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Pittsburgh's first glass works was built in 1797 by James O'Hara. In 1900, and for a long period preceding, the town ranked first among American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was outranked in this industry by Muncie, Indiana, Millville, New Jersey, and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the limits of Pittsburgh much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburgh glass district is still the greatest in the country. In Pittsburgh or its immediate vicinity the more important plants of the United States Steel Corporation are located, including the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Just outside the limits also are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of air-brakes which George Westinghouse invented in 1868, and of devices for railway signals which he also invented.
Alexander Johnston Cassatt, one of the greatest of the Pennsylvania Railroad presidents, and perhaps the most far-seeing and resourceful of all our captains of industry of the present generation, was born here. James McCrea, the present wise and conservative president of that road, lived here for twenty years. Andrew Carnegie, Henry Phipps, and Henry C. Frick were the strongest personalities who grew up with the Carnegie steel interests. George Westinghouse, whose inventive genius, as shown in his safety appliances, has so greatly reduced the hazards of railway travel and of operation, has long been one of the industrial and social pillars of the community. John A. Brashear, astronomer and educator, the maker of delicate instruments, is a well-beloved citizen.
Pittsburgh ranks high as a banking center. She is the second city in the United States in banking capital and surplus, and leads all American cities in proportion of capital and surplus to gross deposits, with 47.1 per cent., while Philadelphia ranks second with 26 per cent. In 1906, there were one hundred and seventy-nine banks and trust companies in the Pittsburgh district with a combined capital of $72,058,402, and a surplus of $87,044,622. The gross deposits were $395,379,783, while the total resources amounted to $593,392,069. Pittsburgh, with clearing-house exchanges amounting to $2,640,847,046, ranks sixth among the cities of the United States, being exceeded by the following cities in the order named: New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, and often on a given day exceeds those of St. Louis.
III
The tax valuation of Pittsburgh property is $609,632,427. She mines one quarter of the bituminous coal of the United States. With an invested capital of $641,000,000, she has 3,029 mills and factories with an annual product worth $551,000,000, and 250,000 employees on a pay-roll of about $1,000,000 a day, or $350,000,000 a year. Her electric street-railway system multiplies itself through her streets for four hundred and ninety-two miles. Natural-gas fuel is conveyed into her mills and houses through one thousand miles of iron pipe. Her output of coke makes one train ten miles long every day throughout the year. Seven hundred passenger trains and ten thousand loaded freight cars run to and from her terminals every day. Nowhere else in the world is there so large a Bessemer-steel plant, crucible-steel plant, plate-glass plant, chimney-glass plant, table-glass plant, air-brake plant, steel-rail plant, cork works, tube works, or steel freight-car works. Her armor sheaths our battle-ships, as well as those of Russia and Japan. She equips the navies of the world with projectiles and range-finders. Her bridges span the rivers of India, China, Egypt, and the Argentine Republic; and her locomotives, rails, and bridges are used on the Siberian Railroad. She builds electric railways for Great Britain and Brazil, and telescopes for Germany and Denmark. Indeed, she distributes her varied manufactures into the channels of trade all over the earth.
INTELLECTUAL
I
But while these stupendous industries have given Pittsburgh her wealth, population, supremacy, and power, commercial materialism is not the ultima thule of her people.
Travelers who come to Pittsburgh, forgetting the smoke which often dims the blue splendor of its skies, are struck with the picturesque situation of the town, for they find rolling plateaus, wide rivers, and narrow valleys dropping down from high hills or precipitous bluffs throughout the whole district over which the city extends. Yet the surpassing beauty of nature is not more impressive to the thinking stranger than the work of man who has created and dominates a vast industrial system. The manufactories extend for miles along the banks of all three rivers. Red fires rise heavenward from gigantic forges where iron is being fused into wealth. The business section of the city is wedged in by the rivers, its streets are swarming with people, and there is a myriad of retail houses, wholesale houses, banks, tall office buildings, hotels, theaters, and railway terminals; but right where these stop the residence section begins like another city of happy homes—an immense garden of verdant trees and flowering lawns divided off by beautiful avenues, where some houses rise which in Europe would be called castles and palaces, with scarce a fence between to mark the land lines, giving an aspect almost of a park rather than of a city. There are many miles of asphalt streets set off with grass plots. On the rolling hills above the Monongahela River is Schenley Park (about four hundred and forty acres) with beautiful drives, winding bridle paths, and shady walks through narrow valleys and over small streams. Above the Allegheny River is Highland Park (about two hundred and ninety acres), containing a placid lake and commanding fine views from the summits of its great hills. It also contains a very interesting zooelogical garden. Close to Schenley Park are Homewood and Calvary Cemeteries and near Highland Park is Allegheny Cemetery, where the dead sleep amidst drooping willows and shading elms. Connecting the two parks and leading to them from the downtown section is a system of wide boulevards about twenty miles in length. On the North Side (once Allegheny) is Riverview Park (two hundred and seventeen acres), in which the Allegheny Observatory is situated. A large number of handsome bridges span the rivers. The Pittsburgh Country Club provides a broad expanse of rolling acres for pastoral sports.
II
In Schenley Park is the Carnegie Institute, with its new main building, dedicated in April (11, 12, and 13), 1907, with imposing ceremonies which were attended by several hundred prominent men from America and Europe. This building, which is about six hundred feet long and four hundred feet wide, contains a library, an art gallery, halls of architecture and sculpture, a museum, and a hall of music; while the Carnegie Technical Schools are operated in separate buildings near by. It is built in the later Renaissance style, being very simple and yet beautiful. Its exterior is of Ohio sandstone, while its interior finish is largely in marble, of which there are sixty-five varieties, brought from every famous quarry in the world. In its great entrance hall is a series of mural decorations by John W. Alexander, a distinguished son of Pittsburgh. The library, in which the institution had its beginning in 1895, contains about 300,000 volumes, has seven important branches, and one hundred and seventy-seven stations for the distribution of books. Mr. Edwin H. Anderson inaugurated the library at the time of its creation, and, after several years of successful service, was followed by Mr. Anderson H. Hopkins, and he by Mr. Harrison W. Craver, who is now the efficient librarian. The Fine Arts department contains many casts of notable works of architecture and sculpture, sufficient to carry the visitor in fancy through an almost unbroken development from the earliest times in which man began to produce beautiful structures to the present day. It is now the aim of this department to develop its galleries on three lines: first, to gather early American paintings from the very beginning of art in this country; second, to acquire such portraits of eminent men as will, in the passage of years, make these halls to some extent a national portrait gallery; and, third, to obtain such pieces of contemporary art as will lead to the formation of a thoroughly representative collection of modern painting. The Art Gallery is already rich in this latter purpose, and is renowned for its annual competitive exhibits which are open to the artists of all countries for prizes offered by the Carnegie Institute. Mr. John W. Beatty, Director of Fine Arts, has made the building up of this department his ripest and best work. The Museum embraces sections of paleontology, mineralogy, vertebrate and invertebrate zooelogy, entomology, botany, comparative anatomy, archaeology, numismatics, ceramics, textiles, transportation, carvings in wood and ivory, historical collections, the useful arts, and biological sciences. Its work in the department of paleontology is particularly noteworthy as it has extended the boundaries of knowledge through its many explorations in the western fossil fields. The success of the Museum is largely due to the energy and erudition of Dr. W. J. Holland, its amiable director. In the music-hall, a symphony orchestra is maintained, and free recitals are given on the great organ twice every week by a capable performer. When the orchestra began its work thirteen years ago, it is doubtful if there were very many persons in Pittsburgh, other than musical students, who knew the difference between a symphony, a suite, a concerto, and a fugue. To-day there are thousands of people in this city who can intelligently describe the shading differences in the Ninth Symphony and give good reasons for their preference as between the two movements of the "Unfinished." The first conductor of the orchestra was Frederic Archer, for three years, who was followed by Victor Herbert, for three years, and then came Emil Paur, who is now in charge. The Technical Schools embrace a School of Applied Science, a School for Apprentices and Journeymen, a School of Applied Design, and a School for Women, and already possess a capable faculty of one hundred and fifteen members, and a student body numbering 1,916. Dr. Arthur A. Hamerschlag is an enthusiastic and capable director of this educational scheme. The Institute is governed by a Board of Trustees, of which William N. Frew is President, Robert Pitcairn, Vice President, Samuel Harden Church, Secretary, and James H. Reed, Treasurer. Charles C. Mellor is chairman of the Museum committee, John Caldwell, of the Fine Arts committee, George A. Macbeth, of the Library committee, and William McConway, of the Technical Schools committee.
The annual celebration of Founder's Day at the Carnegie Institute has become one of the most notable platform occasions in America, made so by the illustrious men who participate in the exercises. Some of these distinguished orators are William McKinley and Grover Cleveland, former Presidents of the United States; John Morley and James Bryce, foremost among British statesmen and authors; Joseph Jefferson, a beloved actor; Richard Watson Gilder, editor and poet; Wu Ting Fang, Chinese diplomat, and Whitelaw Reid, editor and ambassador. At the great dedication of the new building, in April, 1907, the celebration of Founder's Day surpassed all previous efforts, being marked by the assembling of an illustrious group of men, and the delivery of a series of addresses, which made the festival altogether beyond precedent. On that occasion there came to Pittsburgh, as the guests of the Institute, from France, Dr. Leonce Benedite, Director Musee du Luxembourg; Baron d'Estournelles de Constant, Member of the French Senate and of the Hague Court of Arbitration; Dr. Paul Doumer, late Governor-General of Cochin China, and Dr. Camille Enlart, Director of the Trocadero Museum; from Germany, upon the personal suggestion of his Majesty, Emperor William II, His Excellency Lieutenant-General Alfred von Loewenfeld, Adjutant-General to his Majesty the Emperor; Colonel Gustav Dickhuth, Lecturer on Military Science to the Royal Household; Dr. Ernst von Ihne, Hof-Architekt Sr. Maj. d. Kaisers; Dr. Reinhold Koser, Principal Director of the Prussian State Archives, and Prof. Dr. Fritz Schaper, sculptor; from Great Britain, Mr. William Archer, author and critic; Sir Robert S. Ball, Director of Cambridge Observatory; Dr. C. F. Moberly Bell, manager London "Times"; Sir Robert Cranston, late Lord Provost of Edinburgh; Sir Edward Elgar, composer; Mr. James Currie Macbeth, Provost of Dunfermline; Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary Zooelogical Society of London; Sir William Henry Preece, Consulting Engineer to the G. P. O. and Colonies; Dr. John Rhys, Principal of Jesus College, University of Oxford; Dr. Ernest S. Roberts, Vice Chancellor of Cambridge University; Mr. William Robertson, Member Dunfermline Trust; Dr. John Ross, Chairman Dunfermline Trust, and Dr. William T. Stead, editor "Review of Reviews"; and from Holland, Jonkheer R. de Marees van Swinderen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, and Dr. Joost Marius Willem van der Poorten-Schwartz ("Maarten Maartens"), author.
Mr. Andrew Carnegie has founded this splendid Institute, with its school system, at a cost already approximating twenty million dollars, and he must enjoy the satisfaction of knowing it to be the rallying ground for the cultured and artistic life of the community. The progress made each year goes by leaps and bounds; so much so that we might well employ the phrase used by Macaulay to describe Lord Bacon's philosophy: "The point which was yesterday invisible is to-day its starting-point, and to-morrow will be its goal." The Institute has truly a splendid mission.
III
The University of Pittsburgh was opened about 1770 and incorporated by the Legislature in 1787 under the name Pittsburgh Academy. In 1819 the name was changed to the Western University of Pennsylvania, but, holding to the narrower scope of a college, it did not really become a university until 1892, when it formed the Department of Medicine by taking over the Western Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1895 the Departments of Law and Pharmacy were added and women were for the first time admitted. In 1896 the Department of Dentistry was established. In 1908 (July 11th) the name was changed to the University of Pittsburgh. The several departments of the University are at present (1908) located in different parts of the city, but a new site of forty-three acres has been acquired near Schenley Park on which it is planned to bring them all together. These new plans have been drawn under the direction of the chancellor, Dr. Samuel Black McCormick, whose faith in the merit of his cause is bound to remove whole mountains of financial difficulties. The University embraces a College and Engineering School, a School of Mines, a Graduate Department, a Summer School, Evening Classes, Saturday Classes, besides Departments of Astronomy, Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry. It now has a corps of one hundred and fifty-one instructors and a body of 1,138 students.
IV
The author ventures to repeat in this little book a suggestion which has been made by him several times, looking to a working cooeperation or even a closer bond of union between the Carnegie Institute and the University of Pittsburgh. In an address delivered at the Carnegie Institute on Founder's Day, 1908, the author made the following remarks on this subject:
The temptation to go a little further into the future first requires the acknowledgment which St. Paul made when he wrote of marriage: "I speak not by authority, but by sufferance." There will soon begin to rise on these adjacent heights the first new buildings of the Western University (now University of Pittsburgh), conceived in the classic spirit of Greece and crowning that hill like a modern Acropolis. With its charter dating back one hundred and twenty-five years the University is already venerable in this land. Is it not feasible to hope that through the practical benevolence of our people, some working basis of union can be effected between that institution and this? Here we have painting, and sculpture, and architecture, and books, and a wonderfully rich scientific collection, and the abiding spirit of music. We have these fast-growing Technical Schools. And yet the entire scheme seems to be lacking something which marks its unfinished state. The Technical Schools do not and should not teach languages, literature, philosophy, and the fine arts, nor the old learned professions, but these must always rest in the University. Should not one school thus supplement the other? And then, the students on each side of this main building would find available here those great collections which, if properly demonstrated, would give them a larger opportunity for systematic culture than could be offered by any other community in the world. For we should no longer permit these great departments of the fine arts and of the sciences to remain in a passive state, but they should all be made the means of active instruction from masterful professors. Music, its theory, composition, and performance on every instrument should be taught where demonstrations could be made with the orchestra and the organ. Successful painters and sculptors, the elected members of the future faculty, should fix their studios near the Institute and teach painting and sculpture as well as it could be done in Paris or Munich. Architecture should thrive by the hand of its trained votaries, while science should continue to reveal the secrets of her most attractive mysteries. Then, as the ambitious youths of the ancient world came to Athens to obtain the purest culture of that age, so would our modern youths, who are already in the Carnegie Technical Schools from twenty-six States, continue to come to Pittsburgh to partake of the most comprehensive scheme of education which the world would obtain. Believing firmly in the achieving power of hopeful thought, I pray you think on this.
V
In the East End is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian; chartered in 1869), which has one hundred and two students. On the North Side (Allegheny) are the Allegheny Theological Seminary (United Presbyterian; founded in 1825), which has six instructors and sixty-one students; the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian; opened in 1827), with sixty-four students and twelve instructors, and a library of 34,000 volumes; and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary (founded in 1856). There are five high schools and a normal academy and also the following private academies: Pittsburgh Academy, for both boys and girls; East Liberty Academy, for boys; Lady of Mercy Academy, for girls and for boys in the lower grades; the Stuart-Mitchell School, for girls; the Gleim School, for girls; the Thurston School, for girls; and the Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy.
The Phipps Conservatory (horticulture), the largest in America, and the Hall of Botany are in Schenley Park and were built by Mr. Henry Phipps. There is an interesting zooelogical garden in Highland Park which was founded by Mr. Christopher L. Magee.
The Pittsburgh "Gazette," founded July 29, 1786, and consolidated with the Pittsburgh "Times" (1879) in 1906 as the "Gazette Times," is one of the oldest newspapers west of the Alleghany Mountains. Other prominent newspapers of the city are the "Chronicle Telegraph" (1841); "Post" (1842); "Dispatch" (1846); "Leader" (1870; Sunday, 1864); "Press" (1883); and the "Sun" (1906). There are also two German dailies, the "Volksblatt und Freiheits-Freund" and the "Pittsburgher Beobachter," one Slavonic daily, one Slavonic weekly, two Italian weeklies, besides journals devoted to society and the iron, building, and glass trades. The publishing house of the United Presbyterian Church is located here, and there are several periodical journals published by the various religious bodies.
The city has some very attractive public buildings and office buildings and an unusual number of beautiful churches. The Allegheny County Court-House, in the Romanesque style, erected in 1884-88 at a cost of $2,500,000, is one of Henry H. Richardson's masterpieces. The Nixon Theater is a notable piece of architecture. The Post-Office and the Customs Office are housed in a large Government building of polished granite.
The city has twenty or more hospitals for the care of its sick, injured, or insane, ten of which have schools for the training of nurses. There is the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb in Pittsburgh, which is in part maintained by the State, where trades are taught as a part of the educational system. The State also helps to maintain the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women, and the Home for Colored Children. Among other charitable institutions maintained by the city are the Home for Orphans, Home for the Aged, Home for Released Convicts, an extensive system of public baths, the Curtis Home for Destitute Women and Girls, the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, the Children's Aid Society of Western Pennsylvania, the Protestant Home for Incurables, the Pittsburgh Association for the Improvement of the Poor, and the Western Pennsylvania Humane Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Children, and Aged Persons. Under the management of Women's Clubs several playgrounds are open to children during the summer, where competent teachers give instruction to children over ten years of age in music, manual training, sewing, cooking, nature study, and color work.
The water supply of Pittsburgh is taken from the Allegheny River and pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which is Herron Hill, five hundred and thirty feet above the river. A slow sand filtration plant for the filtration of the entire supply is under construction and a part of it is in operation. In this last year the Legislature has passed an act prohibiting the deposit of sewage material in the rivers of the State, and this tardy action in the interest of decency and health will stop the ravages of death through epidemic fevers caught from poisoned streams.
VI
Pittsburgh maintains by popular support one of the four symphony orchestras in America. She has given many famous men to science, literature, and art. Her astronomical observatory is known throughout the world. Her rich men are often liberal beyond their own needs, particularly so William Thaw, who spent great sums for education and benevolence; Mrs. Mary Schenley, who has given the city a great park, over four hundred acres in the very heart of its boundaries; and Henry Phipps, who erected the largest conservatory for plants and flowers in our country. There is one other, Andrew Carnegie, whose wise and continuous use of vast wealth for the public good is nearly beyond human precedent.
If Pittsburgh people were called upon to name their best known singer, they would, of course, with one accord, say Stephen C. Foster. His songs are verily written in the hearts of millions of his fellow-creatures, for who has not sung "Old Folks at Home," "Nelly Bly," "My Old Kentucky Home," and the others? Ethelbert Nevin is the strongest name among our musical composers, his "Narcissus," "The Rosary," and many others being known throughout the world.
Charles Stanley Reinhart, Mary Cassatt, and John W. Alexander are the best known among our painters. Henry O. Tanner, the only negro painter, was born in Pittsburgh and learned the rudiments of his art here. Albert S. Wall, his son, A. Bryan Wall, George Hetzel, and John W. Beatty have painted good pictures, as have another group which includes William A. Coffin, Martin B. Leisser, Jaspar Lawman, Eugene A. Poole, Joseph R. Woodwell, William H. Singer, Clarence M. Johns, and Johanna Woodwell Hailman. Thomas S. Clarke is a Pittsburgh painter and sculptor. Philander C. Knox, United States Senator, and John Dalzell, member of the House of Representatives, are prominent among those who have served Pittsburgh ably in the National Government.
VII
And how about letters? Has Pittsburgh a literature? Those rolling clouds of smoke, those mighty industries, those men of brawn, those men of energy, that ceaseless calculation of wages and dividends—can these produce an atmosphere for letters? It seems unthinkable. Yet hold! Only the other day on the train a man who has been a resident of New York for thirty-five years remarked in this author's presence that "Pittsburgh is the most intellectual city in America." He had never visited Pittsburgh and the author did not and does not know his name. "How about Boston?" asked another traveler. "Boston used to be, but is not now," he answered. Then I, in my timid and artless way, ventured to ask him why he spoke thus of Pittsburgh. "Because," said he, "distant as I am from Pittsburgh, more inspiration in artistic and intellectual things has come to me from that city than from any other place in America." But that may have been his dinner or the cigar.
Literature I once attempted to define as the written record of thought and action. If this be an adequate definition, then Pittsburgh writers have substantially enriched the field of literature in every department, and given our city permanent fame as a place of letters. As we begin our survey of the local field, the wonder grows that the literary production is so large, and that the character of much of it is so very high. Let Pegasus champ his golden bit as he may, and beat his hoof upon the empty air, Pittsburgh men and Pittsburgh women have ridden the classic steed with grace and skill through all the flowered deviations of his bridal paths. This is scarcely the place to attempt a critical estimate, and it would be an ungracious and a presumptuous task for me to appraise the literary value of that work with any great degree of detail. The occasion will hardly permit more than a list of names and titles; and while pains have been taken to make this list complete, it is possible that some books may have been overlooked, but truly by inadvertence only.
VIII
Perhaps the most important piece of literature from a local pen is Professor William M. Sloane's "Life of Napoleon." This is a painstaking and authoritative record of the great Frenchman who conquered everybody but himself. Dr. William J. Holland, once chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh, now director of the Carnegie Museum, has given to the field of popular science "The Butterfly Book"—an author who knows every butterfly by its Christian name. Then Andrew Carnegie's "Triumphant Democracy" presents masses of statistics with such lightness of touch as to make them seem a stirring narrative. His other books, "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain" and "Round the World" present the vivid impressions of a keen traveler. His "Life of James Watt" conveys a sympathetic portraiture of the inventor of the steam engine. His "Gospel of Wealth" is a piece of deep-thinking discursiveness, although it really seems a superfluous thesis, for Mr. Carnegie's best exposition of the gospel of wealth unfolds itself in two thousand noble buildings erected all over the world for the diffusion of literature; in those splendid conceptions, the Scottish Education Fund; the Washington Carnegie Institution for Scientific Research; the Pension for College Professors, which has so much advanced the dignity and security of teaching; the Pension for Aged and Disabled Workmen; the Hero Fund, with its provision of aid to the injured and to the worthy poor; the many college endowments; and, greater than all, the Peace Palace at The Hague, through which he will make his appeal to the conscience of civilization during all time to organize and extend among the nations of the earth that system of arbitrated justice which has been already established within the borders of each State.
But if I continue to group our Pittsburgh authors in this arbitrary fashion, those who come at the end will think I mean the last to be least. Therefore, let me pursue the theme indiscriminately, as I meant to do all along had not that same Pegasus, in spite of my defiance, run away at the very start.
IX
The first Pittsburgh book that I can find in my hurried review of the field is "Modern Chivalry," by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. The third volume of this book was printed in Pittsburgh in 1796, the first two having been published in Philadelphia. This writer's son, Henry M. Brackenridge, was also an author, having written "History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain," "History of the Western Insurrection called the Whisky Insurrection, 1794," "Journal of a Voyage up the River Missouri, Performed in 1811," "Recollections of Persons and Places in the West," and several other books. Neville B. Craig wrote a "History of Pittsburgh," published in 1851, which is still a work of standard reference. Another "History of Pittsburgh" was brought out some ten years ago under the editorship of Erasmus Wilson, who has also published a volume of "Quiet Observations," selected from his newspaper essays. But the most important, painstaking, and accurate "History of Pittsburgh" which has yet been published is the one by Miss Sarah H. Killikelly, published in 1906. Another book of hers, "Curious Questions," is an entertaining collection of many queer things that have occurred in the world's history. Robert P. Nevin wrote "Black Robes" and "Three Kings." Professor Samuel P. Langley was for many years in charge of the Allegheny Observatory and won fame while here as a writer on scientific subjects. Also the first models of his flying machine were made while he was a resident in Pittsburgh. W. M. Darlington wrote "Fort Pitt" and edited the journals of Christopher Gist, who was Washington's scout when the Father of his Country first came to Pittsburgh. "Two Men in the West" is the title of a little book on travel by W. R. Halpin. Arthur G. Burgoyne, a newspaper writer, has published "All Sorts of Pittsburghers." George Seibel has written three beautiful plays which have not yet been produced because the modern stage managers seem to prefer to produce unbeautiful plays. One of these is "Omar Khayyam," which was accepted and paid for by Richard Mansfield, who died before he could arrange for its production. Another is "Christopher Columbus," and he has just finished an important tragedy entitled "OEdipus," dealing artistically with a horrifying story, which has been accepted for early production by Mr. Robert Mantel. Mr. Seibel has published a monograph on "The Mormon Problem." Charles P. Shiras wrote the "Redemption of Labor," and a drama, "The Invisible Prince," which was played in the old Pittsburgh Theater. Bartley Campbell was the most prolific writer of plays that Pittsburgh has yet produced, and his melodramas have been played in nearly every theater in America. H. G. Donnelly, well known as a playwright, was also a Pittsburgher. Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart is a young author who is coming to the front as a writer of successful dramas, stories, and books. Her plays, "The Double Life" and "By Order of the Court" have been produced, and a novel, "The Circular Staircase," has just appeared from the press. My own little play, "The Brayton Episode," was played by Miss Sarah Truax at the Alvin Theater, Pittsburgh, June 24, 1903, and by Miss Eleanor Moretti at the Fifth Avenue Theater, New York, January 15, 1905.
Rev. W. G. Mackay wrote tales of history under the title of "The Skein of Life." Father Morgan M. Sheedy and Rev. Dr. George Hodges, who used to strive together in Pittsburgh to surpass each other in tearing down the walls of religious prejudice that keep people out of the Kingdom of Heaven, have each given us several books on social and religious topics composed on the broad and generous lines of thought which only such sensible teachers know how to employ. Among Dr. Hodges' books are "Christianity between Sundays," the "Heresy of Cain," and "Faith and Social Service"; while Father Sheedy has published "Social Topics."
That devoted student of nature, Dr. Benjamin Cutler Jillson, wrote a book called "Home Geology," and another, "River Terraces In and Near Pittsburgh," which carry the fancy into far-off antiquity. Professor Daniel Carhart, of the University of Pittsburgh, has given us "Field Work for Civil Engineers" and "Treatise on Plane Surveying." From J. Heron Foster we have "A Full Account of the Great Fire at Pittsburgh in 1845." Adelaide M. Nevin published "Social Mirror," and Robert P. Nevin "Poems," a book with mood and feeling. Dr. Stephen A. Hunter, a clergyman, is the author of an erudite work entitled "Manual of Therapeutics and Pharmacy in the Chinese Language."
Walter Scott, who, after taking a course at the University of Edinburgh, came to Pittsburgh in 1826, was a very distinguished preacher and author. His greatest reputation was gained in his work in association with Alexander Campbell in establishing the principles of the now mighty congregation known as the Christian, or Disciples, Church. His books are: "The Gospel Restored," "The Great Demonstration," and "The Union of Christians."
A memoir of Professor John L. Lincoln, by his son, W. L. Lincoln, gives a record of a life so spent that many men were truly made better thereby. Father Andrew A. Lambing, President of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, has written useful monographs on the early history of this region, and he is one of the first authorities in that field. He has also composed books on religious subjects. E. W. Duckwell wrote "Bacteriology Applied to the Canning and Preserving of Food Products."
Richard Realf was a poet "whose songs gushed from his heart," and some of them hold a place in literature. His "Monarch of the Forges" breathes the deep spirit of industrial life as he found it in Pittsburgh.
Mr. Lee S. Smith, now (1908) president of the Chamber of Commerce, has published an interesting book entitled "Through Egypt to Palestine," describing his travels in the Orient.
Our men who have written most knowingly on industrial topics are James M. Swank and Joseph D. Weeks. A young writer, Francis Hill, has published a very readable boys' story, "Outlaws of Horseshoe Hole," and Arthur Sanwood Pier has published "The Pedagogues," a novel satirizing the Harvard Summer School.
Rev. Henry C. McCook's very successful novel, "The Latimers," is an engaging study of the whisky insurrection of early Pittsburgh days. Thomas B. Plimpton is remembered by some as a writer of verse. Judge J. E. Parke and Judge Joseph Mellon have written historical essays. Josiah Copley wrote "Gathering Beulah." Logan Conway is the author of "Money and Banking." He has also written a series of essays on "Evolution." Miss Cara Reese has published a little story entitled "And She Got All That." Miss Willa Sibert Cather has just published her "Poems." Charles McKnight's "Old Fort Duquesne; or Captain Jack the Scout" is a stirring book that has fired the hearts of many boys who love a good tale. William Harvey Brown's story, "On the South African Frontier," was written and published while he was a curator in the Carnegie Museum.
Pittsburgh has produced a group of standard schoolbooks—always of the very first importance in the literature of any country. Among these are the books by Andrew Burt and Milton B. Goff, and a series of readers by Lucius Osgood.
Henry J. Ford's "Rise and Growth of American Politics" is a well-studied work. Henry A. Miller's "Money and Bimetallism" is a conscientious statement of his investigations of that question. Judge Marshall Brown has written two books, "Bulls and Blunders" and "Wit and Humor of Famous Sayings." Frank M. Bennett's "Steam Navy of the United States" is a useful technical work.
L. C. Van Noppen, after pursuing his studies of Dutch literature in Holland, came to Pittsburgh and wrote a translation of Vondel's great Dutch classical poem "Lucifer." Vondel published the original of this work some ten or fifteen years before Milton's "Paradise Lost" appeared, and critics have tried to show by the deadly parallel column that Milton drew the inspiration for some of his highest poetical flights from Vondel. It is probable, however, that Milton was unconscious of the existence of Vondel's work.
S. L. Fleishman has translated the poems of Heine with tenderness and feeling. Ella Boyce Kirk has written several educational pamphlets. Morgan Neville published a poem, "Comparisons." From that Prince Rupert of the astronomers, Professor James E. Keeler, who has made more than one fiery dash across the borderland of known science, we have "Spectroscopic Observations of Nebulae." That truly gifted woman, Margaretta Wade Deland, was born in Pittsburgh in 1857 and resided here until her marriage in 1880. Among her books are "John Ward, Preacher," "The Story of a Child," "Philip and His Wife," and "Old Chester Tales." Jane Grey Swisshelm wrote the recollections of an eventful experience under the title "Half a Century of Life." Nicholas Biddle composed a studious "Life of Sebastian Cabot," and another book, "Modern Chivalry." Mrs. Annie Wade has written poems and stories. The city has fathered many able writers against slavery and intemperance, among whom was William H. Burleigh, who wrote "Our Country." William B. Conway wrote "Cottage on the Cliff." From Rev. John Black we have "The Everlasting Kingdom," and Rev. John Tassey published a "Life of Christ." William G. Johnston's interesting book, "Experiences of a Forty-niner," was published in 1892. John Reed Scott has published two successful novels, "The Colonel of the Red Hussars" and "Beatrix of Clare." Martha Fry Boggs wrote "A Romance of New Virginia." Then there are "Polly and I," by Cora Thurmston; "Free at Last" and "Emma's Triumph," by Mrs. Jane S. Collins; "Her Brother Donnard," by Emily E. Verder; "Essays," by Anna Pierpont Siviter; "Human Progress," by Thomas S. Blair; "Steel: A Manual for Steel Users," a useful monograph by William Metcalf; and "Memoir of John B. Gibson," by Colonel Thomas P. Roberts. Then there are some poor things from my own pen, if, in order to make the record complete, I may add them at the end—"Oliver Cromwell: A History" (1894); "John Marmaduke: A Romance of the English Invasion of Ireland in 1649" (1897); "Beowulf: A Poem" (1901); "Penruddock of the White Lambs," a novel (1903); "The Brayton Episode," a play (1903); "The Sword of the Parliament," a play (1907); and this, "A Short History of Pittsburgh" (1908).
And such is the list. Imperfect though it may be, it is the best that I have been able to compose. But how large and full the measure of it all is! History, biography, philosophy, religion, nature, science, criticism, government, coinage and finance, art, poetry, the drama, travel, adventure, fiction, society, education, all avenues of human activity, all themes of human speculation, have been covered in books written with more or less interest and power by men and women of Pittsburgh. Much of this volume of production is ephemeral, but some of it on the other hand is undoubtedly a permanent addition to the world's literature.
X
One word more before leaving this subject. Literature has not until recently enjoyed that degree of attention from the public press of Pittsburgh which it deserves. It ought to be the concern of every human unit in the nation to receive honest guidance in the development of literature; for literature, once again, is the written record of thought and action. Mobs will melt away when the units in the mob begin to think, and they will think when they read. Then will the law be paramount, and then will our institutions be safe. Thousands of our serious people annually subscribe for literary reviews of one kind or another in order that they may follow the rapid expansion of the written record of the thought and action of the world, when the whole department might be covered so admirably by our daily newspapers. Should not the newspaper give each household practically all it needs in criticism and information outside of the printed books themselves? How easily we could spare some of the glaring and exaggerated headlines over the daily record of crime, misconduct, and false leadership, which inflame the mind and the passions with evil fire, and how joyfully we would welcome instead an intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, discriminating, piquant—in short, a masterful discussion from day to day of the written record of the thought and action of the world as unfolded in its statesmanship, its oratory, its education, its heroism, and its literature.
XI
And so my little story of Pittsburgh comes to an end. It is the story of a great achievement in the building of a city, and the development of a community within its boundaries. I have sometimes heard a sneer at Pittsburgh as a place where undigested wealth is paramount. I have never beheld the city in that character. On the contrary, I have, on frequent occasions, seen the assemblage of men native here where a goodly section of the brain and power of the nation was represented. There is much wealth here, but the dominant spirit of those who have it is not a spirit of pride and luxury and arrogance. There is much poverty here, but it is the poverty of hope which effort and opportunity will transform into affluence. And especially is there here a spirit of good fellowship, of help one to another, and of pride in the progress of the intellectual life. And with all of these comes a growth toward the best civic character which in its aggregate expression is probably like unto the old Prophet's idea of that righteousness which exalteth a nation.
INDEX
Adams, Gabriel, Mayor, 51
Alexander, John W., 91, 106
Allegheny, made county-seat, 40; county-seat changed to Pittsburgh, 40; annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Allegheny Cemetery, 90
Allegheny County, erection of, 40; iron and steel products of, 84
Allegheny Observatory, 84, 99
Allegheny River improved, 82
Allegheny Theological Seminary, 102
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 71, 78
Amherst, General, captures Fort Frontenac, 29
Anderson, Edwin H., 91
Archer, Frederick, 94
Archer, William, 100
Armstrong, Colonel, raises English flag over Fort Duquesne, 29
Artists, list of, 106
Astronomical Observatory, 91, 106
Authors, list of, 112
Ball, Sir Robert S., 96
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, 49, 60, 81
Barker, Joseph, Mayor, 51
Baron, Father, 29
Beatty, John W., 92, 108
Beatty, Rev. Mr., 29
Beaujeu, Captain, attacks Braddock's army, 22; killed, 23
Bell, C. F. Moberly, 96
Benedite, Leonce, 95
Bennett, Frank M., 120
Biddle, Nicholas, 121
Bingham, William, Mayor, 51
Black, John, 121
Blackmore, James, Mayor, 52
Blair, Francis P., 55
Blair, Thomas S., 121
"Blockhouse," built by Bouquet, 34; occupied by Dr. John Connelly, 37; used by Colonial troops in Revolution, 37
Boggs, Martha Fry, 121
Bouquet, Colonel Henry, builds "Blockhouse," 34; leads army at Battle of Bushy Run, 35
Brackenridge, Henry M., 112
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 112
Braddock, General Edward, marches upon Fort Duquesne, 21; wounded in battle, 24; his army defeated, 24; death of, 25
Braddock's defeat, effect of on Colonies, 25
Brashear, John A., 85
Breckinridge, John C., 57
Broadhead, Colonel, 38
Brown, A. M., Recorder, 52
Brown, Joseph, 70
Brown, J. O., Recorder, 52
Brown, Marshall, 120
Brown, William Harvey, 118
Brush, Jared M., Mayor, 52
Bryce, Right Honorable James, 95
Buchanan, James, 57
Burgoyne, Arthur G., 113
Burleigh, William H., 121
Burt, Andrew, 118
Bushy Run, Battle of, 35
Caldwell, John, 94
Calvary Cemetery, 90
Campbell, Alexander, 117
Campbell, Bartley, 114
Carhart, Daniel, 116
Carnegie, Andrew, 85, 96, 106, 110
Carnegie Institute, 91, 99
Carnegie Steel Company, 71, 77
Carnegie Technical Schools, 91, 94
Cassatt, Alexander Johnston, 85
Cassatt, Mary, 106
Cather, Willa Sibert, 118
Celeron, Louis, 16
Charitable institutions, 103
Chatham, Earl of (William Pitt), 25, 29, 37
Church, Samuel, 83
Church, Samuel Harden, 94, 114, 121
Civil War, 53
Clarke, Thomas S., 123
Clay, Henry, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Cleveland, Grover, 95
Coffin, William A., 108
Collins annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Collins, Jane S., 121
Composers, list of, 106
Constant, Baron d'Estournelles de, 95
Constitutional Convention, 53
Contrecoeur, Captain, visited by Washington, 17; his reply received by English, 19; captures fort at Pittsburgh and names it Fort Duquesne, 20
Conway, Logan, 118
Conway, William B., 121
Copley, Josiah, 118
Country Club, 90
Court-house, architect of, 103; cost of, 103
Craig, Neville B., 113
Cranston, Sir Robert, 96
Craver, Harrison W., 92
Dalzell, John, 108
Darlington, W. M., 113
Darragh, John, Mayor, 51
Daughters of American Revolution, 34
Davis Island Dam, 82
Dayton, William L., 57
Defiance, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
Deland, Margaretta Wade, 120
Denny, Ebenezer, Mayor, 51
Denny, Governor, 29
Dickens, Charles, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Dickhuth, Colonel Gustav, 96
Diehl, William J., Mayor, 52
Dinwiddie, Governor, sends Washington to Pittsburgh, 14
Donnelly, H. G., 114
Doumer, Paul, 95
Duckwell, E. W., 117
Dunfermline, 28
Dunmore, Governor, opens land office in Pittsburgh, 35
Duquesne, Fort, built and named by French, 20; captured by English, 29; blown up and burned by French, 29; taken possession of by English, 29; name changed to Fort Pitt, 29
East Liberty Academy, 102
Ecuyer, Simon, leads attack on Fort Pitt, 35
Elgar, Sir Edward, 96
Emancipation Proclamation, 53
England, war with France, 15
Enlart, Camille, 95
Fang, Wu Ting, 95
Farragut, Admiral, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Fleishman, S. L., 120
Forbes, General, captures Fort Duquesne, 14; names captured fort Pittsburgh, 14, 29; his letter to Pitt announcing capture and renaming of Fort Duquesne, 29
Ford, Henry J., 118
Ford, Henry P., Mayor, 52
Foster, J. Heron, 116
Foster, Stephen C., 106
Founder's Day, 95
France, war with England, 15
Franklin, Benjamin, 21
Fremont, John C., 57
French Revolution, 43
Frew, William N., 94
Frick, Henry C., 72, 76, 77, 85
Frontenac, Fort, captured by General Amherst, 29
Fulton, Andrew, Mayor, 52
Gilder, Richard Watson, 95
Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington to Pittsburgh, 14; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; saves Washington from drowning, 19
Gleim School, 102
Goff, Milton B., 118
Gourley, Henry I., Mayor, 52
Grant, General U. S., visits Pittsburgh, 58
Grant, Major, defeated at Grant's Hill and killed, 28
Great Meadows, Battle of, 20
Greeley, Horace, 55, 56, 57
Greensburg, 40
Guthrie, George W., Mayor, 52
Guthrie, John B., Mayor, 51
Guthrie, P. N., 70
Guyesuta, 17
Hailman, Johanna Woodwell, 108
Hall of Botany, 102
Halpin, W. R., 113
Hamerschlag, Arthur A., 94
Hancock, John, 38
Hand, General Edward, plans expedition against Indians, 38
Hay, Alexander, Mayor, 51
Hays, W. B., Recorder and Mayor, 52
Heinz Company, 84
Herbert, Victor, 94
Herron Hill Reservoir, 105
Herron, John, Mayor, 51
Herr's Island, 19
Hetzel, George, 108
Highland Park, 90
Hill, Francis, 117
Hodges, George, 116
Holland, W. J., 94, 110
Homestead Steel Works, 68
Homestead strike, 71
Homewood Cemetery, 90
Hopkins, Anderson H., 91
Hospitals, 103
Howard, William J., Mayor, 51
Hunter, Stephen A., 116
Ihne, Ernst von, 96
Indians cede land about Pittsburgh to Colonies, 35
Irvine, General William, placed in command of Fort Pitt, 39
Irwin, William W., Mayor, 51
Jackson, George N., 56
Jefferson, Joseph, 95
Jillson, Benjamin Cutler, 116
Johns, Clarence M., 108
Johnson, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Johnston, Governor, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Johnston, William G., 121
Johnstown Flood, 58
Jumonville, death of, 20
Keeler, James E., 120
Kensington Iron Works, 83
Kerr, William, Mayor, 51
Keyashuta, Indian chief, 17
Killikelly, Sarah H., 113
King, John A., 55
Kirk, Ella Boyce, 120
Knox, Philander C., 108
Koser, Reinhold, 96
Kossuth, Louis, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Lady of Mercy Academy, 102
Lafayette, Fort, built, 42
Lafayette, General, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Lambing, A. A., 117
Langley, Samuel P., 113
Lawman, Jaspar, 108
Lawrenceville annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Leboeuff, Fort, 17
Leisser, Martin B., 108
Lexington, Battle of, 37
Liberty annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Liddell, Robert, Mayor, 52
Ligneris, Captain, surrenders Fort Duquesne, 29
Lincoln, Abraham, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Lincoln, John L., 117
Lincoln, W. L., 117
Little, William, Mayor, 51
Loewenfeld, His Excellency Lieutenant General Alfred von, 95
Logstown, storehouses built by Ohio Company, 16; captured by French, 16
Louisburg, capture of, 28
Lowrie, Walter B., Mayor, 51
Lowry, James, Mayor, 51
Lyon, Robert W., Mayor, 52
"Maarten Maartens," 96
Macbeth, George A., 94
Macbeth, James Currie, 96
Mackay, W. G., 116
Magee, C. L., 102
Mail route to Philadelphia established, 40
Mansfield, Robert, 114
Mantel, Robert, 114
Mayflower, landing of, 53
McCallin, William, Mayor, 52
McCarthy, William C., Mayor, 52
McCarthy, W. L., Mayor, 52
McClintock, Jonas R., Mayor, 51
McConway, William, 95
McCook, Henry C., 118
McCormick, Samuel Black, 99
McCrea, James, 78
McKenna, Bernard, Mayor, 52
McKinley, William, 95
McKnight, Charles, 118
Mellon, Joseph, 118
Mellor, Charles C., 94
Metcalf, William, 121
Miller, Henry A., 118
Milton, John, 120
Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 107
Monongahela River improved, 83
Monroe, President, visited Pittsburgh, 58
Montcalm, death of, 31
Moretti, Eleanor, 114
Morgan, Colonel George, 38
Morley, John, 95
Murray, Magnus M., Mayor, 51
Necessity, Fort, built by Washington, 21; captured by French, 21
Neville, Morgan, 120
Nevin, Adelaide M., 116
Nevin, Ethelbert, 106
Nevin, Robert P., 113, 116
Newspapers, list of, 40, 113
New York Central Lines, 60, 81
Niagara, Fort, fall of, 31
Nixon Theater, 103
Oakland annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
O'Hara, James, 84
Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad, 49
Ohio Company formed, 16
Osgood, Lucius, 118
Parke, J. E., 118
Paur, Emil, 94
Pearson, A. L., 63
Peebles annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Penn family, purchased Pittsburgh region from Indians, 39; their title annulled, 39
Pennsylvania, dispute with Virginia settled, 40
Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. Co. incorporated, 48
Pennsylvania Canal, proposed, 47; construction authorized, 47; canal completed, 48; termini of, 48; portage railroad, 48; cost, 48; sold to Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48; abandoned, 49
Pennsylvania College for Women, 102
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 48, 49, 60, 81, 85
Pennsylvania, Western University of. See University of Pittsburgh
Pettigrew, Samuel, Mayor, 51
Phipps Conservatory, 102
Phipps, Henry, 85, 102, 106
Pier, Arthur Stanwood, 118
Pinkerton, Robert A., 76
Pitcairn, Robert, 94
Pitt annexed to Pittsburgh, 52
Pitt, Fort, building of first fort, 30; building of second fort, 31; abandoned, 36; mutiny at, 39; General William Irvine put in command, 39; first court held, 40
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 25, 29, 37
Pittsburgh, site selected for fort, 13, 14; site claimed by Virginia, 14; said to have been named by Washington, 14; French attempt to make settlement, 16; explored by Louis Celeron, 16; Washington's first impressions of, 17; first permanent white settlement, 20; captured by Contrecoeur, 20; named Fort Duquesne, 20; captured from French by English, 29; name changed to Pittsburgh, 29; first Fort Pitt built, 30; second Fort Pitt built, 31; attacked by Indians under Simon Ecuyer, 35; land ceded to Colonies by Indians,35; land office opened, 35; made county seat, 40; first court held, 40; ducking-stool erected, 40; size of in 1786, 40; mail route to Philadelphia established, 40; new fort built and named Fort Lafayette, 42; town laid out, 50; incorporated as a borough, 50; chartered as a city, 50; new charter adopted in 1887, 50; "Ripper" charter adopted, 50; list of mayors, 51; first Republican Convention, 53; distinguished visitors, 58; great fire, 58; railroad riots, 59; consolidation of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, 52; present population, 79, 81; tonnage compared with other cities, 82; surrounded by rich coal and gas fields, 83; imports in 1907, 83; manufacture of iron begun, 83; iron and steel statistics, 83, 84, 86; value of various products, 84; first glass works built, 84; rank as a glass-producing center, 84; as a banking center, 85; tax valuation of property, 86; public buildings, 103; hospitals, 103; charitable institutions, 103; water supply, 105
Pittsburgh Academy, 41, 98, 102
Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad, 49
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Canal, 81
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 49
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 49
Pittsburgh Country Club, 90
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 49
Pittsburgh Harbor, 82
Pittsburgh Orchestra, 94, 106
Pittsburgh riots, 59
Pittsburgh, University of, 41, 98
Plimpton, Thomas B., 118
Pontiac plans attack on whites, 34
Poole, Eugene A., 108
Poorten-Schwartz, Joost Marius Willem van der ("Maarten Maartens"), 96
Preece, Sir William Henry, 96
Quebec, fall of, 31
Realf, Richard, 117
Rebellion, War of, 53
Reed, James H., 94
Reese, Cara, 118
Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 102
Reid, Whitelaw, 95
Reinhart, Charles Stanley, 106
Republican Association, 54
Republican Party, founding of, 52; first Convention, 55; first candidates, 57
Rhys, John, 96
Richardson, H. H., 103
Riddle, Robert M., Mayor, 51
Rinehart, Mary Roberts, 114
"Ripper" charter, 50
Riverview Park, 90
Roberts, E. S., 96
Roberts, Thomas P., 121
Robertson, William, 96
Ross, John, 96
St. Clair, General Arthur, sent against Indians, 42; defeated, 42
Sassoonan, 16
Sawyer, B. C., Mayor, 51
Schaper, Fritz, 96
Schenley, Mrs. Mary, 106
Schenley Park, 90, 91
Scott, Walter, 116
Seibel, George, 114
Semple, Samuel, 35
Seward, William H., Secretary of State, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Sheedy, Morgan M., 116
Shiras, Charles R., 114
Singer, William H., 108
Siviter, Anna Pierpont, 121
Slavery, introduction into United States, 53; abolished, 53
Sloane, William H., 110
Smith, Lee S., 117
Snowden, John M., Mayor, 51
Stanwix, General, builds new Fort Pitt, 31
Stead, William T., 107
Stuart-Mitchell School, 102
Swank, James M., 117
Swinderen, R. de Marees van, 96
Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 121
Tanner, Henry O., 108
Tassey, John, 121
Taylor, President, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Thaw, William, 106
Thomson, James, Mayor, 51
Thurmston, Cora, 121
Thurston School, 102
Ticonderoga, capture of, 28
Trent, Captain William, established first permanent white settlement in Pittsburgh, 20
Truax, Sarah, 114
Turtle Creek, 19
Uniontown, fort at, 21
United States Steel Corporation, 85
University of Pittsburgh, 41, 98
Ursuline Young Ladies' Academy, 102
Van Noppen, L. C., 120
Venango, 18
Verder, Emily E., 121
Virginia, claims site of Pittsburgh, 14; sends Washington to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; dispute with Pennsylvania settled, 40
Volz, Ferdinand E., Mayor, 51
Vondel, 120
Wabash R. R. Co., 49, 74
Wade, Annie, 121
Wales, Prince of, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Wall, A. Bryan, 108
Wall, Albert S., 108
Washington, George, the first Pittsburgher, 13; first visits Pittsburgh, 13, 17; his visits to Pittsburgh, 13, 14, 17, 35; said to have named Pittsburgh, 14; first impressions of site of Pittsburgh, 17; hardships of journey to Fort Leboeuff, 17, 18, 19; shot at by his Indian guide, 19; saved from drowning by Gist, 19; sent to retake Fort Duquesne, 20; directs the retreat of Braddock's army, 24; commands militia at Fort Duquesne, 28; last visit to Pittsburgh, 35; warns General St. Clair against Indians, 42; sends army to suppress whisky insurrection, 44
Wayne, Fort, built by General Wayne, 42
Wayne, General Anthony, sent against Indians, 42; builds Fort Defiance and Fort Wayne, 42; defeats Indians, 42
Weaver, Henry A., Mayor, 51
Webster, Daniel, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Weeks, Joseph D., 117
Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy, visits Pittsburgh, 58
Western Theological Seminary, 102
Western University of Pennsylvania. See University of Pittsburgh
Westinghouse Company, 85
Westinghouse, George, 85
Whisky insurrection, 42
William II, Emperor of Germany, 101
Wilson, Erasmus, 113
Wilson, George, Mayor, 51
Wolfe, death of, 31
Woodwell, Joseph R., 108
Zooelogical garden, 102
Transcriber's notes:
Page 30 (026.png) - Left spelling of Missisippi as is in quoted letter
Index (026.png) - Corrected spelling of Breckinridge, John C. to match correct spelling as in text (based on Internet search)
The name Rhys appears once in the text and once in the Index. In the print copy, there is a carat over the y which is not included in this version.
The name Contrecoeur appears throughout the text with an oe ligature which is removed for this version. Similarly OEdipus appears once herein without the OE ligature.
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