20. Maritime Enterprise.—Henry's chief merit was that he had re-established order. Commercial prosperity followed, though the commerce was as yet on a small scale. It is probable that the population of England was no more than 2,500,000. London contained but 130,000 inhabitants, whilst Paris contained 400,000. There was no royal navy, as there was no royal army, but merchant vessels were armed to protect themselves. The company of Merchant Adventurers made voyages to the Baltic, and the men of Bristol sent out fleets to the Iceland fishery. Henry did what he could to encourage maritime enterprise. He had offered to take Columbus into his service before the great navigator closed with Spain, and in 1497 he sent the Venetian, John Cabot, and his sons across the Atlantic, where they landed in Labrador before any Spaniards had set foot on the American continent. England however, was as yet too poor to push these discoveries farther, and the lands beyond the sea were for the present left to Spain.

21. Growth of the Royal Power.—The improvement in the general well-being of the country had been rendered possible by the extension of the royal power, and the price paid for order was the falling into abeyance of the constitutional authority of Parliaments. The loss indeed was greater in appearance than in reality. In the fifteenth century the election of members of the House of Commons depended more upon the will of the great lords than upon the political sentiments of the community. In the first half of the sixteenth century they depended on the will of the king. The peculiarity of the Tudor rule was that its growing despotism was exercised without the support of the army. It rested on the goodwill of the middle classes. Treading cautiously in the steps of Edward IV., Henry VII. recognised that in order to have a full treasury it was less dangerous to exact payments illegally from the few than to exact them legally from the many. Hence his recourse in times of trouble to benevolences. Hence, too, the eagerness with which he gathered in fines. The Cornish rebels were fined individually. The great lords who persisted in keeping retainers were fined. On one occasion the king visited the Earl of Oxford, and found, when he went away, a band of retainers drawn up to do him honour. "My lord," he said, "I thank you for your entertainment, but my attorney must speak with you." If there was a man in England who had deserved well of Henry it was Oxford, but Oxford had to pay 15,000l., a sum worth perhaps 180,000l. at the present day, to atone for his offence. No services rendered to Henry were to excuse from obedience to the law.

22. Empson and Dudley.—As Henry grew older the gathering of money became a passion. His chief instruments were Empson and Dudley, who under pretence of enforcing the law established the worst of tyrannies. Even false charges were brought for the sake of extracting money. At the end of his reign Henry had accumulated a hoard of 1,800,000l., mainly gathered by injustice and oppression. The despotism of one man was no doubt better than the despotism of many, but the price paid for the change was a heavy one.

23. Henry and his Daughter-in-law. 1502—1505.—On the death of Prince Arthur in 1502, Ferdinand and Isabella proposed that their daughter Catharine should marry her brother-in-law, Henry, the only surviving son of the king of England, though the boy was six years younger than herself. They had already paid half their daughter's marriage portion, and they believed, probably with truth, that they had little chance of recovering it from Henry VII., and that it would therefore be more economical to re-marry their daughter where they would get off with no more expense than the payment of the other half. Henry on the other hand feared lest the repayment of the first half might be demanded of him, and consequently welcomed the proposal. In 1503 a dispensation for the marriage was obtained from Pope Julius II., but in 1505, when the time for the betrothal arrived, the young Henry protested, no doubt at his father's instigation, that he would proceed no farther.

24. The Last Years of Henry VII. 1505—1509.—Circumstances were changed by the death of Isabella in 1504, when her son-in-law, the Archduke Philip, claimed to be sovereign of Castile in right of his wife Juana. Philip, sailing from the Netherlands to Spain in 1506, was driven into Weymouth by a storm, and Henry seized the opportunity of wringing from him commercial concessions as well as the surrender of Edmund de la Pole, a brother of the Earl of Lincoln who perished at Stoke, and a nephew of Edward IV. Henry was himself now a widower on the look-out for a rich wife, and Philip promised him the hand of his sister, Margaret, who had formerly been betrothed to Charles VIII. (see p. 337). Once more, however, the conditions of the game changed. Philip died a few months after his arrival in Spain, leaving a mad widow, and as Ferdinand then regained his authority Catharine's marriage was again discussed. Other schemes were also proposed, amongst them one for marrying Catharine, not to the young prince, but to her old father-in-law, the king. In 1509, before any of these plans could take effect, Henry VII. died. He deserves to be reckoned amongst the kings who have accomplished much for England. If he was not chivalrous or imaginative, neither was the age in which he lived. His contemporaries needed a chief constable to keep order, and he gave them what they needed.

25. Architectural Changes and the Printing Press.—Architecture, which in England, as upon the Continent, had been the one great art of the Middle Ages, was already, though still instinct with beauty, giving signs in its over-elaboration of approaching decadence. To the tower of Fotheringhay Church (see p. 311) had succeeded the tower of St. Mary's, Taunton. To the roof of the nave of Winchester Cathedral (see p. 276) had succeeded the roof of the Divinity School at Oxford (see p. 319), and of the chapel of King's College, Cambridge (see p. 355). Art in this direction could go no farther. The new conditions in which the following age was to move were indicated by the discovery of America and the invention of printing. New objects of knowledge presented themselves, and a new mode of spreading knowledge was at hand. In the reign of Edward IV., Caxton, the earliest English printer, set up his press at Westminster, and the king and his nobles came to gaze at it as at some new toy, little knowing how profoundly it was to modify their methods of government. Henry VII. had enough to do without troubling himself with such matters. It was his part to close an epoch of English history, not to open a fresh one.

Books recommended for further study of Part IV.

GREEN, J. R. History of the English People. Vol. i. p. 521-Vol. ii. p. 77.

STUBBS, W. (Bishop of Oxford). Constitutional History of England. Vol. ii. from p. 441, and Vol. iii.

HALLAM, H. Constitutional History of England. Vol. i. pp. 1-15.

ROGERS, J. E. THOROLD. History of Agriculture and Prices. Vols. iii. and iv.

CUNNINGHAM, W. The Growth of English Industry and Commerce. Vol. i. pp. 335-449.

WYLIE, J. H. History of England under Henry IV.

GAIRDNER, JAMES. Lancaster and York.

———— Richard III.

———— Henry VII.

RAMSAY, SIR JAMES. Lancaster and York.

OMAN, C. The Political History of England. Vol. iv. From the Accession of Richard II. to the Death of Richard III. (1377-1485).

FISHER, H. A. L. The Political History of England. Vol. v. From the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of Henry VIII. (1485-1547).



INDEX

TO

THE FIRST VOLUME

Aaron, martyrdom of, 23.

Aclea, battle of, 57.

Acre, captured by the Crusaders, 161; Edward I. at, 204.

Adrian IV. grants Ireland to Henry II., 152.

Adulterine castles, 137.

Aedan, king of the Scots, is defeated at Degsastan, 42.

AElfgar, earl of the Mercians, 90.

AElfgifu, wife of Eadwig, 65, 66.

AElfheah, Archbishop, murdered by the Danes, 82.

AElfred, his struggle with the Danes, 58; his position after the Treaty of Wedmore, 59; gains London, ib.; character of his work, 60.

AElfred the AEtheling, murder of, 85, 86.

AElfthryth, wife of Eadgar, 78.

AElla, king of Deira, slave-boys from his kingdom found at Rome, 38.

AEscesdun, battle of, 58.

AEthelbald, king of the Mercians, 53.

AEthelbald, king of the West Saxons, 57.

AEthelberht, king of Kent, his supremacy, 38; becomes a Christian, 39; helps Augustine to set up bishoprics, 40; death of, 41.

AEthelberht, king of the West Saxons, 57.

AEthelflaed, the Lady of the Mercians, 62.

AEthelfrith, king of North-humberland, his struggle with the northern Welsh, 41; defeats the Scots at Degsastan, 42; and the Kymry near Chester, 43; is defeated and slain by Eadwine, ib.

AEthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, 60.

AEthelred, king of the West Saxons, his struggle with the Danes, 58, 62.

AEthelred the Unready, his relations with the Danes, 79; and with the Normans, 80; orders a massacre of the Danes, 81; flies to Normandy, 82; returns and dies, 83.

AEthelric unites North-humberland, 41.

AEthelstan, reign of, 63.

AEthelstan, the Half-King, 73.

AEthelwold drives secular canons from Winchester, 68.

AEthelwulf defeats the Northmen, 57.

Aetius refuses help to the Britons, 26.

Agincourt, battle of, 302.

Agricola, campaigns of, 16; forts built by, 17.

Agriculture in Eadgar's time, 75.

Aidan establishes himself in Holy Island, 47; his relations with Oswald, ib.; and with Oswine, ib.

Alban, martyrdom of, 23.

Albany, the Duke of, suspected of the murder of the Duke of Rothesay, 295; is regent of Scotland, 296.

Albigeois, the, crusade against, 193.

Albin, probable Iberian derivation of the name, 6.

Albion, see Albin.

Alcluyd (Dumbarton), the capital of Strathclyde, 43.

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 134.

Alexander III., king of Scotland, death of, 214.

Alexander III., Pope, shrinks from supporting Archbishop Thomas, 145.

Alexander IV., Pope, confirms a grant of Sicily to Edmund Crouchback, 197.

Allectus asserts a claim to the Empire, 22.

Alnwick, Malcolm Canmore slain at, 119; William the Lion captured at, 154; dismantled, 296.

Ambresbyrig (Amesbury) named from Ambrosius, 34.

Ambrosius fights with the West Saxons, 34.

Ambrosius Aurelianus, fights with the Jutes, 27.

Amiens, the mise of, 200.

Anderida destroyed by the South Saxons, 28.

Andred's Wood covers the Weald, 27.

Angevin kings, Church and State under, 165; growth of learning under, 167; growth of commerce under, 168; architectural changes under, 170.

Angles ravage Roman Britain, 24; settle in Britain, 28; advance gradually, 36; see Bernicia, Deira, East Anglia, Mercia, North-humberland.

Anglesea, see Mona.

Anjou, Geoffrey, Count of, 131; united with Normandy, 137; declares for Arthur, 174; conquered by Philip II., 176; English forays in, 317.

Anne of Beaujeu, policy of, 348.

Anne of Bohemia marries Richard II., 278.

Anne of Brittany is married to Maximilian by proxy, 349; married to Charles VIII., 349.

Anselm acknowledges AElfheah to be a martyr, 82; character of, 117; becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 118; quarrels with William II., ib.; his relations with Henry I., 125.

Antoninus Pius, wall of, 17.

Appellant, the Lords, 279.

Aquitaine, Duchy of, passes to Henry II. by his marriage, 137; is given to Richard, 155; divided in language and character from the North of France, 176; intrigues of Philip IV. in, 218; efforts of Philip VI. to gain, 234; ceded to Edward III., 253; the Black Prince made Duke of, 254; resistance to the Black Prince in, 256; almost wholly lost, 257; complete loss of, 320.

Aquae Sulis (Bath) subdued by the West Saxons, 35.

Archers employed at Senlac, 96; armed with the long bow at Falkirk, 221; improperly employed at Bannockburn, 226; effect of, at Halidon Hill, 234; drawn from the yeomen, 236; win the battle of Crecy, 242; are successful at Poitiers, 251.

Architecture before the Conquest, 51; Norman, 89; under the Angevins, 170; Early English style of, 207; Decorated and Perpendicular styles of, 247; later development of, 358.

Arles, Council of, 23.

Armagnac, the Count of, establishes a reign of terror, 303; murder of, 304.

Armagnacs, party of the, oppose the Burgundians, 296; relations of Henry IV. with, 299; make war with the Burgundians, 301; insurrection of the Parisians against, 304.

Army, the, the folk-moot in arms, 33; AElfred's organisation of, 60; under William I., 104, 106; reorganised by Henry II., 141; its condition under Edward III., 236.

Arras, congress at, 313; Treaty of, 337.

Arteveldt, Jacob van, 235.

Arteveldt, Philip van, 278.

Arthur, legend of, 33.

Arthur, nephew of John, descent of, 173; murder of, 174.

Arthur, Prince of Wales, marriage and death of, 356.

Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, banished, 282; his position under Henry IV., 292; deprived of the Chancellorship, 299; Oldcastle tried before, 300.

Arundel, the Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279; executed, 282.

Aryans, the, 5.

Assandun, battle of, 83.

Asser, life of AElfred by, 61.

Assize of Arms, 154.

Assize of Clarendon, see Clarendon.

Athelney, AElfred takes refuge in, 58.

Augustine preaches to the men of Kent, 39; becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and founds other bishoprics, 40; fails to obtain the co-operation of the Welsh bishops, 41.

Aumale, Earl of, surrenders his castles to Hubert de Burgh, 187.

Austria, imprisonment of Richard I. in, 161.

Avice of Gloucester divorced by John, 174.

Avignon, the Popes at, 257.

Badby burnt as a heretic, 298.

Badon, Mount, see Mount Badon.

Balliol, Edward, wins and loses the crown of Scotland, 232, 233.

Balliol, John, descent of, 215; declared King of Scotland, 216; is defeated and surrenders the crown, 219.

Bamborough, Ida's fortress at, 36; Mowbray besieged in, 120.

Bangor-iscoed, monastery at, 42; slaughter of the monks of, 43.

Bannockburn, battle of, 226.

Barnet, battle of, 334.

Basques, the, Iberian descent of, 5.

Bath, see Aquae Sulis.

Battle Abbey, site of, 96.

Bauge, battle of, 306.

Bayeux Tapestry, the, 98.

Bayonne taken by the French, 320.

Bears, performing, 275.

Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, becomes Chancellor, 299; invites Parliament to support Henry V., 301; opposes Gloucester, 308; becomes a cardinal, 309; continues his opposition to Gloucester, 314; policy of, 317; death of, 318.

Bec, Abbey of, 89, 117.

Becket, see Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Bede, Ecclesiastical History of, 52.

Bedford, West Saxon victory at, 35; castle of Faukes de Breaute at, 187.

Bedford, John, Duke of, brother of Henry V., sent to secure Harfleur, 303; Regent of France, 307; marries the Duke of Burgundy's sister, ib.; defeats the French at Verneuil, 308; returns to England, 312; death of, 313.

Belgians land in Britain, 8.

Belleme, see Robert of Belleme.

Benedict of Nursia establishes the Benedictine rule, 40.

Benedictines, monasteries of the, 128.

Benevolences invented by Edward IV., 335; abolished by Richard III., 342.

Bensington, Mercian victory at, 53.

Berengaria marries Richard I., 161.

Bernard du Guesclin, see Du Guesclin.

Bernicia, formation of the kingdom of, 36; is merged for a time in North-humberland, 41; is untouched by the preaching of Paulinus, 46; is finally merged in North-humberland, 48; maintains its independence after the Danish conquest, 59.

Bertha obtains from AEthelberht a disused church, 38.

Bigod, Hugh, appointed justiciar by the barons, 199.

Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, resists Edward I., 220.

Black Death, the, 248, 259.

Black Prince, the, fights at Crecy, 242; ravages the south of France, and defeats the French at Poitiers, 251; his courtesy to King John, 252; is sent to Aquitaine, 254; his expedition into Spain, 255; taxes Aquitaine, 256; loses Aquitaine, 257; leads the Good Parliament, and dies, 262.

Blanche Tache, ford of, 240.

Blore Heath, battle of, 326.

Boadicea, insurrection of, 15.

Bohun, Humfrey, Earl of Hereford, resists Edward I., 220.

Boniface VIII., 220.

Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, 197.

Bordeaux taken by the French, 320.

Boroughbridge, defeat of Thomas of Lancaster at, 228.

Bosworth, battle of, 343.

Bouvines, battle of, 181.

Brabant, the Duke of, captures Jacqueline of Hainault, 308.

Bradford-on-Avon, early stone church at, 51.

Bramham Moor, defeat of Northumberland on, 296.

Brember hanged, 280.

Bretigni, Treaty of, 253.

Bretwalda, title of, 44.

Bridgenorth, Robert of Belleme's castle at, 121; besieged by Henry I., 124.

Bridges, making and repair of, 272, 273.

Brigantes, the, conquest of, 16.

Brihtnoth slain at Maldon, 79.

Bristol garrisoned by Robert of Gloucester, 134.

Britain, its name derived from the Britons, 6; tin trade opened to, 8; Gauls and Belgians in, ib.; Caesar's invasion of, 11; trade of Gaul with, 12; beginning of the Roman conquest of, 13-17; condition of the Roman province of, 19-22; emperors specially connected with, 22; Christianity in, 23; ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 23; and by the Saxons, 24; military divisions of, ib.; end of the Roman government of, 25, 26; is deserted by the Romans, 26; its organisation after the departure of the Romans, ib.; the English conquest of, 27-29.

Britons, the, succeed the Goidels, 6; languages spoken by the descendants of, 7; habits of, 9; religion of, 10; introduction of Roman manners amongst, 13; increased civilisation of, 21; non-existence of a national feeling amongst, 22; ask Honorius in vain for help, 25; the groans of the, 26; treatment of, by the English conquerors, 29; are better treated in the West, 31; slight modification of English language by them, 31; see Kymry.

Brittany, its relation with Henry II., 155; Edward III. sends forces to, 240; annexed to France, 349.

Bruce, Edward, invades Ireland, 264.

Bruce, Robert, claims the crown of Scotland, 215.

Bruce, Robert, grandson of the preceding, see Robert I.

Brunanburh, battle of, 63.

Brut, Layamon's, 207.

Brythons, see Britons.

Buchan, Countess of, imprisoned, 224.

Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, supports Richard III., 338, 341; executed as a rebel, 342.

Burford, West Saxon victory at, 53.

Burgundians, party of the, opposed to the Armagnacs, 296, 299; are friendly to Henry V., 301.

Burgundy, Charles the Rash, Duke of, marries the sister of Edward IV., 332; policy of, 336; is slain at Nancy, ib.

Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of, has the Duke of Orleans murdered, 296; allies himself with Henry V., 301; holds aloof in the campaign of Agincourt, 302; makes war upon the Armagnacs, 303; murder of, 305.

Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, joins the English against the Dauphin, 306; allies himself with the Duke of Bedford, 307; forms a league with Charles VII., 313; inherits territories in the Netherlands, ib.

Burhs erected by Eadward the Elder, 62.

Burley, Sir Simon, executed, 280.

Bury St. Edmunds, foundation of the monastery at, 58; death of Svend at, 82; meeting of barons at, 181.

CADE, JACK, rebellion of, 322.

Caedmon, poetry of, 52.

Caedwalla, allied with Penda, 46; is defeated by Oswald, 47.

Caen, burial of William I. at, 114; stormed by Henry V., 303.

Caerleon upon Usk, see Isca Silurum.

Caesar, Gaius Julius, makes war in Gaul and Germany, 10; twice invades Britain, 11.

Caint, the, occupied by the Cantii, 8.

Calais taken by Edward III., 243; besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 313.

Caledonians, the, wars of Agricola with, 16.

Cambridge, the Earl of, execution of, 301.

Camulodunum, Cunobelin's headquarters at, 12; Roman colony of, 13; captured by Boadicea, 15.

Cannon, first use of, 242.

Canterbury, AEthelberht's residence at, 38; Augustine preaches at, 39; foundation of the archbishopric of, 40; murder of Archbishop Thomas at, 150; Henry II. does penance at, 153; architecture of the choir of, 171; disputed election of the Archbishop of, 177.

Canterbury Tales, the, 270.

Caractacus, defeat and flight of, 13; capture of, 14.

Carausius claims to be emperor, 22.

Carham, battle of, 84.

Carlisle fortified by William II., 119.

Carnarvon, Edward I. builds a castle at, 210.

Carriages and carts, 273.

Carucage substituted for Danegeld, 162.

Cashel, synod at, 152.

Cassel, battle of, 235.

Cassiterides, the geographical position of, 8.

Cassivelaunus, resistance to Caesar by, 11.

Castile, intervention of the Black Prince in, 255; united with Aragon, 349.

Catherine of Aragon married to Prince Arthur, 356; marriages proposed for, 357.

Catherine of France marries Henry V., 306; marries Owen Tudor, 335.

Catuvellauni, the, position of, 9; attacked by Caesar, 11; subsequent history of, 12.

Caxton, William, establishes a printing press at Westminster, 358.

Ceawlin overruns the Severn Valley, 35; defeated at Wanborough, 36.

Celibacy of the clergy, early opinion in favour of, 65; inculcated at Cluny, 67.

Celtic Christianity, influence of, 47, 49.

Celts, the, succeed the Iberians in Western Europe, 5; are divided into two stocks, 7; know their conquerors as Saxons, 29.

Ceorls, distinguished from Eorls, 29; are the tillers of the soil, 30.

Chancellor, the official position of, 127; becomes a judge, 260.

Charles Martel defeats the Mohammedans, 54.

Charles the Great, Emperor, 55, 63.

Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, 63; cedes Normandy to Hrolf, 80.

Charles IV., king of France, death of, 232.

Charles V., king of France, opposes the English in Spain, 255; summons the Black Prince to Paris, 256; renews the war against the English, ib.; avoids a battle, 257.

Charles VI., king of France, defeats the Flemings, 278; allies himself with Richard II., 282; loses his senses, 295; disinherits the Dauphin, 306; dies, 307.

Charles VII., king of France, as Dauphin, falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, 303; is present at the murder of John, Duke of Burgundy, 305; is disinherited, 306; claims to succeed to the crown at his father's death, 307; his weakness, 309; is helped by the Maid of Orleans, 310; is crowned, 311; consents to a truce, 317; renews the war, 320.

Charles VIII., king of France, succeeds to the crown, 348; invades Italy, 352; death of, 354.

Chateau Gaillard built by Richard I., 165; lost by John, 354.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, his Canterbury Tales, 270.

Chester (see Deva) submits to William I., 103.

Chinon, Henry II. dies at, 157.

Chivalry, 235.

Christ Church, at Canterbury, privileges of, 177; expulsion of the monks of, 178.

Christianity introduced into Britain, 23; into England, 39; character of early English, see England, the Church of.

Chronicle, the, begun under AElfred, 61; continued at Worcester, 68, 129; completed at Peterborough, 129.

Church of England, see England, the Church of.

Cinque Ports, the, 218.

Cirencester, see Corinium.

Cistercians, the, introduced into England, 129; decline of asceticism amongst, 167; are fined by John, 179.

Clare, Gilbert de, see Gloucester, Earl of.

Clare, Richard de, see Strongbow.

Clare, Richard de, see Gloucester, Earl of.

Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, sent to Ireland, 265.

Clarence, George, Duke of, brother of Edward IV., created a duke, 329; marries Warwick's daughter, and quarrels with Edward IV., 332; put to death, 336.

Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, brother of Henry IV., killed at Bauge, 306.

Clarendon, the Constitutions of, 144; the assize of, 146.

Claudius, the Emperor, plans the conquest of Britain, 13.

Clergy, the, see Ecclesiastical Courts, England, Church of.

Clericis Laicos, the Bull named, 220.

Clifford, Lord, stabs the Earl of Rutland, 328.

Cluny, clerical celibacy inculcated at, 67; reforms originated at, 107.

Cnut, reign of, 83-85.

Cobham, Eleanor, mistress and wife of the Duke of Gloucester, 315; does penance for witchcraft, 316.

Colleges, first foundation of, at Oxford, 207.

Colman disputes with Wilfrid, 50.

Columba founds a monastery at Iona, 47.

Columbus discovers the West Indies, 354.

Commerce between Britain and Gaul, 8, 12; between England and Gaul, 38; under the Angevin kings, 168; under Edward I., 211; under Edward III., 235, 236; under Henry VII., 351.

Common Pleas, establishment of a separate Court of, 212.

Commons, the House of (see Parliament), finally separated from the Lords, 243; struggle of, against unparliamentary taxation, 244; importance of the constitution of, 245; supported by the Black Prince, 261; influence over the elections of, 281; proposes to confiscate Church property, 294; addressed by Edward IV., 329.

Compurgation, system of, 32; set aside by Henry II., 146, 147.

Comyn, John (the Red), slain by Bruce, 224.

Confirmatio Cartarum, 221.

Conrad III., Emperor, takes part in the second Crusade, 157.

Constance of Brittany marries Geoffrey, 155.

Constantine takes an army from Britain, 25.

Constantine, king of the Scots, allies himself with Eadward, 63.

Constantine the Great becomes sole Emperor, 22; acknowledges Christianity as the religion of the Empire, 23.

Constantius, the Emperor, 22.

Constitutions of Clarendon, 144; renounced by Henry II., 153.

Convocations of the clergy vote money, 219.

Conway, Edward I. builds a castle at, 210.

Corinium (Cirencester), West Saxon conquest of, 35.

Cornish, the, derivation of the old language of, 7; submit to Ecgberht, 55.

Cotentin, the, sold to Henry, 119.

County courts derived from the shire-moots, 141.

Courtenay, Bishop of London, supported by the citizens against Lancaster, 263.

Crecy, battle of, 241, 242.

Cressingham, Sir Hugh, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., 219.

Crown, the, see King.

Crusade, the first, 120; the second, 157; the third, 161; against the Albigeois, 193; the seventh, 204.

Cumberland, origin of the name of, 37; annexed by William II., 119; left to David I., 133; regained by Henry II., 140.

Cunedda, extensive rule of, 37.

Cunobelin, government of, 12.

Curia Regis, the, organised under Henry I., 127; strengthened by Henry II., 141; powers assigned by the Constitutions of Clarendon to, 145; orders the appointment of recognitors, 147; divided into three courts, 212.

Customs on imports and exports under Edward I., 211, 221.

Cutha, 35.

Cymbeline, original of Shakspere's, 12.

Cynric captures Sorbiodunum, 34.

Danegeld, levy of, 81; abolition of, 143.

Danelaw, the, formation of, 59.

Danes, the, invade England, 58; make peace with AElfred, 59; extent of the settlements of, 62; are amalgamated with the English, 64; relations of Dunstan with, 67; reappear as invaders, 79; conquer England, 81-83; settle in Ireland, 152.

Darc, Jeanne, delivers Orleans, 310; conducts Charles VII. to Rheims, 311; martyrdom of, 312.

David I., king of the Scots, invades England, 131.

David II. (Bruce), king of Scotland, 232; takes refuge with Philip VI., 234; restoration of, 240; taken prisoner at Nevill's Cross, 242; restored by Edward III., 252.

David, brother of Llewelyn, executed, 140.

David, Earl of Huntingdon, 215.

David, St., piety of, 42.

Decorated style, the, 247.

Degsastan, AEthelfrith's victory at, 42.

Deira, formation of the kingdom of, 36; is merged for a time in North-humberland, 41; accepts Christianity, 46; is finally merged in North-humberland, 48; Danish kingdom of, 62, 63.

Deorham, battle of, 35.

Derby, Earl of (son of John of Gaunt), opposes Richard II., 279; defeats the Duke of Ireland, 280; becomes Duke of Hereford, and is banished, 283; succeeds to the Duchy of Lancaster, 284; and forces Richard II. to abdicate, 285; see Henry IV.

Dermot invites Strongbow to Ireland, 152.

Despensers, the, 228, 229.

Deva, Roman colony of, 14, 19.

Devizes, surrender of the castle of, 134.

Dialogus de Scaccario, 167.

Diocletian reorganises the Empire, 22.

Domesday Book, 111.

Domestic life in Eadgar's time, 75.

Domfront occupied by Henry, 119.

Dominic, St., 190.

Dominicans arrive in England, 191.

Donald Bane made king of the Scots by the Celts, 119.

Dorchester, abandonment of the see of, 107.

Dorset, Marquis of, his relations with Richard III., 338.

Druids, character of the, 10; resist Suetonius, 14.

Dublin, Danish settlement in, 152.

Du Chatel, Tannegui, murders the Duke of Burgundy, 305.

Du Guesclin, Bernard, supports Henry of Trastamara, 255; his mode of fighting with the English, 256.

Dunbar, Balliol defeated at, 219.

Duncan II., king of the Scots, 120.

Dunstan, character and work of, 65; banished by Eadwig, 67; becomes Eadgar's Minister, ib.; his attitude towards the monks, 68; supports Eadward's succession, 78; death of, 79.

Dupplin, Edward Balliol's victory at, 234.

Durham, architecture of the choir and galilee of, 171.

Eadgar, reign of, 67.

Eadgar, king of the Scots, 121.

Eadgar the AEtheling, early years of, 90; chosen king, 98; is abandoned, 100.

Eadgyth married to Eadward the Confessor, 87.

Eadgyth married to Henry I., 122; is known as Matilda, 124.

Eadmund Ironside, 83.

Eadmund, king of East Anglia, killed by the Danes, 58.

Eadmund, king of the English, 63.

Eadred, king of the English, 64.

Eadward the Confessor, his life in Normandy, 85; is chosen king, 86; his relations with Godwine, 87; makes William his heir, 88; dies, 91.

Eadward the Elder, reign of, 62; his relations with the Scots, 63.

Eadward the AEtheling, death of, 90.

Eadward the Martyr, 78.

Eadwig, reign of, 64; his quarrel with the clergy, 65; his marriage and death, 67.

Eadwine, king of North-humberland, greatness of, 43; marries AEthelburh, 44; is converted and slain, 46.

Eadwine, son of AElfgar, becomes Earl of the Mercians, 90; is present at Eadgar's election, 98; submits to William, 102; is murdered, 103.

Eadwinesburh, see Edinburgh.

Ealdhelm as a builder and teacher, 51.

Ealdormen, the, are the leaders of the English conquerors, 30; preside over the folk-moot, 33; growing power of, 73; their position under AEthelred the Unready, 79.

Ealdred, Archbishop of York, crowns William I., 100.

Earl, title of, derivation of, 64.

Earldoms under Cnut, 83; diminished after the Norman Conquest, 105.

Early English architecture, 171.

East Anglia, first settlement of, 28; growth of, 36; comparative weakness of, 41; its relations with Ecgberht, 55; overrun by the Danes, 58.

East Saxons establish themselves to the north of the Thames, 28; capture London, 35; see Essex.

Easter, dispute on the mode of keeping, 50.

Ebbsfleet, landing of the Jutes at, 27; landing of Augustine at, 39.

Ecclesiastical courts, jurisdiction of, 106; conflict of Henry II. with, 142.

Ecgberht, at the court of Charles the Great, 53; becomes king of the West Saxons, and over-lord of the other kingdoms, 55.

Edinburgh, Eadwine builds the castle of, 43; occupied by the Scots, 68.

Edmund Crouchback, second son of Henry III., named king of Sicily and Naples, 196; supposed primogeniture of, 286.

Education in the time of AElfred, 61; in the time of Dunstan, 65; carried on at Oxford, 167, 207.

Edward I., appeal of the Knights Bachelors to, 199; taken prisoner at Lewes, 201; defeats Earl Simon at Evesham, 203; takes part in the seventh Crusade 204; becomes king, 208; constitutional position of, 209; his dealings with Wales, 210; finance of, 211; judicial reforms and legislation of, 212; arranges for a personal union between England and Scotland, 214; erects the Eleanor crosses, 215; awards the Scottish crown to John Balliol, 216; his relations with Philip IV., 218; summons the Model Parliament, 218; his first conquest of Scotland, 219; grants the Confirmatio Cartarum, 220; his second conquest of Scotland, 221; incorporates Scotland with England, 222; his third conquest of Scotland, and death, 224.

Edward II., birth of, 210; succeeds to the crown, 224; marriage of, 225; resistance of the barons to, ib.; defeated at Bannockburn, 226; overthrows Lancaster and effects a constitutional settlement, 228; deposed and murdered, 229.

Edward III., accession and marriage of, 231; does homage to Philip VI., 232; sets up Edward Balliol in Scotland and begins war with France, 234; allies himself with the Emperor and the cities of Flanders, 235; encourages trade, 236; is named Imperial Vicar, 237; claims the crown of France, 239; wins the battle of Sluys, ib.; marches through the north of France, 240; wins the battle of Crecy, 241, 242; takes Calais, 243; constitutional progress under, ib.; restores David Bruce, 252; makes peace with France, 253; enters on a fresh war with France, 256.

Edward IV., as Earl of March, takes part in the battle of Northampton, 326; wins the battle of Mortimer's Cross, and is acknowledged by the Londoners as king, 328; wins the battle of Towton, and is crowned, 329; marries Elizabeth Woodville, and promotes her kindred, 331; allies himself with Burgundy, 332; loses and recovers the crown, 334; invents benevolences, 335; invades France, 336; puts Clarence to death, 336; death of, 337.

Edward V. succeeds to the throne, 337; lodged in the Tower, 340; deposed, 341; murdered, 342.

Edward, Prince of Wales, see Black Prince, the.

Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., birth of, 323; slain at Tewkesbury, 334.

Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Richard III., death of, 342.

Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II., 137; imprisonment of, 155; takes part with John against Arthur, 174.

Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I., accompanies her husband on the Crusade, 204; death of, 214.

Eleanor of Provence marries Henry III., 192.

Eleanor, sister of Henry III., marries Simon de Montfort, 193.

Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., proposed marriage of the Dauphin to, 336; proposed marriage of Richard III. to, 342; marries Henry VII., 345.

Elmet conquered by Eadwine, 43.

Emma marries AEthelred, 81.

Empire, the Western, revived by Charles the Great, 55.

Empson and Dudley, exactions of, 357.

England, early social and political institutions of, 29-32; contrasted with Gaul, 37; commerce with Gaul renewed by, 38; Christianity introduced into, 39; growing power of three kingdoms in, 41; character of the later conquests in, 44; political changes in, 45; spread of Christianity in, 49; influence of Church Councils on the political unity of, 52; Ecgberht's over-lordship in, 55; attacks of the Northmen and Danes on, 56; its condition under AElfred, 60; its relations with Scotland, 63, 68; development of the institutions of, 69; Danish conquest of, 79-83; Norman conquest of, 96-103; Norman constitution of, 113; civil war in, 134; pacification of, 137; administrative reforms of Henry II. in, 140; made tributary to the Papacy, 180; military reforms in, 154; effect of the reign of Henry II. on, 158; constitutional result of the administration of Hubert Walter in, 163; growth of learning in, 167; growth of commerce in, 168; architectural changes in, 170; the Barons' Wars in, 200-203; architectural and literary growth in, 206, 207; complete national unity of, 208; completion of the Parliamentary constitution of, 218, 220, 228, 243; relieved of tribute to the Papacy, 258; social and moral condition of, during the Wars of the Roses, 330.

England, the Church of, Wilfrid's influence on, 50; parochial organisation of, ib.; its close connection with the State, 52; councils of, ib.; organisation of, after the Norman Conquest, 106; its relations with Stephen, 134; and with Henry II., 149; result of the Angevin reigns on, 166; Papal exactions resisted by, 194; payments exacted from, 197; temporary Parliamentary representation of the clergy of, 219; taxation resisted by the clergy of, 220; social condition of, 236; supports Henry IV., 291; members of noble families in the episcopate of, ib.; procures a statute for burning heretics, 292; proposal to confiscate the property of, 294.

English, the, origin of the name of, 28; nature of their conquest of Britain, 29; village settlements of, ib.; division of ranks among, ib.; effect of the conquest of Britain on the language of, 31; early political organisation of, ib.; early judicial system of, 32; position of, under William I., 104; support William II., 115; support Henry I. 124; cease to be distinguished from Normans, 155; reappearance of their language in literature, 207; predominance of their language, 258.

Eorls, distinguished from Ceorls, 29; their relation to Gesiths, 30.

Erse, a Goidelic language, 7.

Eskimos, compared with palaeolithic men, 3.

Essex, Saxon settlement in, 28; is dependent on Kent, and accepts Christianity, 40; relapses into heathenism, 41; comparative weakness of, ib.

Eustace, Count of Boulogne, visits Eadward the Confessor, 87.

Eustace, son of Stephen, death of, 137.

Evesham, battle of, 203.

Exchequer, the, organised by Roger of Salisbury, 127; disorganised under Stephen, 134; reorganised under Henry II., 140; establishment of a separate Court of, 212.

Exeter taken by William I., 102.

Faddiley, battle of, 35.

Falaise, Treaty of, 154; abandoned by Richard I., 159.

Falkirk, Wallace defeated at, 222.

Faukes de Breaute, banishment of, 187.

Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, marries Isabella of Castile, 349.

Ferry Bridge, skirmish at, 429.

Feudality, early forms of, 81; after the Norman Conquest, 104; organised by William I., 113; Flambard's further organisation of, 116; ideas of Edward I. on, 214.

Fitz-Osbern, William, oppresses the English, 102.

Five Boroughs, the, 62.

Flambard, Ranulf, tyranny of, 116; imprisonment of, 122; escapes, 124.

Flanders, commercial intercourse with, 211; Edward I. in, 221; alliance of Edward III. with, 235; falls under the control of France, 278.

Flemings emigrate to Wales, 128; introduced as weavers by Edward III., 236.

Folk-moot, functions of the, 33.

Fountains Abbey, 129.

France, social condition of, 235; miserable state of, 251, 252; friendship of Richard II. with, 282.

Francis of Assisi, St., 190.

Franciscans, the, constitution of, 190; arrive in England, 191.

Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor, supports an anti-pope, 145.

Frederick II., Emperor, excommunication of, 194; death of, 195.

Freemen, gradual disappearance of, 69.

French, the, Dukes of, 63; Hugh Capet, king of, 80.

Friars, the, orders of, 190; arrive in England, 191.

Fyrd, the, a general army of the villagers, 30; AElfred reforms, 60; comparative disuse of, 69; retained after the Norman Conquest, 106; see Assize of Arms.

Gaelic a Goidelic language, 7.

Gainas, the, settlements of, 28.

Gainsborough, origin of the name of, 28.

Garter, the order of the, institution of, 246.

Gascoigne, Chief Justice, 299.

Gaul, trade of Britain with, 8, 12; persistency of Roman civilisation in, 37; renewal of trade with, 38.

Gauls arrive in Britain, 8.

Gaveston, Piers, favoured by Edward II., 224; execution of, 226.

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, marries the Empress Matilda, 131; conquers Normandy, 136.

Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Justiciar, 163.

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., marries the heiress of Brittany, 155; dies, 156.

Gesiths, the, personal devotion of, 30; their relation to the Ceorls, ib.; their name changed to that of Thegns, 31.

Gewissas, the, combine with Jutes, 28; see West Saxons.

Ghent, Jacob van Arteveldt at, 235; Philip van Arteveldt at, 278.

Giraldus Cambrensis, 167.

Glanvile, Ranulf de, captures William the Lion, 154; writes the first English law-book, 167.

Glastonbury, Dunstan, abbot of, 65; proceedings of Dunstan at, 106.

Glendower, Owen, heads the Welsh, 293; decline of the power of, 296.

Glevum (Gloucester), Saxon conquest of, 35.

Gloucester, Duke of (brother of Edward IV.), see Richard III.

Gloucester, Duke of, Humphrey (brother of Henry V.), appointed Protector, 307; marries Jacqueline of Hainault, 308; quarrels with Cardinal Beaufort, 309, 314; his relations with Eleanor Cobham, 315; advocates a war policy, 317; death of, 318.

Gloucester, Duke of, Thomas, son of Edward III., heads the opposition to Richard II., 279; driven from power, 280; murdered, 282.

Gloucester, Earl of (Gilbert de Clare), allies himself with Earl Simon, 200; becomes one of the three Electors, 201; joins Edward against Simon at Evesham, 203.

Gloucester, Earl of, see Robert.

Gloucester, Earl of (Richard de Clare), quarrels with Earl Simon, 199; joins Earl Simon, and dies, 200.

Gloucester, see Glevum.

Godfrey of Bouillon, 121.

Godwine becomes Earl of the West Saxons, 84; supports Harthacnut, 85; charged with the murder of AElfred, 86; governs under Eadward, 87; outlawed, 88; return and death of, 89.

Goidels, the, a branch of the Celts, 6; languages spoken by the descendants of, 7.

Good Parliament, the, 262.

Granada, conquest of, 349.

Graupian Hill, the, battle of, 17.

Great Council, the, composition of, 113; urges William to name an archbishop, 117; summoned to Rockingham, 118; becomes unimportant under Henry I., 126; frequently consulted by Henry II., 141; meets at Clarendon, 144; remonstrates with Henry III., 188, 192; refuses money to Henry III., 194; begins to be known as Parliament, 195; see Parliament.

Gregory I., Pope, finds English slave-boys at Rome, 28; sends Augustine to England, 39.

Gregory VII., Pope, his relations with William I., 107.

Gregory IX., Pope, demands money from England, 194.

Grey, John de, nominated Archbishop of Canterbury by John, 177; unpopularity of, 178.

Grey, family of, favoured by Edward IV., 331.

Grey, Sir Thomas, execution of, 301.

Grossetete, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, opposes Henry III., 194, 195; death of, 197.

Gualo, legate of Honorius III., 185.

Guthrum defeats AElfred, 58; makes peace at Wedmore, 59; cedes London to AElfred, ib.; extent of the kingdom of, 62.

Gwledig, British title of, 26; title thought to have been assumed by Eadwine, 44.

Gwynnedd under Caedwalla, 46.

Gyrth, Earl of East Anglia, 89.

Hadrian, the Emperor, wall of, 17.

Halidon Hill, the Scots defeated at, 234.

Harfleur taken by Henry V., 302; secured by the Duke of Bedford, 303.

Harold Hardrada invades England, 94; is slain at Stamford Bridge, 96.

Harold, son of Cnut, chosen king by the Mercians, 85; death of, 86.

Harold, son of Godwine, earl of the West Saxons, 89; rules England under Eadward, 90; chosen king, 91; his oath to William, 93; marches into the North, 94; defeats Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, 95; defeated and slain at Senlac, 98.

Harthacnut, chosen king of the West Saxons, 85; comes to England, and dies, 86.

Hastings, battle of, see Senlac.

Hastings, John, claims a third of Scotland, 215.

Hastings, Lord, turns against Richard III., 339; execution of, 340.

Heathfield, battle of, 46.

Heavenfield, battle of, 47.

Hedgeley Moor, battle of, 331.

Helie de la Fleche opposes William II., 121.

Hengist, traditional leader of the Jutes, 27.

Henry I. receives no land at his father's death, 114; his wars with his brothers, 119; accession and marriage of, 122; puts down insurrections, 124; conquers Normandy, 125; his dispute with Anselm, ib.; judicial reforms of, 127; makes war in Normandy, 129; loses his only son, 130; death of, 131.

Henry II., early career of, 136; marries Eleanor, 137; character of, 138; advances Thomas of London, 140; administrative system of, 140-142; appoints Thomas archbishop, and quarrels with him, 143; draws up the Constitutions of Clarendon, 144; persecutes Thomas, 145; issues the Assize of Clarendon, 146; renews the itinerant justices, and inquires into the conduct of the sheriffs, 148; has young Henry crowned, 149; uses strong language against Thomas, 150; goes to Ireland, 151; renounces the Constitutions of Clarendon, 153; does penance, 154; issues the Assize of Arms, ib.; his domestic troubles, 155; takes the cross and dies, 157; his weakness on the Continent and strength in England, 158; literary vigour under, 167.

Henry III., minority of, 185; favours Poitevins under the influence of Peter des Roches, 187; marries Eleanor of Provence and favours Provencals, 192; frequently renews the Great Charter, 192; quarrels with Simon de Montfort, 193; surrenders Poitou, 194; is opposed by Parliament, 195; hopes to make his second son King of Sicily, 196; misgovernment of, 197; consents to the Provisions of Oxford, 198; recovers power, 200; taken prisoner at Lewes, 201; last years of, 204; progress of the country in the reign of, 206.

Henry IV., (see Derby) Earl of, claims the throne, 286; meets with difficulties, 289; leans on the Church, 291; rebellion of the Percies against, 293; keeps James I. as a hostage, 295; suppresses a rebellion in the North, 296; quarrels with the Prince of Wales, 298; death of, 299.

Henry IV., Emperor, resists Gregory VII., 108.

Henry V., career of, as Prince of Wales, 297-299; domestic policy of, 299; claims the crown of France, 300; defeats the French at Agincourt, 302; conquers Normandy, 303; forms an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, and is declared heir to the French throne, 306; marriage and death of, ib.

Henry V., Emperor, marries Matilda, 131.

Henry VI., accession of, 307; crowned at Westminster and Paris, 312; marriage of, 317; supports Somerset, 323; insanity of, ib.; recovery and renewed insanity of, 324; second recovery of, ib.; attempts to reconcile the parties, 325; declared a traitor by Edward IV., 329; restoration of, 333; murder of, 334.

Henry VI., Emperor, his relations with Richard I., 161, 162.

Henry VII., as Earl of Richmond, genealogy of, 334; invades England, 343; defeats Richard III. and becomes king, ib.; supported by the middle classes, 345; suppresses Lord Lovel's rising, 346; his relations with Brittany and France, 348; assailed by Perkin Warbeck, 350; sends Poynings to Ireland, 352; restores Kildare to the Deputyship, 352; secures Warbeck, ib.; effects an alliance with Scotland, 356; encourages maritime enterprise, 356; fills his treasury, 357; his alliance with the Archduke Philip, 358; last years and death of, 358.

Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, 131; declares against Stephen, 134.

Henry of Trastamara, 255.

Henry, son of Henry II., coronation of, 149; rebellion of, 153; death of, 156.

Henry the Fowler, his mode of warfare, 79.

Hereford, Duke of, see Derby, Earl of.

Hereford, Earl of, see Bohun, Humfrey.

Heretics, Statute for burning, 292.

Hereward, rising of, 103.

Herrings, battle of the, 309.

Hexham, battle of, 331.

Hii, see Iona.

Hlaford, see Lord.

Homildon Hill, battle of, 293.

Honorius III., Pope, protects Henry III., 185.

Horsa, a traditional leader of the Jutes, 27.

Horses used to carry warriors to battle, 75.

House-carls, 83, 93.

Hrolf, Duke of the Normans, 80.

Hubert, Walter, administration of, 163; death of, 177.

Hubert de Burgh holds Dover Castle, 185; administration of, 186-188.

Hugh Capet, 80.

Hugh of Lusignan rises against John, 174.

Hugh the Great, Duke of the French, 63.

Hundreds, early political organisation of the, 31.

Hundred Years' War, the, 234.

Hundred-moot, the, organisation of, 31; judicial functions of, 32; gradual decay of, 72.

Huntingdon, David I. holds the earldom of, 132.

Hwiccas, the, split off from the West Saxons, 36.

Iberians, the, 5.

Iceni, the geographical position of, 8; take part with the Romans, 13; roused to insurrection by Boadicea, 15.

Ictis, probably identified with Thanet, 8.

Ida becomes king of Bernicia, 36.

Idle, the, Eadwine's victory on, 43.

Impeachment of Latimer and Lyons, 262; of Suffolk, 322.

Inclosures, growth of, 320.

Ine, his rule in Wessex, 53.

Innocent III., Pope, influences the election of Stephen Langton, 177; puts England under an interdict, and reduces John to submission, 178-180; declares against the barons, 181-184; establishes the Friars, 190.

Innocent IV. becomes Pope, 195; wins over Henry III., 196.

Inquisition of the Sheriffs, the, 148.

Intercursus Magnus, the, 351.

Interdict, England under, 178.

Investiture, William I. claims the right of granting, 108; Anselm's position with regard to, 125; compromise on, 126.

Iona, missionaries sent forth from, 47.

Ireland, ancient language of, 7; Druids in, 10; Christianity introduced into, 47; state of civilisation in, 151; partially conquered by Henry II., 152; results of the conquest of, 264; weakness of the English colony in, 265; under Lancaster and York, 346; under Henry VII., 350, 351.

Ireland, Duke of (see Oxford, Earl of), supports Richard II., 279; is condemned to death, but escapes, 280.

Isabella of Angouleme marries John, 174.

Isabella of Bavaria, Queen of France, takes part against her son, 306.

Isabella of France marries Edward II., 225; obtains the deposition of her husband, 229; gives power to Mortimer, 231; is placed in seclusion, 232.

Isca Silurum, Roman colony of, 14; martyrdom of Aaron at, 23.

Isle of Wight, Jutish settlements in, 28; plundered by the French, 234.

Itinerant justices under Henry I., 127; under Henry II., 148.

Jacquerie, the, 252.

Jacqueline of Hainault, marriage of, 308.

James I., king of Scotland, kept in custody by Henry IV., 295; liberation of, 307.

James IV., king of Scotland, invades England, 352; marries the daughter of Henry VII., 356.

Jerusalem captured by the Crusaders, 121; captured by Saladin, 157; Richard I. refuses to look at, 161.

Jews, the, encouraged by William II., 115; protected by Henry I., 128; massacre of, 160; persecuted by John, 179; banished by Edward I., 212.

Jews' House, the so-called, 170.

John, king of England, his misconduct in Ireland, 156; leads the opposition to William of Longchamps, 161; joins Philip II. against Richard, 162; accession of, 173; loses Normandy and Anjou, 174; appoints an Archbishop of Canterbury, 177; quarrels with the Pope, 178; submits to the Pope, 180; quarrels with the barons, 181; confirms Magna Carta, 182; makes war with the barons, 184; dies, 185.

John, king of France, defeated at Poitiers, 251; brought to England, 252; is liberated, but returns to England and dies, 254.

John Ball, 268.

Judicial system of the early English, 31; of Eadgar, 72; of William I., 107; of Henry I., 127; of Henry II., 146.

Judith accuses Waltheof, 110.

Jury of presentment, 147.

Jury system, the, germ of, 147; completed, 321.

Justices of the peace, the, origin of, 277.

Justiciar, institution of the office of, 116; his position under Henry I., 127.

Jutes, probably ravage Roman Britain, 24; subdue Kent, 27; settle in the Isle of Wight and the mainland opposite, 28.

Kemp, Bishop of London, becomes Lord Chancellor, 309.

Kenilworth, Earl, Simon's castle at, 199.

Kenneth, king of the Scots, receives Lothian from Eadgar, 68.

Kenneth MacAlpin unites the Scots and Picts, 63.

Kent, foundation of the Jutish kingdom of, 27; its inhabitants driven back by the West Saxons, 35; Gaulish traders in, 38; accepts Christianity, 39; is kept by Lawrence from relapsing, 41; comparative weakness of, ib.

Kent, Earl of (brother of Edward II.), execution of, 231.

Kildare, Earl of, supports the Yorkists, 347; supports Lambert Simnel, ib.; is deprived of the Deputyship for supporting Warbeck, 350; restored to the Deputyship, 352.

Kilkenny, Statute of, 265.

King, authority of the, origin of, 33; effect of the enlargement of the kingdoms on, 45; increased importance of, 69; limitations imposed by Magna Carta on, 182; proposed administrative restrictions on, 195; effect of the revolution of 1399 upon, 289.

King's Bench, Court of, 212.

Knights Bachelors, the, appeal to Edward, 199.

Knights of the shire first admitted to Parliament, 196; later elections of, 200, 201; importance of their conjunction with borough members, 245.

Kymry, the, origin of the name, 37; share in the defeat of the Scots at Degsastan, 42; are defeated by AEthelfrith near Chester, 43; geographical dismemberment of, ib.; in alliance with Penda, 46; weakness of, 49; see Welsh.

Labourers, Statute of, 248, 268.

Lambeth, ford over the Thames at, 20.

Lancaster, Duke of (John of Gaunt), makes unsuccessful war in France, 257; heads the anti-clerical party, 260; opposes the Black Prince, 262; reverses the proceedings of the Good Parliament, ib.; supports Wycliffe, 263; takes the lead at the accession of Richard II., 266; goes to Spain, 279; marries Catherine Swynford, 282.

Lancaster, Earl of (Thomas), opposes Edward II., 225; execution of, 228.

Lanfranc trusted by William I., 88; becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, 106; crowns William II., 114; death of, 117.

Langland, William, 259.

Langton, Stephen, chosen Archbishop of Canterbury at Rome, 177; allowed by John to come to England, 180; produces a charter of Henry I., 181; his part in obtaining the Great Charter, 182.

Latimer, Lord, impeached, 262.

Lawrence, Archbishop of Canterbury, keeps Kent Christian, 41.

Layamon's Brut, 207.

Leicester, Anglian settlement at, 36; earldom of, inherited by Simon de Montfort, 193.

Leicester, Earl of, shares the Justiciar's office with Richard de Lucy, 140.

Le Mans, sieges of, 121.

Leo IX., Papacy of, 88.

Leofric, Earl of the Mercians, 85, 90.

Leofwine, Earl of the Mercians, 84.

Leofwine, son of Godwine, earl of the shires about the Thames, 90.

Leopold, Duke of Austria, imprisons Richard I., 161.

Lewes, battle of, 201.

Lewis III. (the Bavarian), Emperor, supports Edward III., 235.

Lilla gives his life for his lord, 44.

Limoges taken by the Black Prince, 257.

Lincoln (see Lindum), settlement of the Lindiswaras round, 28; establishment of the see of, 107; Stephen taken prisoner at, 135; cathedral at, 171, 207.

Lincoln, Earl of, killed at Stoke, 347.

Lindiswaras, settlement of, 28; possible advance of, 36.

Lindum, Roman city at, 20; Anglian settlers round, 28.

Liveries, see Maintenance and Livery.

Llewelyn, career of, 140.

Loidis conquered by Eadwine, 43.

Lollards, the, rise of, 269; Oldcastle's leadership of, 300.

Londinium, see London.

London, early importance of the position of, 20; foundation of the bishopric of, 40; its commercial position under the kings of Essex, ib.; acquired and fortified by AElfred, 62, 63; attacked by Olaf Trygvasson and Svend, 79; after the Conquest, 127; supports Stephen, 131, 134; submits for a time to Matilda, 135; municipal organisation of, 169; sends troops to the battle of Lewes, 201; Wat Tyler in, 269; Jack Cade in, 323; Edward IV. in, 328.

London Bridge, building of, 272.

Long bow, the, see Archers.

Longchamps, William of, appointed a justiciar in the absence of Richard I., 159; is banished, 161.

Lord, devotion of Gesiths to their, 30; is expected to marry, ib.; growth of his jurisdiction, 72.

Lords, House of, names the Duke of York Protector, 324; decides on his claim to the crown, 329.

Lose-coat Field, 332.

Lothian, cession of, to Scotland, 68, 84.

Louis VI., king of France, makes war with Henry I., 129.

Louis VII., king of France, divorces Eleanor of Aquitaine, 137; supports young Henry's rebellion, 153; takes part in the second Crusade, 157.

Louis (afterwards Louis VIII., king of France) opposes John, 184; expelled from England, 185.

Louis IX., Saint, king of France, surrenders territory to Henry III., 200; mediates between Henry III. and the barons, ib.

Louis X., king of France, succeeded by his brother, 232.

Louis XI., king of France, succeeds his father, 332; buys off Edward IV., 336.

Louis XII., king of France, invades Italy, 354.

Lovel, Lord, insurrection of, 345; supports Simnel, and is defeated at Stoke, 346, 347.

Lucy, Richard de, joint justiciar with the Earl of Leicester, 140; makes head against young Henry's rebellion, 153.

Ludlow, break-up of the Yorkists at, 326.

Lynn supports Stephen, 134.

Lyons, Richard, impeached, 262.

Mad Parliament, the, 198.

Magna Carta, 182; partially renewed at the accession of Henry III., 185; attitude of Edward I. to, 288.

Magnus, king of Norway, 85.

Maiden Castle, 4.

Maine conquered by William I., 91; failures of William II. in, 121; conquered by Philip II., 176; surrendered to Rene by Henry VI., 317; the English driven out of, 319.

Maintenance and livery, Statute against, 281; increase of, 321; measures of Henry VII. against, 345.

Malcolm, king of the Scots, his alliance with Eadmund, 64.

Malcolm III., Canmore, ravages England, 103; submits to William I., 104; death of, 119.

Malcolm IV. loses North-humberland and Cumberland, 140.

Man, Isle of, subdued by Eadwine, 43.

Manfred, king of Sicily and Naples, 195, 197.

Manor courts, 141.

Mantes burnt by William I., 114.

Manx, a Goidelic language, 7.

March, Earl of, see Edward IV.

March, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of, his claim to the crown, 287; imprisoned by Henry IV., 291; freed by Henry V., 299.

March, Roger, Earl of, grandson of the Duke of Clarence, named heir by Richard II., 287.

Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., married to James IV., 356.

Margaret of Anjou marries Henry VI., 317; gives birth to a son, 323; puts herself at the head of the Northern forces, 326; defeats the Duke of York at Wakefield, and Warwick at the second battle of St. Albans, 328; is defeated at Towton, 329; is defeated at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 331; reconciled to Warwick, 333; defeated at Tewkesbury, 334.

Margaret, sister of Edward IV., married to Charles the Rash, 332; protects Lord Lovel, 346.

Margaret, the Lady, 334.

Margaret, the Maid of Norway, 214.

Margaret, first wife of Malcolm Canmore, 119.

Marlborough, Statute of, 204.

Marriages of heiresses arranged by the lord, 117.

Marshal, Richard the, 188, 189.

Marshal, William, the, guardian of Henry III., 185.

Martin, Master, his exactions, 195.

Mary, heiress of Burgundy, 336; marries the Archduke Maximilian, and dies, 337.

Maserfield, Oswald slain at, 48.

Massalia, tin-trade of, 8.

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., married to the Emperor Henry V., and to Geoffrey of Anjou, 131; claims the crown, 134; fails to maintain her claim, 135.

Matilda, wife of Henry I., see Eadgyth.

Maximilian I., Emperor, as Archduke, marries Mary of Burgundy, 337; marries Anne of Brittany by proxy, 348.

Maximus leads an army out of Britain, 25.

Meaux besieged by Henry V., 306.

Mercenaries employed on the Continent by Henry II., 142; temporarily brought to England, 153, 155; employed by John, 182.

Merchant Adventurers, the, 356.

Merchant Gild, the, 169.

Mercia, first settlement of, 36; comparative smallness of, 41; unites with other districts under Penda, 46; accepts Christianity, and rejects the supremacy of North-humberland, 48; its relations with Ecgberht, 55; its relations with AElfred, 60; under Leofwine, 84; under Leofric, 85, 87; under AElfgar and Eadwine, 90.

Mercians, the, distinguished from the Middle English, 36.

Merciless Parliament, the, 280.

Merton College, foundation of, 207.

Middle English, the, first settlements of, 36.

Middle Saxons a branch of the East Saxons, 35.

Middlesex, Saxon settlement in, 35.

Ministerial responsibility, proposal to establish, 195.

Mirebeau, Eleanor besieged in, 174.

Mise of Amiens, the, 200.

Mohammedanism, origin and spread of, 54.

Molynes, Lord, ill-treats John Paston, 321.

Mona (Anglesey) conquered by Suetonius, 14.

Monasticism, character of early, 39; converts made in England by, 40; character of Irish, 47; Benedictine, 128.

Monks contrasted with Friars, 191.

Montague, Lord, made Earl of North-humberland, 331; is deprived of the earldom, 333; turns against Edward IV., and is killed at Barnet, 332.

Montfort, de, see Simon de Montfort.

Morkere, becomes Earl of North-humberland, 90; is present at Eadgar's election, 98; submits to William, 102; is banished, 103.

Mortimer, Edmund, see March, Earl of.

Mortimer, Roger, paramour of Queen Isabella, 229; governs in the name of Edward III., 231; is hanged, 232.

Mortimer, Sir Edmund, imprisoned by Glendower, 293.

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, 328.

Mortmain, Statute of, 212.

Morton, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, afterwards Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury, gives advice to Buckingham, 341, 342; his 'fork,' 349.

Mount Badon, British victory at, 28.

Mowbray, Robert of, rebellion of, 120.

Navarrete, battle of, 255.

Navy, AElfred's, 60.

Neolithic man, 3.

Nevill, influence of the family of, 324.

Nevill, George, Archbishop of York, deprived of the Chancellorship, 332.

Nevill's Cross, battle of, 242.

Newark, death of John at, 185.

Newcastle-on-Tyne, foundation of, 120.

New Forest, the, making of, 110; death of William II. in, 122.

Nigel, Bishop of Ely, Treasurer of Henry I., Stephen's attack on, 134; is reappointed Treasurer, 140.

Norfolk, origin of the name of, 28.

Norfolk, Duke of, banished by Richard II., 283.

Norfolk, Earl of, see Bigod, Roger.

Norham, award of the crown of Scotland at, 216.

Norman Conquest, the, 96-103.

Normandy, early dukes of, 80; institutions of, 81; its condition under Robert, 118; pledged to William II., 121; recovered by Robert, 124; conquered by Henry I., 125; conquered by Geoffrey, 136; Henry, Duke of, 137; conquered by Philip II., 174, 176; invaded by Edward III., 240; conquered by Henry V., 303; reconquered by the French, 320.

Normans favoured by Eadward, 87; their style of architecture, 89.

Northampton, Archbishop Thomas called to account at, 145; battle of, 326.

North-humberland, component parts of, 36; united by AEthelric, 41; divided by Penda, and re-united under Oswald, 47; is again divided, but re-united under Oswiu, 48; its relations with Ecgberht, 55; overrun by the Danes, 58; Danish kingdom in, 62, 63; is amalgamated with England, 64; its condition under Cnut, 84; under Siward, 84, 87.

Northmen, their attacks on England, 56; religion of, 57; see Danes.

Northumberland invaded by Malcolm Canmore, 119; given to Henry, son of David I. 133; recovered by Henry II., 140.

Northumberland, the Earl of, assists Henry IV., 284; quarrels with Henry IV., 293; imprisoned and pardoned, 294; defeated and slain, 296.

Norwich, establishment of the see of, 107.

Nottingham, Anglian settlement at, 56; seizure of Mortimer at, 232.

Nottingham, Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279; is made Duke of Norfolk and banished, 283.

Oda, Archbishop, advocates the celibacy of the clergy, 65; separates Eadwig and AElfgifu, 67.

Odo oppresses the English, 102; is banished by William II., 115.

Offa, king of the Mercians, defeats the West Saxons at Bensington, 53; his dyke, 54.

Olaf Trygvasson, 79, 80.

Oldcastle, Sir John, burnt as a Lollard, 300.

Old Sarum, earthworks of Sorbiodunum at, 34.

Ordainers, the Lords, 226.

Ordeal, system of, 32; continued by Henry II., 146.

Ordovices, the, resist the Romans, 14.

Orleans, siege of, 309.

Orleans, Duke of, Charles, captured at Agincourt, 303; ransomed, 315.

Orleans, Duke of, Louis, makes an alliance with Glendower, 295; murdered, 296.

Ormond, Earl of, supports the Lancastrians, 346.

Osric governs Deira, 48.

Ostorius Scapula arrives in Britain, 13; conquests of, 14.

Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 68.

Oswald, King of North-humberland, his greatness and piety, 47; is slain at Maserfield, 48.

Oswini, his relations with Aidan, 48; is murdered, ib.

Oswiu unites North-humberland, 48; defeats Penda, ib.; decides for Wilfrid against Colman, 50.

Otho, Cardinal, legate of Gregory IX., 194.

Otto I., Emperor, 63.

Otto IV., Emperor, supports John, 179; defeated at Bouvines, 181.

Over-lordship, character of, 38.

Oxford, growth of the University of, 167; the so-called Mad Parliament meets at, 198; thronged with scholars, 207.

Oxford, Earl of (Robert de Vere), made Duke of Ireland, 278; see Ireland, Duke of.

Palaeolithic man, 1.

Pandulf receives John's submission, 180.

Papacy, influence of, in the time of Gregory I., 39; strength of, in the eleventh century, 88; its position in the time of Gregory VII., 107; in the time of Innocent III., 178; Babylonian captivity of, 257; England relieved of tribute to, 258; great schism of, 266.

Paris, the capital of Hugh Capet's duchy, 80; rising against the Armagnacs in, 304; Henry VI. crowned at, 312; lost to the English, 313.

Parliament (see Great Council, the), germ of representation in, 180; first use of the name of, 195; scheme of administrative reform proposed in, ib.; knights of the shire elected to, 196; relations between the clergy and the barons, 197; insists on the Provisions of Oxford, 197; representatives of towns admitted by Earl Simon to, 201; growth of, under Edward I., 210, 218; Scottish representatives in, 222; acknowledgment of the legislative power of the Commons in, 228; finally separated into two Houses, 244; opposition to the clergy in, 259; Richard II. invites complaints in, 280.

Paston, John, attacked by Lord Molynes, 321; domestic life of, 330.

Patay, battle of, 311.

Patrick, St., introduces Christianity into Ireland, 47.

Paulinus effects conversions in Deira, 46.

Peasants' Revolt, the, 268.

Pedro the Cruel, 255.

Pembroke, Earl of, see William the Marshal.

Penda defeats Eadwine at Heathfield, 46; splits up North-humberland, 47; is defeated and slain, 48.

Penitential system, the, introduced by Theodore, 50.

Percies, the, territorial influence of, 293.

Percy, Henry (Hotspur), 293, 294.

Perpendicular style, the, 247.

Perrers, Alice, 260, 262.

Peter des Roches influences Henry III., 188; is dismissed, 189.

Peter the Hermit, 120.

Pevensey, landing of William at, 96.

Philip I., king of France, makes war with William I., 114.

Philip II., king of France, stirs up enmity between Henry II. and his sons, 156; quarrels with Richard I., 161; stirs up John against Richard, 162; supports Arthur against John, 174; wins Normandy and Anjou from John, 175; prepares an invasion of England, 179; wins a victory at Bouvines, 181.

Philip IV., king of France, his relations with Edward I. and with Scotland, 218.

Philip V., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, 232.

Philip VI., king of France, succeeds in virtue of the so-called Salic law, and receives the homage of Edward III., 232; protects David Bruce, 234; defeats the Flemings at Cassel, 235; avoids fighting the English, 239; is defeated at Crecy, 242; death of, 251.

Philip, the Archduke, birth of, 337; marries Juana, 352; dies, 358.

Philippa of Hainault marries Edward III., 231; begs the lives of the burgesses of Calais, 243.

Phoenicians, the, supposed visits to Britain of, 7.

Picts, the, ravages of, 23, 26; unite with the Scots, 63.

Piers the Plowman, 259.

Pippin becomes king of the Franks, 54.

Plautius, Aulus, subdues south east Britain, 13.

Poitevins, favour of Henry III. to, 187, 194.

Poitiers, battle of, 251.

Poitou, John's attack on the barons of, 174; submission to Philip II. of part of, 176; John attempts to recover, 180; Henry III. surrenders, 194.

Poll-taxes, 267, 268.

Poor priests sent out by Wycliffe, 268.

Posidonius visits Britain, 8.

Poynings' Acts, 350.

Praemunire, Statute of, 258; re-enacted, 282.

Printing press, the, 358.

Prisons, condition of, 275.

Provencals favoured by Henry III., 192.

Provisions of Oxford, the, 198.

Provisors, Statute of, 258; re-enacted, 282.

Puiset, Hugh de, appointed a justiciar in the absence of Richard I., 159.

Punishments, early English, 32; mediaeval, 275.

Purveyors, 274.

Pytheas opens a trade-route to Britain, 8.

Quia emptores, Statute of, 212.

Radcot Bridge, the Duke of Ireland defeated at, 280.

Raedwald, king of East Anglia, 41; Eadwine takes refuge with, 43.

Ralph de Diceto, 167.

Ralph of Wader takes part in the Rising of the Earls, 110.

Ranulph Flambard, see Flambard.

Recognitions, 147.

Reginald elected Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks, 177.

Regni, the, join Aulus Plautius, 13.

Regular clergy, the, 65.

Rent, land let for, 321.

Representative institutions, see Parliament.

Retainers substituted for vassals, 281; increase of the number of, 321.

Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 189.

Richard I., as Duke of Aquitaine, 155; takes the cross, 157; becomes King of England, 159; sells the homage of Scotland, ib.; his Crusade and imprisonment, 161; is liberated, 162; his short visit to England, ib.; death of, 165.

Richard II., proposal to set aside, 261; his minority, 266; meets the insurgents, 268; offers to head them, 269; marries Anne of Bohemia, 278; his favouritism, ib.; superseded in his authority by a Commission of Regency, 279; regains power and governs constitutionally, 280; makes an alliance with France, and marries Isabella, 282; makes himself absolute, ib.; banishes Norfolk and Hereford, 283; goes to Ireland, 284; forced to abdicate, 285; murdered, 291; alleged reappearance of, 293; buried at Westminster, 299.

Richard III. (see Duke of Gloucester) is created a duke, 329; character of, 337; becomes Protector, 338; has Hastings executed, 340; is crowned king, 341; his government, 342; defeated and slain, 343.

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, leads the barons against Henry III., 192; deserts the barons, 195; takes part in summoning knights of the shire to Parliament, 196; is chosen king of the Romans, 198; hides himself after the battle of Lewes, 201.

Richard Fitz-Nigel writes the Dialogus de Scaccario, 167.

Richard the Fearless, Duke of the Normans, 80.

Richard the Good, Duke of the Normans, 81.

Richmond, Earl of, see Henry VII.

Riding on horseback, 273.

Ripon, architecture of the choir of, 171.

Rising of the Earls, the, 110.

Rivers, Earl, becomes Lord Constable, 331; imprisoned, 338; executed, 340.

Roads, making and repair of, 272, 273.

Robert I. (Bruce), king of Scotland, allied with Edward I., 223; slays Comyn, and is crowned King of Scotland, 224; defeats Edward II. at Bannockburn, 226; leprosy of, 231; death of, 232.

Robert II., king of Scotland, 295.

Robert III., king of Scotland, 295.

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, his power in the West of England, 133; declares for Matilda, 134; taken prisoner, and exchanged for Stephen, 135; death of, ib.

Robert, Duke of the Normans (father of William the Conqueror), 88.

Robert, Duke of the Normans (son of William the Conqueror), incapacity of, 114; rebellion in England in favour of, 115; goes on the first Crusade, 121; fails to overthrow Henry I., 124; defeat, imprisonment, and death of, 125.

Robert of Belleme, cruelty of, 119; becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, 121; expelled by Henry I., 124; imprisonment of, 125.

Robert of Jumieges, Archbishop of Canterbury, 87.

Robin Hood, legend of, 275.

Rochester, foundation of the bishopric of, 40; Odo besieged in, 115.

Rockingham, Council at, 118.

Roger, Archbishop of York, crowns the young Henry, 149.

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, Minister of Henry I., 126; quarrels with Stephen, 134.

Roger, Earl of Hereford, takes part in the Rising of the Earls, 110.

Roger of Hoveden, 167.

Roger, son of Roger of Salisbury, 134.

Roman Empire, the establishment of, 12; continuance of, in the East after its destruction in the West, 27.

Romans, the, invasion of Gaul by, 10; invasion of Britain by, 11; commencement of the conquest of Britain by, 12; massacre of, 15; complete conquest of the greater part of Britain by, 17; civilisation introduced into Britain by, 21; end of their rule in Britain, 26; persistency of their civilisation in Gaul, 37.

Romney Marsh divides Jutes from South Saxons, 27.

Roosebeke, battle of, 278.

Roses, Wars of the, see Wars of the Roses.

Rothesay, Duke of, death of, 295.

Rouen occupied by Hrolf, 80; surrenders to Henry V., 304; retaken by the French, 320.

Rutland, Earl of (son of the Duke of York), accompanies his father to Ireland, 326; murdered, 328.

St. Albans (see Verulam), architecture of the nave of the abbey of, 171; meeting of a national jury at, 180; the first battle of, 324; the second battle of, 328.

St. John, Knights of, 157.

St. Michael's Mount, Henry besieged at, 119.

Saladin takes Jerusalem, 157.

Saladin tithe, the, 157.

Salic law, the so-called, 232.

Salisbury, great Gemot at, 113; cathedral at, 207.

Salisbury, Richard, Earl of, his connection with the Duke of York, 324; takes part in the battles of Blore Heath and Northampton, 326; beheaded, 328.

Sarum, Old, 34.

Savoy, the, burnt, 269.

Saxon shore, the defence of, 25; over run by the Jutes, 27.

Saxons, the (see East Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons), ravage Roman Britain, 24; settle in Britain, 27; merge their name in that of English, 28; are known by the Celts as Saxons, 29.

Sawtre, William, burnt as a heretic, 292.

Say, Lord, beheaded by Jack Cade, 323.

Schwartz, Martin, defeated at Stoke, 347.

Scotland, kingdom of, formed by a union of Scots and Picts, 63; its relations with England under Eadmund, 64; its relations with Cnut, 84; with William I., 104; with William II., 119; with Stephen, 133; with Henry II., 154; with Richard I., 159; disputed succession in, 214; Edward I. acknowledged Lord Paramount of, 216; its league with France, 218; twice conquered by Edward I., 219, 221; incorporated with England, 222; conquered a third time by Edward I., 224; independence of, 226; first war of Edward III. with, 231; struggle between Edward Balliol and David Bruce in, 233, 234; accession of the Stuarts to the throne of, 295; assists France in its wars with England, 307.

Scots, the ravages of, 23; abode of, in Ireland, 23; renewed ravages of, 26; settle in Argyle, and are defeated at Degsastan, 42; their relations with Eadward the Elder, 63; see Scotland.

Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed, 296.

Scrope, Lord, execution of, 301.

Scutage, 141.

Secular clergy, the, 67.

Selsey, landing of the South Saxons near, 27.

Senlac, battle of, 96.

Serfs, see Villeins.

Severn, West Saxon conquest of the Valley of, 35.

Severus fails in conquering the Caledonians, 19.

Sheriffs, their position in Eadgar's reign, 73; weakened by Henry II., 148.

Shires, origin of, 73.

Shire-moot, the, 73; see County Courts.

Shore, Jane, penance of, 340.

Shrewsbury, Earl of, see Talbot, Lord.

Shrewsbury, Parliament of, 283; battle of, 294.

Silchester, Roman church at, 23.

Simnel, Lambert, insurrection in favour of, 347.

Simon de Montfort, early career of, 193; takes the side of the barons, 195; employed in Gascony, 196; executes the Provisions of Oxford, 199; heads the baronial party, 200; wins the battle of Lewes, 201; constitutional scheme of, ib.; killed at Evesham, 203; compared with Archbishop Thomas, 204.

Siward, Earl of North-humberland, 84, 87.

Slaves preserved alive at the English conquest, 30.

Sluys, battle of, 239.

Somerset, Welsh driven out of, 53.

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of, commands in Normandy, 320; supported by Henry VI., 323; slain at St. Albans, 324.

Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, executed, 334.

Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, commands in France, 317; kept from court by Suffolk, 318; dies, 320.

Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, executed, 331.

Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), the stronghold of Ambrosius, 34.

South Saxons, the, first conquests of, 27; destroy Anderida, 28.

Spain, union of the kingdoms of, 349; growth of the monarchy of, 354.

Spencer, Henry, bishop of Norwich, leads an expedition to Flanders, 278.

Stamford Bridge, battle of, 95.

Standard, battle of the, 133.

Stanley, Lord, joins Henry VII., 343.

Stanley, Sir William, deserts Richard III., 343; execution of, 351.

Star Chamber, Court of, organisation of, 348.

States-General, the French, meet during John's captivity, 252.

Statute of Wales, 210.

Stephen, accession of, 131; makes peace with the Scots, 133; quarrels with the barons, ib.; quarrels with the clergy, 134; death of, 135.

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 89.

Stirling, Wallace's victory at, 221.

Stoke, battle of, 347.

Stone implements, 1-4.

Strathclyde, formation of the kingdom of, 43; is not dependent on Ecgberht, 55; its relations with Eadmund, 64.

Strongbow in Ireland, 152.

Stuart, family of, inherit the throne of Scotland, 295.

Suetonius Paullinus, campaigns of, 14-16.

Suffolk, origin of the name of, 28.

Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of, Chancellor of Richard II., 278; driven from power, 279; condemned to death, 280.

Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, arranges a truce with France, 317; presides over the government of England, 318; impeached and murdered, 322.

Surrey, Earl of, governs Scotland in the name of Edward I., 219.

Sussex, conquest of, 27, 28; weakness of, 41; accepts Christianity, 49.

Svend attacks London, 79; returns to Denmark, 80; invades England, 81; death of, 83.

Swegen, son of Godwine, misconduct of, 87; death of, 88.

Swynford, Catherine, marries John of Gaunt, 282.

Talbot, Lord, defeats the Burgundians, 313; becomes Earl of Shrewsbury, 320; defeated and slain, 323.

Tallages levied by Edward I., 221; abolished by Edward III., 243.

Taxation, see Danegeld, Customs.

Templars, the Knights, 157.

Tewkesbury, battle of, 334.

Thames, the, early ferry over, 20.

Thanet, probable identification of Ictis with, 8; Jutes established in, 27.

Thegns, how distinguished from Gesiths, 31; their devotion to their lord, 44; growing military importance of, 69.

Theodore, Archbishop, his influence on the Church of England, 50; assembles the first Church Council, 52.

Thetford, removal of the see from, 107.

Thomas of London (Becket), Chancellor, 140; being appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, resists Henry II., 143; takes refuge in France, 145; returns to England, 149; is murdered, 150.

Thurstan, Archbishop, leads the levies at the Battle of the Standard, 132.

Tiberias, battle of, 157.

Tin, Phoenician and Greek trade in, 8.

Tinchebrai, battle of, 125.

Tintern Abbey, 129.

Togidumnus, death of, 13.

Tostig, Earl of North-humberland, 89; driven from his earldom, 90; allied to Harold Hardrada, 94; killed at Stamford Bridge, 96.

Touraine conquered by Philip II., 176.

Towns, growth of, 62, 72, 168; condition of the outskirts of, 191.

Townships, early political organisation of, 31.

Towton, battle of, 329.

Trade, see Commerce.

Transition from round-arched to Pointed architecture, 171.

Travelling modes of, 273.

Treasons, Statute of, 250.

Trent, the Anglian occupation of the Valley of, 36.

Tresilian, Chief Justice, hanged, 280.

Trinobantes, the geographical position of, 8; side with Caesar, 11; submit to Cunobelin, 12.

Troyes, the Treaty of, 306.

Tudor, Owen, marries the widow of Henry V., 335.

Tumblers, 275.

Tyre in danger, 157.

Universities, growth of, 167.

Urban II., Pope, supported by Lanfranc, 118; preaches a Crusade, 120.

Uriconium, see Viriconium.

Valence, William de, resists the Provisions of Oxford, 199.

Val-es-dunes, battle of, 88.

Verneuil, battle of, 308.

Verulamium, Roman city at, 19; martyrdom of St. Alban at, 23.

Vicar, meaning of the term, 129.

Villages, arrangements of, 75.

Villeins, the, uncertain origin of, 31; increase of, 69; position of, after the Norman conquest, 102; partial commutation of the services of, 168; effect of the Black Death upon, 248; insurrection of, 268; take refuge in towns, 275; land ceases to be cultivated by, 320, 321.

Viriconium, Roman colony at, 14.

Vortigern establishes Jutes in Thanet, 27.

Wakefield, battle of, 328.

Wales reduced by Harold, 90; Flemish settlement in, 128; conquered by Edward I., 210; marches of, ib.; supports Richard II., 285.

Wallace, William, rises against Edward I., 221; execution of, 222.

Wallingford, Treaty of, 137.

Walls, the Roman, 17.

Walter Map, 167.

Waltheof, Earl of Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire, 90; is beheaded, 110.

Wanborough, Ceawlin defeated at, 36.

War-band, the, composed of Gesiths, 30.

Warbeck, Perkin, insurrection of, 350-352; execution of, 354.

Wardship, nature of the lord's claim to, 116; results of the system, 330.

Wars of the Roses, origin of the name of, 324; state of society during, 330.

Warwick, Earl of, opposes Richard II., 279; banishment of, 282.

Warwick, Earl of (son of the Duke of Clarence), imprisonment of, 343; execution of, 354.

Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, Earl of, regent in France, 313.

Warwick, Richard Nevill, Earl of (the King-maker), influence of, 324; retires to Calais, and comes back and defeats the Lancastrians at Northampton, 326; estranged from Edward IV., 332; is reconciled to Queen Margaret, 333; restores Henry VI., and is defeated and slain at Barnet, 334.

Wat Tyler, insurrection of, 268, 269.

Wedmore, Peace of (the so-called), 59.

Welsh, the, speak a language derived from that of the Britons, 7; origin of their name, 31; adopt the name Kymry, 37; defeated by AEthelfrith near Chester, 43; split up into three divisions, ib.; driven out of Somerset, 53; their relations with Ecgberht, 56; see Wales.

Weregild, system of, 32.

Wessex, gradual formation of, 28, 34, 35; is weakened by internal quarrels, 41; accepts Christianity, 48; growing unity of, 53; causes of the supremacy of, 55; an earldom under Godwine and Harold, 84, 89.

West Saxons, the, first conquests of, 28; defeated at Mount Badon, ib.; occupy Salisbury Plain, 34; wage war with the men of Kent and with the Britons of the Severn Valley, 35; are defeated at Faddiley, ib.; see Wessex.

West Wales split off from other Welsh territory, 42.

Westminster Abbey, consecration of, 91; coronation of William I. in, 100.

White Ship, the, wreck of, 129.

Wilfrid supports Papal authority, 50.

William I. (the Conqueror) declared heir of Eadward the Confessor, 88; his rule in Normandy, ib.; claims the crown from Harold, 91; lands at Pevensey, and defeats Harold at Senlac, 96-98; crowned at Westminster, 100; progress of his conquest, 101-103; devastates the Vale of York, 103; subdues Hereward, and receives Malcolm's submission, 104; his method of keeping English and Normans in subjection, 104-106; his relations with the Church, 106-110; suppresses the Rising of the Earls, 110; lays waste the New Forest, ib.; has Domesday Book prepared, 111; receives oaths at Salisbury, 113; death of, 114.

William II. (Rufus) is crowned King of England, 114; is supported by the English against Robert, 115; character of, ib.; his treatment of Anselm, 117; his quarrels with his brothers, 118; his relations with Scotland, 119; suppresses Mowbray's rebellion, 120; last years of, 121; is murdered, 122.

William, son of Henry I., wrecked, 129.

William Clito, son of Robert, 129.

William Longbeard, 169, 170.

William of Malmesbury, 129.

William of Newburgh, 167.

William the Lion, king of Scotland, acknowledges himself to be a vassal of Henry II., 154; frees himself from vassalage, 159.

Winchelsey, Archbishop, 221.

Winchester, secular canons driven out of 68; burial of William II. at, 122; Stephen chosen king at, 131.

Winwaed, the battle of, 48.

Witenagemot, the, constitution of, 45; discussion on the acceptance of Christianity in, 46; constitutional powers of, 74; becomes the Great Council, 113; see Great Council, the.

Women, education of, in the Middle Ages, 65.

Wonderful Parliament, the, 280.

Worcester, secular canons driven from, 68.

Wroxeter, see Viriconium.

Wulfhere maintains the independence of Mercia, 48.

Wycliffe, John, his doctrines, 261; summoned before an ecclesiastical court at St. Paul's, 262; sends out 'poor priests,' and renounces transubstantiation, 266; retires, and dies, 269.

Wykeham, William of, deprived of the Chancellorship, 260; restored to the Council, and again dismissed, 262.

Yarmouth supports Stephen, 134.

York (see Eboracum) submits to Harold Hardrada, 95; taken by William I., 102; devastation of the Vale of, 103; massacre of Jews at, 160.

York Archbishop of, his right to crown a king questioned, 149.

York, Archbishopric of, founded, 46.

York, Duke of Edmund (son of Edward III.), joins Henry IV., 285.

York, Richard, Duke of, (father of Edward IV.), is regent in France, 313; governs Ireland, 319; first Protectorate of, 323; second Protectorate of, 324; driven to Ireland, 326; claims the throne, 327; defeated and slain, 328.

York, Richard, Duke of (son of Edward IV.), lodged in the Tower, 341; murdered, 342.

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