
(5) in borax. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which in the reducing flame becomes yellow, and on cooling grey and opaque.
(6) in mic. salt. Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which in the reducing flame assumes a dusky blue color. After a time becomes opaque.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. With carbonate of soda and nitre gives the manganese reaction.
* * * * *
COPPER.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native Copper
Formula. Cu.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a brilliant metallic bead, which on cooling becomes covered with a coating of black oxide.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.
(5) in borax. In the oxidizing flame dissolves and then gives the copper reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Vitreous Copper
Formula. Cu^{2}S.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2} and, when pulverized and gently heated for some time is converted into CuO.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead, which spirts considerably and gives off SO^{2}. When pulverized and gently roasted, is converted into CuO.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives the copper reaction, and sometimes also a slight iron-reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame is decomposed, forming NaS and metallic copper. If the former be cut out and laid upon silver, it gives the sulfur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Copper pyrites
Formula. [,Cu=][,,,Fe=].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, sometimes gives a sublimate of sulphur and becomes bronze colored on the surface.
(2) in open tube. Evolves SO^{2} and is finally converted into a dark red mixture of Fe^{2}O^{3} and CuO.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily with much ebullition and is magnetic on cooling.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As the preceding; but when the copper has been removed by reducing on charcoal, the bead shows a strong iron color.
(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding, but the color in the oxidizing flame is green, owing to the presence of iron.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields a bead of metallic copper and some magnetic oxide of iron which remains on the charcoal. The fused gives a sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Fahlerz
Formula. ([,Cu=][,Ag][,Fe][,Zn])^{4} ([,,,Sb][,,,As]).
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Sometimes decrepitates, fuses, and when very strongly heated, gives a red sublimate of [,,,Sb] with [...Sb], also sometimes a black sublimate of [,Hg] and occasionally [,,,As].
(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off thick fumes of SbO^{3} and SO^{2}, also generally AsO^{3}, leaving a black infusible residue. If Hg be present, it is sublimed and condenses in the tube in small drops.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead, which fumes strongly and incrusts the charcoal with SbO^{3}, and sometimes ZnO, which cannot be volatilized. Emits a strong smell of arsenic.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The residue obtained on charcoal thoroughly roasted gives a copper reaction, and when the latter has been removed by reduction upon charcoal, an iron reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in the preceding.
(7) with carb. soda. With this flux and a little borax yields a bead of metallic copper; on silver, the alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. If the copper bead obtained by fusing upon carbonate of soda be cupelled with assay lead, a silver bead will be obtained. Or if dissolved in nitric acid and a drop or two of HCl added, a white precipitate of AgCl will be formed, which may be collected and reduced with carbonate of soda upon charcoal.
* * * * *
Mineral. Tennatite
Formula. ([,Cu=][,Fe=])^{4}[,,,As].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates occasionally and gives a red sublimate of [,,,As].
(2) in open tube. Evolves [..S] and [...As], which condense and form a white sublimate.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a magnetic bead giving of arsenical and sulphurous fumes.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As the preceding.
(6) in mic. salt. As the preceding.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields a copper bead and metallic iron in the form of a dark grey powder. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Bournonite
Formula. ([,Pb]^{2}[,Cu=])[,,,Sb].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates giving off sulfur and, when strongly heated, [,,,Sb] and [...Sb].
(2) in open tube. Evolves thick white fumes of [...Sb],[.....Sb] and [.Pb][...Sb]. Also Ṡ.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily and incrusts the charcoal with [...Sb] and [.Pb] leaving a dark colored bead.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. If the bead obtained on charcoal be fused on that support in the reducing flame with borax, a slight iron reaction is obtained, and after a time a copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields a bead of metallic copper and lead and incrusts the charcoal with [...Sb] and [.Pb]. The alkaline mass laid on silver and moistened gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Red oxide of copper
Formula. Cu^{2}O
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Is converted into the black oxide CuO.
(3) on charcoal. In the reducing flame is reduced, forming a bead of metallic copper.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the the flame emerald green, or if previously moistened with HCl, blue.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced to a bead of metallic copper.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Atacamite
Formula. CuCl + 3[.Cu] + 6Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off much water, having an acid reaction, on test paper, and forms a light grey sublimate of CuCl.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses, colors the flame blue, forms a brown and a pale grey incrustation on the charcoal, and is reduced to metallic copper, leaving a small quantity of slag.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame intensely blue and green towards the point.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced, yielding a bead of metallic copper.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Dioptase
Formula. [.Cu]^{3}[...Si]^{2} + 3Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. In the oxidizing flame becomes black. In the reducing flame red.
(4) in forceps. V. Colors the outer flame intensely green.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As with borax. The silica remains undissolved.
(7) with carb. soda. With a small quantity of carbonate of soda fuses to a bead, which on cooling is opaque and has a red fracture. With more alkali forms a slag, containing little beads of reduced copper.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Malachite
Formula. [.Cu]^{2}[..C] + Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses to a bead with a strong flame is reduced to metallic copper.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame brilliantly green.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As with borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic copper.
(8) Special reactions. Dissolves in HCl with much effervescence.
* * * * *
Mineral. Blue vitriol
Formula. [.Cu][...S] + 5Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Intumesces, gives off water and becomes white.
(2) in open tube. Strongly heated is decomposed, given off SO^{2} and being converted into CuO.
(3) on charcoal. As in the glass-bulb. Then fuses, coloring the outer flame green, and is reduced to metallic copper and [,Cu=].
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.
(5) in borax. The roasted mineral gives copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Yields metallic copper. The alkaline mass laid on silver gives S reaction.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the sulphuric acid reaction.
* * * * *
Mineral. Libethenite
Formula. [.Cu]^{4}[.....P] + 2Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water and turns black.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Gradually heated, turns black and fuses to a bead, having a core of metallic copper.
(4) in forceps. Fuses but does not color the flame distinctly. On cooling is black and crystalline.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. With much of the alkali is decomposed, yielding metallic copper. With small portions successively added first fuses and then intumesces, fuses with a strong flame, and is then absorbed into the charcoal, leaving metallic copper.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the phosphoric acid reaction.
* * * * *
Mineral. Olivenite
Formula. [.Cu]^{4}([.....As][.....P]) + Ḣ.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Gives off water.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with detonation and the evolution of arsenical fumes to a brittle regulus, brown externally and having a white fracture.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the outer flame green. On cooling has a crystalline surface.
(5) in borax. Gives the copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Is reduced, yielding metallic copper.
(8) Special reactions. Gives the arsenic reactions.
* * * * *
ANTIMONY.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native antimony
Formula. Sb.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and, when strongly heated, volatilizes being redeposited in the tube as a dark grey sublimate.
(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which are partly redeposited on the tube. Sometimes also gives off arsenical fumes in small quantity.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and gives off dense white fumes, which thickly incrust the charcoal and color the flame blue immediately beyond the assay.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the antimony reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. The incrustation on the charcoal, if treated with nitrate of cobalt assumes the characteristic green color.
* * * * *
Mineral. Grey antimony
Formula. SbS^{3}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses readily and occasionally gives off a small quantity of sulphur. Strongly heated forms a brown sublimate of SbS^{3} and SbO^{3}.
(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off SO^{2}, which passes off up the tube, and dense white fumes of SbO^{3} and SbO^{5} which are partly deposited in the tube.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and is partly absorbed by the charcoal and partly volatilized, incrusting the charcoal with the characteristic white oxides. Colors the flame blue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As the preceding.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. Fuses and is reduced, yielding metallic antimony, which behaves as the preceding mineral upon charcoal. The alkaline mass gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. As the preceding.
* * * * *
Mineral. Antimony blende
Formula. [,,,Sb]^{2} + [...Sb].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses easily, gives off first SbO^{3} and afterwards an orange colored sublimate. Strongly heated, is decomposed and gives a black sublimate, which becomes brown on cooling.
(2) in open tube. As the preceding.
(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. As native antimony.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. As native antimony.
* * * * *
Mineral. White antimony
Formula. SbO^{3}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Is sublimed and recondensed in the neck of the tube.
(2) in open tube. As in the glass-bulb.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with the evolution of dense white fumes, which incrust the surface of the charcoal. In the reducing flame is partly reduced, yielding metallic antimony. Colors flame blue.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and is volatilized, coloring the outer flame blue.
(5) in borax. Gives the antimony reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. In the reducing flame is reduced, yielding metallic antimony.
(8) Special reactions. As native antimony.
* * * * *
ARSENIC.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native arsenic
Formula. As.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Sublimes without fusion and recondenses as a dark grey metallic sublimate, sometimes leaving a small residue.
(2) in open tube. If gently heated in a good current of air passes off as AsO^{3}, which is partly condensed as a white sublimate in the upper part of the tube.
(3) on charcoal. Passes off as AsO^{3}, which thinly incrusts the charcoal beyond the assay.
(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Realgar
Formula. AsS^{2}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses, enters into ebullition and is sublimed as a transparent red sublimate.
(2) in open tube. Gently heated passes off as SO^{2} and AsO^{3}, the latter of which is redeposited in the upper part of the tube.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and passes off as arsenious and sulphurous acids.
(4) in forceps. Fuses and colors the flame blue.
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. As on charcoal, except that the S combines with the alkali forming NaS, which on silver gives the sulphur reaction.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Orpiment
Formula. AsS^{3}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. As the preceding, except that the sublimate is of a dark yellow color when cold.
(2) in open tube. As the preceding.
(3) on charcoal. As the preceding.
(4) in forceps. As the preceding.
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. White arsenic
Formula. AsO^{3}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Sublimes without fusion and re-condenses in white crystals.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Sublimes and is partly recondensed on charcoal forming a white incrustation.
(4) in forceps. Colors the flame blue.
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. Heated with charcoal in a glass-tube sealed at one end, is reduced and metallic arsenic sublimes.
* * * * *
MERCURY.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native mercury
Formula. Hg.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Volatilizes with little or no residue and recondenses in neck of bulb.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Is volatilized.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Cinnabar
Formula. HgS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Volatilizes sometimes leaving a slight earthy residue, and re-condenses as a black sulphide.
(2) in open tube. If gently heated is decomposed into metallic mercury, which volatilizes and recondenses in the upper part of the tube, and SO^{2}, which passes off as is easily recognized by its odor and bleaching properties.
(3) on charcoal. Is volatilized, generally leaving a small earthy residue.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. With carbonate of soda and cyanide of potassium is decomposed and metallic mercury volatilized.
(8) Special reactions. When in the preceding experiment the mercury has been entirely dissipated, the alkaline residue laid on silver gives a sulphur reaction.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native amalgam
Formula. AgHg^{2}.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. As native mercury, but leaves a residue of pure silver.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. The mercury volatilizes leaving the silver, which fuses to a bead, and, in the oxidizing flame, incrusts the charcoal with its characteristic oxide.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
SILVER.
* * * * *
Mineral. Native silver
Formula. Ag.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and in a strong oxidizing flame forms an incrustation of dark brown oxide on the charcoal. If any antimony be present, it affords a crimson incrustation.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. Gives the silver reactions.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. —
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Antimonial silver
Formula. Ag^{2}Sb.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Gives off dense white fumes, which are partly deposited in the tube.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses, fumes strongly, forming a white incrustation, and when the antimony is nearly expelled a crimson one, a nearly pure silver bead remains.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The incrustation formed on charcoal gives an antimony reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Silver glance
Formula. AgS.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. —
(2) in open tube. Gives off sulphurous acid.
(3) on charcoal. Gives off SO^{2} and is reduced to metallic silver. If impure, a small quantity of slag also remains.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The residual slag (if any) obtained upon charcoal gives an iron reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. As alone on charcoal. The alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction on polished silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Stephanite
Formula. [,Ag]^{6}[,,,Sb].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Decrepitates, fuses and gives a slight sublimate of sulphide of antimony.
(2) in open tube. Fuses and gives off SO^{2} and dense white antimonial fumes.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses and incrusts the charcoal with antimonious acid, leaving Ag with some antimony. If the flame be continued, a red incrustation is formed and finally a bead of pure silver remains surrounded by a small slag.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. The residual slag obtained on the charcoal gives an iron and copper reaction.
(6) in mic. salt. As in borax.
(7) with carb. soda. The silver is reduced and the antimony passes off in dense fumes. The fused alkali gives the sulphur reaction on silver.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Pyargyrite
Formula. [,Ag]^{3}[,,,Sb].
Behavior (1) in glass-bulb. Sometimes decrepitates, fuses readily, and, when strongly heated, gives a red sublimate of SbS^{3}.
(2) in open tube. As in the preceding.
(3) on charcoal. Fuses with much spirting and covers the charcoal with antimonial fumes. When the residual AgS is heated for some time in the oxidizing flame, a bead of pure silver is obtained.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. As the preceding.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Proustite
Formula. [,Ag]^{3}[,,,As].
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses and at a low red heat affords a small sublimate of AsS^{3}.
(2) in open tube. Gradually heated it gives off AsO^{3} and SO^{2}. Sometimes also antimony fumes.
(3) on charcoal. As the preceding, except that a large quantity of AsO^{3} and but little SbO^{3} are given off.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. As stephanite, except that much arsenic is given off and but little antimony.
(8) Special reactions. —
* * * * *
Mineral. Horn silver
Formula. AgCl.
Behavior
(1) in glass-bulb. Fuses, but undergoes no further change.
(2) in open tube. —
(3) on charcoal. Fuses readily in the oxidizing flame. In the reducing flame is slowly reduced yielding metallic silver.
(4) in forceps. —
(5) in borax. —
(6) in mic. salt. —
(7) with carb. soda. Is rapidly reduced to metallic silver.
(8) Special reactions. If cut up into small pieces mixed with oxide of copper and then heated before the oxidizing flame upon charcoal, it colors the flame blue.
THE END.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Text italicized in the original book is surrounded by '_'.
This book had many columnar tables, often split across pages. These have been transformed in data sheets for readability.
The notation ^{#} is used for superscripted numbers, indicating the composition of the various chemical compounds.
Some of the element symbols were differenced by markings that were not defined in the book, but are supposed to be valence markings. These have been transcribed as follows:
'.' or ',' above element symbol [?.Symbol] or [?,Symbol] '-' above element symbol [=Symbol] '-' through element symbol [Symbol=] ... So [...Al] where the original text had Al _ M where the original text had M ,,, [,,,Sb] where the original text had Sb ... [...Fe=] where the original text had Fe, line through the Fe.
THE END |
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