John Lawrence speaks of the Dutch breed with short horns in 1726;[741] but, unless they were smuggled over, it certainly seems strange that any Dutch cattle should have been imported in the eighteenth century, for the importation of cattle was strictly forbidden during the whole century. It was George Culley's opinion that they came from Holland, because few were found except along the eastern coast; he also knew farmers who went over to Holland to buy bulls.[742]

Be this as it may, it was the cattle of the Teeswater district in Durham that the Collings improved, and they are still called Durhams in many parts. The work of the Collings[743] was carried on by Thomas Booth, who farmed his own estate of Killerby in Yorkshire, where he turned his attention to Shorthorns about 1790, and by 1814 he was as well known as the Collings. He improved the Shorthorns by reducing the bone, especially the length and coarseness of the legs, the too prominent hips, and the heavy shoulder bones. In 1819 he removed to Warlaby, and died there in 1835, having given up the Killerby estate to his son John, who with his brother Richard ably sustained their father's reputation. 'Booth strains' equally with 'Bates strains', the results of the work of Bates of Kirkleavington, whose cattle we have seen at the Oxford Show in 1839, and whose herd was dispersed in 1850, have been the foundation of many famous herds, and can be traced in many a pedigree animal of to-day.

The palmy days of the Shorthorns were the 'seventies' of the last century, when they made fabulous prices. At the great sale at New York Mills, in 1873, eleven females of the Duchess tribe averaged L4,522 14s. 2d., and one cow sold for L8,458 6s. 8d. In 1877 Mr. Loder bought Third Duchess of Hillhurst for 4,100 guineas; in 1876 Lord Bective gave 4,300 guineas for Fifth Duchess of Hillhurst, then 16 months old; and in 1875 the bull Duke of Connaught sold for 4,500 guineas. It was not likely that with the advent of bad times these prices would continue, and nothing like them in the Shorthorn world has occurred since.

Herefords.[744]

Herefordshire cattle have long been famous as one of the finest breeds in the world. Marshall, writing in 1788, does not hesitate to say, 'The Herefordshire breed of cattle, taking it all in all, may without risque be deemed the first breed of cattle in the land.' Their origin has been accounted for in various ways. Some say they were originally brown or reddish-brown from Normandy or Devon, others that they came from Wales, while it is recorded that Lord Scudamore in the latter half of the seventeenth century introduced red cows with white faces from Flanders. However, they do not emerge from obscurity until about the middle of the eighteenth century, when Messrs. Tomkins, Weyman, Yeomans, Hewer, and Tully devoted their energies to establishing a county breed. There were four varieties of Herefords, which have now practically merged into the red with white face, mane, and throat: the mottle face, with red marks intermixed with the parts usually white; the dark greys; light greys; and the red with the white face. The rivalry between the breeders of the white and the mottle faces almost caused the failure of the Herd-Book commenced in 1845 by Mr. Eyton. The mottle-faced party seems to have been then the most influential, but the dark and light grey varieties also had strong adherents. In 1857 Mr. Duckham took over the management of the Herd-Book, and to his exertions the breed owes a deep debt of gratitude. One of the greatest supporters of the Herefordshire breed was Mr. Westcar of Creslow, who, starting in 1779, attended Hereford October Fair for forty years, and when the Smithfield Show commenced in 1799 won innumerable first prizes there with Herefordshire cattle. Between 1799 and 1811 twenty of his Herefordshire prize oxen averaged L106 6s. each, and at the sale of Mr. Ben Tomkins's herd after his death in 1819 twenty-eight breeding animals averaged L152, one cow fetching L262 15s. Herefords are famous for their feeding qualities at grass, and good stores are scarce, the best being fattened on their native pastures. They are not only almost the only breed in their own county, but few English counties south of Shropshire are without them; they have done well in Ireland, and in Canada, the United States, South America, and Australia have attained great success. They are not so well qualified for crossing as Shorthorns, but have blended well with that breed, and produced good crosses with Ayrshires and Jerseys, but not with Devons. It has been said that they are not a favourite sort with London butchers, as they require time to ripen, which does not suit a hurrying age. Hence they probably flourished best under the old school of graziers, who sometimes kept them to six or seven years old. At all events they are a very fine breed for beef purposes, their meat being particularly tender, juicy, and fine-grained. They are seldom kept for dairy purposes, being poor milkers; consequently the calf is nearly always allowed to run with the dam, which accounts for the fact that one seldom sees pure-bred Herefords that are not well grown. The highest price paid for a Hereford was 4,000 guineas for Lord Wilton in 1884.

Devons.

The cattle of North Devon can be traced as the peculiar breed of the county from which they take their name from the earliest records. Bradley mentioned the red cattle of Somerset in 1726, and no doubt there were many in Devonshire.[745] William Marshall states (1805), and he is supported by subsequent writers, that 'they are of the middle horn class', and in his time so nearly resembled the Herefordshire breed in frame, colour, and horn, as not to be distinguishable from them, except in the greater cleanness of the head and fore-quarters, and their smaller size. Yet they could not have had the white faces and throats of the Herefords, as they have always been famous for their uniformity in colour—a fine dark red.[746] He also compares them to the cattle of Sussex and the native cattle of Norfolk.[747] The Devons then differed very much in different parts of the county; those of North Devon taking the lead, being 'nearly what cattle ought to be'. They were, considered as draught animals, the best workers anywhere beyond all comparison, though rather small, for which deficiency they made up in exertion and agility. As dairy cattle they were not very good, since rearing for the east country graziers had long been the main object of Devon cattle farmers, but as grazing cattle they were excellent.

Vancouver, a few years after this, praised their activity in work and their unrivalled aptitude to fatten, but says they were then declining in their general standard of excellence, and in numbers, owing to the great demand for them from other parts of England, where the buyers (Mr. Coke, who had established a valuable herd of them, and others) spared neither pains nor price to obtain those of the highest excellence.

This danger was clearly perceived by Francis Quartly of Molland, who set to work to remedy it by systematically buying the choicest cows he could procure. As the reputation and perhaps continuance of the Devon breed is due to him more than to any other man, his account of his own efforts on behalf of it is specially valuable.[748] At the end of the eighteenth century the principal North Devon yeomen were all breeders, and every week you might see in the Molton Market, their natural locality, animals that would now be called choice. There were few cattle shows in those days, and therefore the relative value of animals was not so easily tested. The war prices tempted many farmers to sell their best bulls and cows out of the district, so that good animals were becoming scarce, and the breed generally going back. Mr. Quartly therefore for years bought all the best animals he could find with rare skill and judgement, and continued to improve his stock till he brought it to perfection. About the year 1834 cattle shows began at Exeter, and for the first year or two Mr. Quartly did not compete; then he allowed his nephews to enter in all the classes, and they brought home all the prizes. This lead they kept, and at the Royal Show at Exeter in 1850 their stock obtained nine out of the ten prizes for Devons. The Devon Herd-Book was first published in 1851 by Captain T.T. Davy, and a writer in 1858 says that of twenty-nine prize bulls in the first three volumes twenty-seven were descended from the Quartly bull Forester, and of thirty-four prize cows twenty-nine from the cow Curly, also of their stock.

Among other famous breeders of Devons contemporary with Quartly were Messrs. Merson, Davy, Michael Thorne, Yapp, Buckingham, the Halses, and George Turner.

In 1829 Moore says, 'The young heifers of North Devon, with their taper legs, the exact symmetry of their form, and their clear coats of dark red, are pictures of elegance.' Their superiority for grazing and draught was proved by the high prices demanded for them, but they were not equally esteemed as dairy animals,[749] though of late years this reproach has been removed. The ploughing of two acres of fallow land was the common work of four oxen, which, when fattened at five years old, would reach eleven score a quarter.

Since the publication of the Herd-Book, Devons have spread all over the world, to Mexico, Jamaica, Canada, Australia, France, and United States, and the fact that in their original home they have been largely kept by tenant farmers proves them a good rent-paying breed. Yet it cannot be pretended that away from their native country they are as much valued as the Shorthorn and Hereford.

The South Hams breed of South Devon is a distinct variety, though it is believed to be descended from the 'Rubies'[750] and apparently has at some time been crossed with the Guernsey; they are good milkers and attain a great size, but the quality of the meat is decidedly inferior to that of North Devon.

From the earliest times the real Devon colour has been red, varying from a dark to a lighter or almost chestnut shade; half a century ago the lighter ones were more numerous than at present, and they are often of richer quality though less hardy than the dark ones.

The Sussex is larger and coarser than the Devon, of a deep brown chestnut colour, very hardy, a beef-producing but not a milk-yielding sort.

Longhorns,[751] a generation ago nearly extinct, once the favourite cattle of the midlands and portions of the north, are descended from a breed long established in the Craven district of Yorkshire. 'The true Lancashire,' said Young in 1770, 'were Longhorns, and in Derbyshire were a bastard sort of Lancashires.'[752] It was this breed that Bakewell improved, and of late years great efforts, chiefly in Warwickshire and Leicestershire, have been made to revive it.

The Red Polled, or Norfolk Polled, is the only hornless breed of English cattle, and they are good milkers and fatteners.

The Lincoln Red is a small red variety of the Shorthorn.

Many of the Welsh breeds have spread into the adjacent parts of England, and may be classified as North and South Welsh, or Angleseys and Castle Martins; black in colour, and generally with long horns.

The Scottish cattle—the Aberdeen Angus, the Galloways, the Highland breed, and the Ayrshires—are also seen in England, but not so often as the Jerseys and Guernseys from the Channel Islands, while the small Dexters and Kerrys from Ireland are favourites with some English farmers.

SHEEP

The sheep of the British Isles may be divided into three main classes:—

1. Longwools, containing Leicesters, Border Leicester's, Cotswolds, Lincolns, Kentish, Devon Longwool, South Devon, Wensleydale, and Roscommon.

2. Shortwools: the Oxford Downs, Southdowns, Shropshires, Hampshire Downs, Suffolks, Ryelands, Somerset and Dorset Horned, and Clun Forest.

3. Mountain breeds: Cheviots, Blackfaced Mountain, Herdwick, Lonk, Dartmoor, Exmoor, Welsh Mountain, and Limestone.

These are all English except the Border Leicester, Cheviot, and Blackfaced Mountain, which are Scotch; the Welsh Mountain is of course Welsh, and the Roscommon Irish.

1. The Leicesters, the largest and in many respects the most important of British longwool sheep, are the sheep which Bakewell improved so greatly. They are capable of being brought to a great weight, and their long fine wool averages 7 lb. to the fleece.

The Border Leicesters are an offshoot of the last named, bred on the Scottish Border, and originating from the flock which George and Matthew Culley in 1767 took from the Tees to the Tweed.

The Cotswolds have been on the Gloucestershire hills for ages, and have long been famous for the length of their fleece, hardiness, and breeding qualities.

The Lincoln is the result of the old native breed of the county improved by Leicester blood. They have larger heads and denser and heavier wool than the Leicesters, averaging 8 to 9 lb. to the fleece, but have been known to yield 14 lb.

The Kentish or Romney Marsh have long existed in the district whence they obtain their name, but are not much known away from that locality.

The Devon Longwool is a result of the infusion of Leicester blood among the old Bampton stock of Devonshire called Bampton Notts or polled sheep.

The South Devons or South Hams are another local breed, and are a result of the improvement of the South Hams Notts by the Leicester.

The Wensleydales are descendants of the old Teeswater breed, itself a variety of the old Leicester and improved by the new Leicesters of Culley.

2. Oxford Downs, a modern black-faced breed, now widely spread all over the midland counties, are a mixture of Cotswolds with Hampshire Downs and Southdowns, and originated at the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign, but were not definitely so called till 1857. This cross of two distinct varieties, the long and the short wool, has approximated to the shortwool type.

The Southdown, formerly Sussex Down, an old breed bred for ages on the chalky soils of the South Downs, is 'perhaps', says Youatt, 'the most valuable breed in the kingdom.' It was to John Ellman of Glynde, at the end of the eighteenth century, that they owe their present perfection, and they have exercised as much influence among the shortwools as the Leicesters among the longwools.

The Shropshire sheep is a descendant of the original Longmynd or old Shropshire sheep, which began to be crossed by the Southdown at the commencement of the nineteenth century.[753] They were recognized as a distinct breed in 1853, and since then have become one of the most valued breeds, combining the symmetry and quality of the Southdown with the weight of the Cotswold and the fattening tendency of the Leicester, with a hardier constitution.

The Hampshire Down is another instance of the widespread influence of the Southdown, being the result of crossing that breed with the old Wiltshire sheep, which had long curling horns, and the Berkshire Knott. They are heavier than the Shropshire, and are perhaps more distinguished for early maturity than any other breed.

The Suffolk is derived from the old horned Norfolk ewe mated with the Southdown, and was first granted its name in 1859.

The Ryeland is a small, hornless, white-faced breed which has been in Herefordshire for centuries, but of late years has dwindled in numbers before the advent of the Shropshire.

The Somerset and Dorset Horned is another old breed, preserved in a pure state, much improved in modern times, and very hardy.

The Clun Forest breed of West Shropshire and the adjacent parts of Wales is a mixture of the Ryeland, Shropshire, and Welsh breeds.

3. The Cheviot is found on both sides of the hills of that name, though Northumberland is said to be its original home, and it was improved in the eighteenth century by crossing with the Lincoln.

The Blackfaced Mountain breed is found chiefly in Scotland, but thrives on the bleak grazing lands of the north of England.

The Herdwicks' home is the hills of Cumberland and Westmoreland, where they are hardy enough to fatten on the poor, thin pasture.

The Lonk is the largest mountain breed, belonging to the fells of Yorkshire and Lancashire.

The Dartmoors and Exmoors almost certainly came from one stock, though the former are now the larger, and are the few real survivors of the old forest or mountain breeds of England. The Exmoor is horned, the Dartmoor hornless.

The Welsh Mountain is a small, hardy, soft-woolled breed, their mutton having the best flavour of any sheep, and their wool making the famous Welsh flannel.

The Limestone is little known outside the fells of Westmoreland.

PIGS

Our pigs may be roughly divided into white, black, and red; the first comprising the Large, Middle, and Small Whites, formerly called Yorkshires; the second the Small Black (Suffolk or Essex), the Large Black only recently recognized, but apparently very ancient, and the Berkshire, which often has white marks on face, legs, or tail. The red is the Tamworth, one of the oldest breeds, its skin being red with dark spots.

FOOTNOTES:

[734] Youatt, Complete Grazier (1900), p. 388; cf. pp. 104-5.

[735] Youatt, Complete Grazier (1900), p. 6.

[736] See above.

[737] Rural Economy of West of England, i. 235 cf. above, p. 235.

[738] See above.

[739] ii. 126; about 1770.

[740] Youatt, Complete Grazier, p. 18, and see 'Druid', Saddle and Sirloin.

[741] Cf. supra, p. 167.

[742] Culley on Live Stock (1807), p. 42.

[743] See p. 233.

[744] Much of these accounts of Herefords and Devons is from the author's articles in the Victoria County History.

[745] See above.

[746] Risdon, Survey (1810), Introd. p. viii.

[747] Rural Economy of West of England, i. 235. Risdon says of Devonshire: 'As to cattle, no part of the Kingdom is better supplied with beasts of all sorts, whether for profit or pleasure,' those for pleasure being apparently wild ones kept in parks.—Chapple's Review of Risdon's Survey, p. 23.

[748] R.A.S.E. Journal (1st ser.), xi. 680. See also ibid. xix. 368, and (2nd ser.) v. 107; xiv. 663; xx. 691.

[749] History of Devon, i. 456.

[750] R.A.S.E. Journal (3rd ser.), i. 527.

[751] See above.

[752] Northern Tour, ii. 126.

[753] R.A.S.E. Journal (1858), p. 42.



APPENDIX I

AVERAGE PRICES FROM 1259 TO 1700[754]

CORN PER QUARTER.

WHEAT. BARLEY. OATS.

1259-1400 5s. 10-3/4d. 4s. 3-3/4d. 2s. 5-3/4d. 1401-1540 5s. 11-3/4d. 3s. 8-3/4d. 2s. 2-1/4d. 1541-82 13s. 10-1/2d. 8s. 5-3/4d. 5s. 5-1/2d. 1583-1700 39s. 0-1/2d. 21s. 4d. 13s. 10d.

RYE. BEANS.

1259-1400 4s. 4-7/8d. 4s. 3-1/2d. 1401-1540 4s. 7-3/4d. 3s. 9-1/4d. 1541-82 — 9s. 1-1/2d. 1583-1700 — 22s. 3-1/4d.

LIVE STOCK.

OXEN. COWS. CART HORSES.[755]

1259-1400 13s. 1-1/4d. 9s. 5d. 16s. 4d. 1401-1540 moderate increase 14s. unaltered 1541-82 55s. 32s. great increase 1583-1700 100s. 60s. 1580-1640 L5 to L10 1640-1700 L8 to L15

PIGS SHEEP. LAMBS. (GROWN). BOARS.

1259-1400 1s. 2d. to 1s. 5d. 8d. 3s. 4s. 7d. 1401-1540 moderate increase 9d. unaltered 6s. 1541-82 3s. to 4s. 6d. 2s. to 3s. 6s. 8d. to 8s. — 1583-1700 10s. 7d. — great increase

POULTRY AND EGGS.

HENS. DUCKS. GEESE. EGGS.

1259-1400 1-6/8d. 2d. 3-5/8d. 4-1/2d. per 120 1401-1540 2-1/4d. 2-1/4d. 4-3/4d. 6-1/2d " 1541-82 4-3/4d. 4-3/4d. 10d. 7-1/2d. " 1583-1700 8d.-1s. 9-1/4d. 2s. 3s. 3d. "

WOOL. CHEESE. BUTTER. Per lb.

1259-1400 3-5/7d. 4-1/2d. per 7 lb. 4-3/4d. per 7 lb. 1401-1540 3-5/7d. 1/2d. per lb. 1d. per lb. 1541-82 7-1/2d. 1d. " 3d. " 1583-1702 9d.-1s. 3-1/2d. " 4-1/2d. "

HAY. HOPS. Per load. Per cwt.

1259-1400 3s. 8d. — 1401-1540 unaltered 14s. 0-1/2d. 1541-82 9s. 6d. 26s. 8d. 1583-1702 26s. 4d. 82s. 9d.

LABOUR.

Reaping Reaping Labourer per wheat oats Mowing day without per acre. per acre. per acre. food.

1261-1350 5-5/8d. 4-7/8d. 5-1/4d. 2d. 1351-1400 8-1/2d. 8-1/4d. 7d. 3d. 1401-1540 9-3/4d. 8-1/4d. 8-1/8d. 4d. 1541-82 —[756] — — 6-1/2d. 1583-1640 — — 1s. 7d. 8-1/2d. 1640-1700 — — 1s. 8d. 10d.

PRICE OF LAND PER ACRE.

To Rent. To Buy. Arable. Grass.

1261-1350 4d.-6d. 1s.-2s. 12 years' purchase 1351-1400 6d. 2s. " 1401-1540 6d. 2s. 15-20 years 1541-82 slight increase unaltered 1583-1640 great increase 20 years 1641-1700 5s. 8s. " 1770 10s. 30 years

FOOTNOTES:

[754] Summarized from Thorold Rogers' prices in his History of Agriculture and Prices, with some alterations.

[755] Affri, 13s. 5d. cart horses, 19s. 4d. A good saddle horse about 1300 was worth L5. By 1580 it was worth L10 to L15, by 1700 L20 to L25.

[756] A decided increase, but prices fluctuate so much that it is hard to strike an average.



APPENDIX II

TABLE SHOWING EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF WHEAT AND FLOUR FROM AND INTO ENGLAND, UNIMPORTANT YEARS OMITTED

Exports. Imports. Quarters. Quarters.

England. 1697 14,699 400 1703 166,615 50 1717 22,954 none 1728 3,817 74,574 1733 427,199 7 1750 947,602 279

Great Britain. 1757 11,545 141,562 1758 9,234 20,353 1761 441,956 none 1767 5,071 497,905 1770 75,449 34 1775 91,037 560,988 1776 210,664 20,578 1780 224,059 3,915 1786 205,466 51,463 1787 120,536 59,339 1789 140,014 112,656 1791 70,626 469,056 1796 24,679 879,200 1801 28,406 1,424,765 1808 98,005 84,889 1810 75,785 1,567,126 1815 227,947 384,475 1825 38,796 787,606 1837 308,420 1,109,492 1839 42,512 3,110,729 1842 68,047 3,111,290

The above figures are taken from McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary, 1847, p. 438, and agree roughly with those given by McPherson, Annals of Commerce, iii. 674, and iv. 216 and 532.

After 1842, exports played a very small part, and imports continued to increase; in 1847, 4,612,110 quarters of wheat and flour came in; and the following figures show their growth in recent times:—

AVERAGE OF ANNUAL IMPORTS OF WHEAT AND FLOUR IN CWTS.

1861-5 34,651,549 1866-70 37,273,678 1871-5 50,495,127 1876-80 63,309,874 1881-5 77,285,881 1886-90 77,794,380 1891-5 96,582,863 1896-1900 95,956,376 1901-5 111,638,817

With regard to the exports and imports of all kinds of corn, large quantities were exported in the first half of the eighteenth century. In 1733, 800,000 quarters were sent to France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy,[757] and exports reached their maximum in 1750 with 1,667,778 quarters, but by 1760 had decreased to 600,000, and after that fell considerably; in 1771, for instance, the first year of the corn register, they only amounted to 81,665 quarters, whereas imports were 203,122. The figures of the imports were swollen by the large quantities of oats which came into England at this time. The following years are typical of the fluctuations in the trade:—

Exports. Imports. 1774 47,961 803,844 1776 376,249 444,121 1780 400,408 219,093 1782 278,955 133,663 1783 104,274 852,389 1784-8 large excess of imports, mainly oats 1789 652,764 478,426

the last year when exports of all kinds of corn exceeded imports.[758]

To sum up, according to these figures, England's exports of wheat regularly exceeded her imports from 1697 until 1757, with the exception of the years 1728-9; then they fluctuated till 1789, the last year in which exports of wheat exceeded imports, and as the same year is the last time when our exports of all kinds of corn exceeded our imports, England at that date ceased to be an exporting country.[759]

FOOTNOTES:

[757] McPherson, Annals of Commerce, iii. 198.

[758] Ibid. iii. 674; iv. 216, 532.

[759] The excess of exports of wheat in 1808 was accidentally due to the requirements of the army in Spain.



APPENDIX III

AVERAGE PRICES PER IMPERIAL QUARTER OF BRITISH CORN IN ENGLAND AND WALES, IN EACH YEAR FROM 1771 TO 1907 INCLUSIVE, ACCORDING TO THE RETURNS OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

YEARS. WHEAT. BARLEY. OATS. s. d. s. d. s. d.

1771 48 7 26 5 17 2 1772 52 3 26 1 16 8 1773 52 7 29 2 17 8 1774 54 3 29 4 18 4 1775 49 10 26 9 17 0

1776 39 4 20 9 15 5 1777 46 11 21 1 16 1 1778 43 3 23 4 15 7 1779 34 8 20 1 14 5 1780 36 9 17 6 13 2

1781 46 0 17 8 14 1 1782 49 3 23 2 15 7 1783 54 3 31 3 20 5 1784 50 4 28 8 18 10 1785 43 1 24 9 17 8

1786 40 0 25 1 18 6 1787 42 5 23 4 17 2 1788 46 4 22 8 16 1 1789 52 9 23 6 16 6 1790 54 9 26 3 19 5

1791 48 7 26 10 18 1 1792 43 0 27 7 16 9 1793 49 3 31 1 20 6 1794 52 3 31 9 21 3 1795 75 2 37 5 24 5

1796 78 7 35 4 21 10 1797 53 9 27 2 16 3 1798 51 10 29 0 19 5 1799 69 0 36 2 27 6 1800 113 10 59 10 39 4

1801 119 6 68 6 37 0 1802 69 10 33 4 20 4 1803 58 10 25 4 21 6 1804 62 3 31 0 24 3 1805 89 9 44 6 28 4

1806 79 1 38 8 27 7 1807 75 4 39 4 28 4 1808 81 4 43 5 33 4 1809 97 4 47 0 31 5 1810 106 5 48 1 28 7

1811 95 3 42 3 27 7 1812 126 6 66 9 44 6 1813 109 9 58 6 38 6 1814 74 4 37 4 25 8 1815 65 7 30 3 23 7

1816 78 6 33 11 27 2 1817 96 11 49 4 32 5 1818 86 3 53 10 32 5 1819 74 6 45 9 28 2 1820 67 10 33 10 24 2

1821 56 1 26 0 19 6 1822 44 7 21 10 18 1 1823 53 4 31 6 22 11 1824 63 11 36 4 24 10 1825 68 6 40 0 25 8

1826 58 8 34 4 26 8 1827 58 6 37 7 28 2 1828 60 5 32 10 22 6 1829 66 3 32 6 22 9 1830 64 3 32 7 24 5

1831 66 4 38 0 25 4 1832 58 8 33 1 20 5 1833 52 11 27 6 18 5 1834 46 2 29 0 20 11 1835 39 4 29 11 22 0

1836 48 6 32 10 23 1 1837 55 10 30 4 23 1 1838 64 7 31 5 22 5 1839 70 8 39 6 25 11 1840 66 4 36 5 25 8

1841 64 4 32 10 22 5 1842 57 3 27 6 19 3 1843 50 1 29 6 18 4 1844 51 3 33 8 20 7 1845 50 10 31 8 22 6

1846 54 8 32 8 23 8 1847 69 9 44 2 28 8 1848 50 6 31 6 20 6 1849 44 3 27 9 17 6 1850 40 3 23 5 16 5

1851 38 6 24 9 18 7 1852 40 9 28 6 19 1 1853 53 3 33 2 21 0 1854 72 5 36 0 27 11 1855 74 8 34 9 27 5

1856 69 2 41 1 25 2 1857 56 4 42 1 25 0 1858 44 2 34 8 24 6 1859 43 9 33 6 23 2 1860 53 3 36 7 24 5

1861 55 4 36 1 23 9 1862 55 5 35 1 22 7 1863 44 9 33 11 21 2 1864 40 2 29 11 20 1 1865 41 10 29 9 21 10

1866 49 11 37 5 24 7 1867 64 5 40 0 26 0 1868 63 9 43 0 28 1 1869 48 2 39 5 26 0 1870 46 11 34 7 22 10

1871 56 8 36 2 25 2 1872 57 0 37 4 23 2 1873 58 8 40 5 25 5 1874 55 9 44 11 28 10 1875 45 2 38 5 28 8

1876 46 2 35 2 26 3 1877 56 9 39 8 25 11 1878 46 5 40 2 24 4 1879 43 10 34 0 21 9 1880 44 4 33 1 23 1

1881 45 4 31 11 21 9 1882 45 1 31 2 21 10 1883 41 7 31 10 21 5 1884 35 8 30 8 20 3 1885 32 10 30 1 20 7

1886 31 0 26 7 19 0 1887 32 6 25 4 16 3 1888 31 10 27 10 16 9 1889 29 9 25 10 17 9 1890 31 11 28 8 18 7

1891 37 0 28 2 20 0 1892 30 3 26 2 19 10 1893 26 4 25 7 18 9 1894 22 10 24 6 17 1 1895 23 1 21 11 14 6

1896 26 2 22 11 14 9 1897 30 2 23 6 16 11 1898 34 0 27 2 18 5 1899 25 8 25 7 17 0 1900 26 11 24 11 17 7

1901 26 9 25 2 18 5 1902 28 1 25 8 20 2 1903 26 9 22 8 17 2 1904 28 4 22 4 16 4 1905 29 8 24 4 17 4

1906 28 3 24 2 18 4 1907 30 7 25 1 18 10



APPENDIX IV

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

Gregory King, at the end of the seventeenth century, estimated the acreage of England and Wales at 39,000,000—not at all a bad estimate, the area, excluding water, according to the Board of Agriculture Returns of 1907, being 37,130,344. The different estimates by Grew, Templeman, Petty, Young, Halley, Middleton, and others varied between 31,648,000 and 46,916,000 acres. The last, that of Arthur Young, was actually adopted by Pitt for his estimate of the income-tax.[760]

* * * * *

Caird in 1850[761] estimated the cultivated lands of England at 27,000,000 acres (in 1907 they were 24,585,455 acres), cultivated thus:—

Permanent grass 13,333,000 Arable 13,667,000

the latter being divided as follows:—

Acres. Bushels Produce, per acre. quarters.

Wheat 3,416,750 27 11,531,531 Barley 1,416,750 38 6,729,562 Oats and rye 2,000,000 44 11,000,000 Clover and seeds 2,277,750 Beans and peas 1,139,000 30 4,271,250 Turnips, marigolds, & potatoes 2,116,750 Rape and fallow 1,300,000

Davenant, at the end of the seventeenth century, made the following estimate showing the importance of wool in English trade[762]:—

Annual income of England L43,000,000 Yearly rent of land 10,000,000 Value of wool shorn yearly 2,000,000 " woollen manufactures 10,000,000

Thus the rents of land formed nearly one-fourth the total income of the country, and wool paid one-fifth of the rents.[763]

In the eighteenth century a great quantity of wool was smuggled out of England in defiance of the law; in the space of four months in 1754, 4,000 tods was 'run' into Boulogne.[764]

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL WOOL IMPORTED INTO ENGLAND.[765]

lb.

1766 1,926,000 1771 1,829,000 1780 323,000 1790 2,582,000 1800 8,609,000 1810 10,914,000 1820 9,775,000 1830 32,305,000 1840 49,436,000 1850 74,326,000 1855 99,300,000 1857 127,390,000

PRICES OF LABOUR IN SURREY IN 1780.[766]

s. d.

Day labourer, per day, in winter 1 4 " " in summer 1 6 Reaping wheat, per acre 7 0 " " and according to the crop up to 12 0 Mowing barley, per acre 2 6 " oats, " 1s. 6d. to 2 0 " grass " 2 6 Hand-hoeing turnips, per acre, first time 6 0 " " second time 4 0 Thatching hayricks, per square of 100 ft. 1 0 Washing and shearing sheep, per score 3 0 Ploughing light land, per acre 5 0 " stiff " " 7s. to 10 0 Common hurdles, each 5

OCCUPIERS OF LAND.

In 1816 there were said to be 589,374 occupiers of land in Great Britain[767]—

With incomes under L50 114,778 Between L50 and L150 432,534 Over L150 42,062 ———- 589,374 =======

In 1907 there were 510,954 occupiers of one acre and more.

MULHALL'S CALCULATION OF AVERAGE ANNUAL WAGES IN ENGLAND.

Bailiff. Shepherd. Labourer. Woman. Boy.

1800 L20 L16 L12 L8 L6 1850 40 25 20 10 8 1880 52 36 30 15 10

The average annual cost of living of an agricultural family of five was in 1823 L31, in 1883, L37.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT BY A. YOUNG OF PRICES AND WAGES IN ENGLAND FROM 1200 TO 1810 ON THE PRINCIPLE OF REPRESENTING FACTS IN 1810 BY THE NUMBER 20, AND THE FACTS OF THE PRECEDING PERIODS BY THE PROPORTION BORNE BY THEM TO THAT NUMBER.

Labourer's Periods. Wheat. Meat. Wool. Wages. Horses.

1200-99 5-1/2 ... 3-1/2 ... 1300-99 6-1/4 ... 4-3/4 ... 1400-99 3 ... 5-1/2 ... 1500-99 6 ... 5-1/2 ... 1600-99 9-1/4 ... 8 ... 1700-66 7-3/4 7-1/2 12 10 15-3/4 1767-89 11 11-1/2 15-1/3 12-1/2 17-1/4 1790-1803 13 16-1/2 16-1/6 16-3/4 19-1/2 1804-10 20 20 20 20 20

Thus wheat in 1804-10 had risen 233 per cent. since the sixteenth century.

THE LABOURER'S WAGES.

The following table, published by Mr. Barton in 1817,[768] shows the depreciation of the labourer's wages in purchasing power between 1742 and 1808:—

Weekly Price of Wages in Period. pay. wheat. pints of s. d. s. d. bread.

1742-52 6 0 30 0 102 1761-70 7 6 42 6 90 1780-90 8 0 51 2 80 1795-9 9 0 70 8 65 1800-8 11 0 86 8 60

In answer to inquiries sent by the Poor Law Commissioners in 1834 to 900 parishes in England the average weekly wages of labourers were—

in summer, s. d.

in 254 parishes, with beer or cider 10 4-3/4 522 " without beer or cider 10 5-1/2

in winter,

in 200 " with beer or cider 9 2-1/4 544 " without beer or cider 9 11-3/4

The annual average inclusive earnings of the labourer

L s. d.

himself were stated at 27 17 10 and of his wife and children 13 19 10 —————— 41 17 8 ============

It will thus be seen that the wife and children provided a third of the income. The majority of the parishes said the labourer could maintain his family on these wages.

Here is the weekly budget of a labourer with an average family in 1800:—[769]

Cr. s. d.

Wages 15 0 Garden 1 6 Extras 1 0 ——- 17 6 =====

Dr. s. d.

Rent 1 7-1/2 Bread 6 0 Bacon 2 6 Tea and sugar 1 3 Cheese 1 6 Butter 1 6 Fuel 1 3 Candles and soap 0 6 Clothes 1 6 Schooling 0 3 Sundries 0 6 ————- 18 4-1/2 =========

There is no fresh meat, and it is hard to say where any economy could be practised.

CONTRACT PRICES OF BUTCHER'S MEAT PER CWT. AT GREENWICH HOSPITAL, 1730-1842.[770]

L s. d.

1730 1 5 8 1740 1 8 0 1750 1 6 6 1760 1 11 6 1770 1 8 6 1780 1 12 6 1790 1 16 10 1800 4 4 1810 3 12 0 1815 3 8 0 1820 3 10 4 1825 2 19 6 1830 2 3 6 1835 2 0 7 1840 2 14 0 1842 2 12 8

FOOTNOTES:

[760] C. Wren Hoskyns, Pamphlet on Agricultural Statistics, p. 19.

[761] English Agriculture in 1850-1, p. 521. Cf. above, p. 331.

[762] Smith, Memoirs of Wool, i. 157.

[763] In 1908 the rental of agricultural land was 3-1/2 per cent. of the total income of the country. See The Times May 13, 1909.

[764] Ibid. ii. 264.

[765] Cunningham, Industry and Commerce, ii. 693. Cf. above, p. 328.

[766] Trusler, Practical Husbandry, p. 153.

[767] Farmer's Magazine (1817), p. 6. Statistics at this date, however, must be taken with caution. They were usually estimates. Cf. above, p. 334, for holdings in England.

[768] Parliamentary Reports, Commissioners (1881), xvi, 305.

[769] Parliamentary Reports, Commissioners (1881), xvi. 310.

[770] McCulloch, Commercial Dictionary (1852), p. 271.



INDEX

A

Abbot's Ripton, 72.

Aberdeen Angus cattle, 288, 343.

Accounts, keeping, 29, 49.

Accumulation of estates, 123.

Acre, 2; tenantry, 253.

Advantages of large farms, 202.

Affer, the, 35.

Agricultural Holdings Acts, 283, 296, 299-303.

Agricultural revolution, the, of eighteenth century, 162.

Agriculture, state of, 28, 38, 111, 113, 115, 123, 132, 160, 162, 192, 204, 211, 221, 229, 244, 245, 250, 265, 267, 274, 287, 305; seventeenth-century writers on, 127; state of, in eighteenth century, 162, 192, 221, 229; nineteenth, 244, 245, 262-70, 271, 287.

Aitchison, 237.

Akermanni, 13.

Alderney cattle, 233.

Ale, 10.

Allotments, 196, 230, 253, 255n., 315-7.

Allowance system, 237.

Allowances, parish, 238, 241, 257, 284.

Almaine, corn from, 20.

Almonds, 93, 136.

Amalgamation of farms, 29, 46, 47, 95, 119, 120, 162, 202, 258, 317.

America, gold discoveries in, 287; imports from, 262, 293, 323-4.

Ancaster, Earl of, estate of, 321.

Andover, 39.

Anti-Corn Law League, 280.

Apples, 15, 65, 93, 129, 130, 131, 135-6, 143, 171, 186-9, 329, 332. (See Prices.)

Apprentices, 108.

Apricots, 93, 136.

Arable district of England (1893), 306n.

Arable fields, 1, 2, 4, 16, 73.

Arable land, 56, 99, 100, 195; amount of, in 1688, 155; decrease of, 59; extent of, in Domesday, 19; in 1770, 199; in 1850, 353; in 1877 and 1907, 332; preponderance of, 25, 30; produce of, in 1688, 155; suffers more than grass, 248, 266, 281, 285, 286, 306; value of, 19, 40, 58, 115-7, 139.

Arch, Joseph, 290-2.

Ardley, Inquisition of, 9.

Argentina, imports from, 324.

Arley, Upper, wine made at, 145.

Artificial grasses, see Clover, improve commons, 166.

Ash timber, value of, 137.

Assize of beer, 13, 14n.

Association, British, 336.

Average crops of corn (1770), 197. (See under Wheat, Oats, Barley, &c.)

Average size of farms in 1768, 202.

Averagium, 10.

Australia, gold discoveries in, 287; imports from, 324; sheep introduced into, 328; wool from, 328.

Axholme, 123, 260, 311, 318.

Ayrshires, 339, 343.

B

Bacon, Lord, 322,

Bacon, 'the necessary meate' of the labourer, 102, 140; price of, see Prices.

Badger, a corn dealer, 134.

Bailiff, 12, 29, 49, 51, 61, 71, 103, 109, 110, 137, 139, 355.

Bakewell, 146, 163-7, 214-7, 226, 233, 343, 344.

Balance sheet, estate, 307; farm, in 1805, 247; in 1888, 309.

Balks, 3.

Ball, John, 60.

Banbury cheese, 173.

Bank Restriction Act, 239, 240, 263.

Barking Nunnery, vineyard at, 144.

Barley, 20, 33, 36, 65, 91, 124, 135, 142, 155, 182, 227, 331-2, 353; cost of, per acre, 198; produce, per acre, 165n., 197-8; profit on, 179, 180. (See Prices.)

Barns, size of, 51.

Barren years at end of seventeenth century, 115, 157.

Basic slag, 304.

Bassingthorpe, 103.

Bates, Thomas, 274, 338.

Bath, wine made at, 145.

Beale, John, 128, 130.

Beans, 17, 33, 49, 124, 155, 187, 201, 262, 331-2, 353; cost of growing, 199; profit on, 180. (See Prices.)

Bedford, Duke of, 225, 318, 321.

Bedfordshire, 3, 18, 79, 120, 123, 238, 306.

Beef, price of, see Prices.

Beer, 36, 329.

Belgium, live stock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Belvoir estate, 115, 286.

Berkeley estates, 3, 27n., 35n., 48, 56, 64, 74, 75.

Berkshire, 104, 175, 237, 284, 286, 306n.

Berkshire Knotts, 345; pigs, 346.

Berlin decrees, 242.

Best, Henry, accounts of, 138-40.

Bideford, 262.

Biggleswade, 318.

Birds eating fruit, 129.

Black Death, 27, 41-3, 59, 75.

Black Year, the, 294.

Blight, Hop, 150.

Blyth, 113, 127, 137, 152.

Board of Agriculture, 192, 193, 214, 229-33, 255; (Government), 290.

Bones for manure, 154-5, 273, 275-6, 299.

Booth, Thomas, 337-8.

Bordarii, 8, 11.

Boston, 308, 318, 327.

Boys' wages, 206.

Bradley, 152, 167, 168-9, 170, 171, 181, 336.

Brampton, 235.

Bread, different kinds of, 54, 102, 206-7, 230; rye, 101, 134, 206; wheaten, a luxury, 101; common, 207, 240; made of turnips, 157; price of (see Prices).

Breeding of stock, 37, 146, 167, 215-7, 256, 273.

Brentford, 157.

Bridport, 262.

Bright, John, 280.

Buckinghamshire, 78, 146, 172, 291, 306n.

Buckwheat, 332.

Budget, labourer's weekly, 206, 208, 356.

Buildings, farm, and repairs, 51, 272, 279, 282, 299, 302, 307, 310.

Bull, description of a (1726), 167.

Burford, riot at, 185.

Buri, 8, 11.

Bury St. Edmunds, 110, 147.

Butter, 33, 63n., 66, 114, 138, 140, 161, 174, 205, 206n., 241, 247 (see Prices), 304, 305, 313, 325; exports of, 326-7.

By-industries of peasant, 110, 239, 250, 257, 260, 269, 317.

C

Cabbages, 112, 143, 187, 191, 194, 200, 201, 331.

Cadaveratores, 13.

Caird, Sir James, 279, 281, 285, 287, 310, 314, 319n.

Cake, 296, 300, 305, 314.

Calstock, 318.

Calves, killing of, forbidden, 86; rearing, 125.

Cambridgeshire, 79, 151, 167, 222, 262, 306n., 318.

Camden, 173, 335.

Canada, imports from, 323-4.

Canterbury, hops from, 171.

Capital of farmers, 197, 203-4.

Carrington, Lord, 231.

Carrots, 112, 128, 143, 167, 191, 194, 331. 332.

Carter, wages of, 110.

Cart-horses, price of, 35, 114.

Carts, 153.

Cattle, Chillingham, 336; diseases, 85; export of, 326, 330; improvement in, 336, 337, 338 (see Cattle, size of); number of, in 1867 and 1878, 288; in 1907, 333-4; original breed of, 336; price of, see Prices; size of, 37, 104, 146, 169, 288, 336, 342; separation of, for summer pasture, 124; sorts of (1726), 167 (see under Various breeds); about 1800, 235; in 1839, 274; in 1892, 274, 336; time to buy, 125. (See Bakewell, Collings, Exports, and Imports.)

Cattle plagues, of eighteenth century, 172, 185-6, 290; of nineteenth century, 289-90, 294.

Cauliflowers, 143.

Causes of high prices at end of eighteenth century, 240.

Celery, 318.

Chamberlayne, 259.

Cheddar cheese, 173.

Cheese, 33, 63n., 66, 161, 173, 174, 200, 206n., 276, 305, 313, 325. (See Prices, Exports, and Imports.)

Chelmsford, 110, 171, 307.

Chemistry, agricultural, 232, 243, 275.

Cherries, 15, 129, 130, 131, 136, 143, 171, 329, 332.

Cheshire, 3, 110, 167, 173, 224, 276, 295, 306.

Chestnuts, 136.

Cheviots, 344, 346,

Child, Josiah, 117.

Christ Church, Canterbury, 42.

Cider, 37, 130, 131, 135-6, 149, 187-9, 207, 269.

Cistercians, good farmers, 29, 327.

Civil War, checks improvement, 113; family settlements after, 123.

Claret made in Oxfordshire, 145.

Clarke, 236.

Close parishes, 158, 284.

Cloth made in England, 69, 70.

Clothes, part of wages, 28, 109; of labourer, 54, 71, 109, 185, 206-8, 211, 311; of farmer, 105, 213.

Clover, cost of growing, 198; extent of, 331, 333, 353; introduced, 111, 112; spread of, 115, 141-2, 164, 166, 178, 179, 191, 194; seed, price of, 223; sown with corn, 166.

Clun Forest sheep, 344, 346.

Clydesdale horse, 335.

Cobbett, 107, 226, 265, 268.

Cobden, Richard, 279n., 280, 285n.

Coinage, depreciation of, 44, 59, 89.

Coke of Holkham, 163, 182, 224-8, 275, 341.

'Coke's Clippings', 227.

Coleseed, 115.

Coliberti, 8.

Collings, the, 146, 163, 167, 233-5, 337.

Combe, 53.

'Comet,' 234, 235.

Commissions, Royal, on Agriculture, &c., 260, 266, 289, 294-6, 300, 303, 304, 305, 311-14, 316, 318, 320, 329.

Committees, Parliamentary, 256, 258, 263n., 266, 267.

Common, John, 303.

Common fields, 22, 26, 78, 112, 113, 118-9, 120, 194, 253, 258.

Common land, 3, 145, 148; evils of, 148, 194, 256, 257; improvement of, 166.

Common pasture, see Pasture and Meadows.

Commons, advantages of, 165; extent of, in 1795, 231; rights of, lost, 253.

Communities and corporations contrasted, 2.

Commutation of labour services for money, 27, 45.

Compensation for improvements, 296, 299-302.

Competition, foreign, 296, 297, 312, 315, 319, 323-30.

Consolidation of farms, see Amalgamation.

Contractors for labour, 209.

Co-operation in agriculture, 1.

Copyholders, 59, 121-2.

Corn laws, 63, 64, 69, 70, 159, 160, 242, 248, 250, 265-6, 277-80.

Cornwall, 136, 186, 295, 309, 318.

Cost of living (1773-1800), 241.

Cotarii, 8, 11, 25.

Cotswold sheep, 233, 275, 343, 344; wool, famous, 172.

Cottages, 52, 117, 121n., 139, 158, 159, 206, 209, 250, 254, 255, 267-8, 285, 297, 304, 311n., 315-6.

Court Rolls, of Manydown, 13.

Cowper, John, 165.

Cows, decrease in number of, 96; increase, 325; let out by the year, 34, 57, 65; yield of, 33, 64. (See Prices of Cattle.)

Craik improves drill, 202.

Craven, migration from, 44.

Crimean War, effect of, 277n., 287.

Crondall, 28.

Crows' and magpies' nests to be destroyed, 100.

Culley, George, 217, 234, 337, 344.

Cultivated land, amount of, in 1685, 120; in 1867, 288.

Cultivation, Walter of Henley on, 32; of England, in 1688, 155; the old and new ways of, 177, 180, 194, 200-2.

Cultivation, clauses, 57, 178, 218, 296, 302, 322.

Cumberland, 238, 295, 309, 311, 346.

Currants, 331.

Custom of the country, 299, 300n., 302 (see Tenant right).

Cuxham, manor of, 24.

Cylindrical drain pipes, 272.

D

Dairy, the, and dairying, 33, 59, 168, 170, 173, 199-200, 297, 307, 306, 313, 319, 325, 340-1. (See Butter, Cheese, and Milk.)

Damsons, 15, 136.

Danegeld, 6.

Dartmoor sheep, 344, 346.

Davenant, 115, 117, 120, 260, 354.

Daventry, common fields at, 115, 117, 120, 260, 354.

Davy, Sir H., 232, 276; T.T., 342.

Dealers, legislation against, 86, 93, 134; complaints against, 237.

Defoe, Daniel, 166, 168, 169, 171, 174, 220, 259.

Degge, Simon, 122.

Demesne, 7, 15, 30, 45, 56, 58, 65, 74, 97, 99.

Denmark, imports from, 241, 262, 323-4; livestock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Depression, agricultural, 163, 183, 184, 223, 228, 242, 248, 262-70, 281, 292, 293-6, 305-14.

Derby, Lord, estate of, 320n.

Derbyshire, 44, 167, 309, 343.

Devon cattle, 168, 217, 225, 233, 274, 288, 336, 339, 340-3. (See Southams.)

Devon sheep, 343, 344.

Devonshire, 37, 73, 107, 113, 128, 132, 136, 186, 187, 244, 245, 269, 272, 295, 306, 309, 338.

Devonshiring, 141.

D'Ewes, Sir S., quoted, 117, 133.

Dexters, 343.

Dibbling wheat, 135.

Digging for wheat, 135.

Diseases of Animals Act (1890), 290.

Dishley, 214-6.

Distress, law of, 296, 301; periods of, 42, 68 (see Depression, agricultural), 237, 242.

Divining rod, 232.

Domesday, 5, 14, 16, 19, 60, 79, 144.

Doncaster, roads near, 221.

Dorking, manor of, 65.

Dorset, 3, 263, 285, 291, 312, 318; sheep, 344, 346.

Dovecotes, see Pigeons.

Drainage, 16, 32, 113, 128, 129, 137, 154, 163, 201, 202, 213-4, 219, 230, 271, 273, 279, 282, 288, 299, 300, 305, 307, 310.

Drills, 113, 152, 175-7, 180, 183, 200-2, 226, 227, 271, 274.

Drinking habits, 207-8, 269.

Drying hops, 151.

Duchesses, the, 234, 274, 338.

Duckham, Mr., 339.

Ducks, 170 (see Poultry).

Dugdale, 77.

Du-Hamel, 202.

Durham, 119, 337.

Durham ox, 234, 235.

Dutch breed of cattle, see Shorthorns.

E

Eakring, common meadows at, 22.

Eardisley, 5.

East Indies, wool from, 328.

Eden, account of potatoes, 106, 207, 238, 256.

Education Acts, 292, 297.

Egypt, imports from, 323.

Eighteenth century, general characteristics of, 162.

Electricity applied to vegetables, 236.

Elevator, hay and straw, 304.

Elkington of Princethorpe, 213-4, 230, 271.

Ellis, Chiltern and Vale Farming, 180.

Ellman, John, 217, 345.

Enclosers prosecuted in Star Chamber, 120.

Enclosure, 74-82, 85, 92, 96, 97, 119, 173, 182, 194, 228, 252-261; agreement as to, 98; acts of, 119, 163, 196, 231, 233, 252, 253, 258; amount of, exaggerated, 121; different kinds of, 73, 119, 165, 196; eighteenth century, 163, 165, 173, 182, 183, 194, 196, 253; evils of, 194, 195, 252-3, 254-61, 316; expense of, 196, 252; non-parliamentary,165, 253; a deed of, 75; a sign of progress, 76, 114, 139, 145-8, 253; legislation against, 79, 80, 120; checked, 120.

England, appearance of, in fifteenth century, 78; in the seventeenth, 120-1.

English invaders, 1.

Entails, barred, 122.

Essex, 62, 78, 106, 128, 173, 190, 225, 286, 295, 306, 309, 319.

Estates, great, accumulation of, 123; advantages of, 322; often a loss, 321.

Evelyn, John, 127, 149.

Evesham, Vale of, 318.

Ewes, milking of, 33, 64, 200.

Exhibition, Great, 287, 304.

Exmoor sheep, 344, 346.

Exporting country, England ceases to be an, 161, 163.

Exports of butter and cheese, 326-7.

Exports of corn, 63n., 64, 70, 159-161, 183, 185, 242, 267, 348-9; reaches its maximum, 186; of livestock, 325-6; of wool, 39, 69, 172, 327.

Extensive cultivation, 2.

Extent of the Manor, 10.

Eyton, Mr., 339.

F

Faggots, price of, 114.

Fairs for hops, 171; horses, 105; sheep, 172n.; wool, 172n.

Fallows, utilized, 112, 177, 181, 191, 195; in 1877, 1907, 331; in 1850, 353.

Families employed on common and on enclosed land, 195.

Farm or feorm, 5.

Farmer, day's work of, in seventeenth century, 134; discontent of, 127-8, 184; financial position of, 101, 103, 156, 162, 184, 195, 204, 212-3, 243, 247, 257-8, 264-5, 293, 307, 308, 310, 320; growing more skilful, 101, 132.

Farmer's Letters, Young's, 192.

Farmhouses, 51, 101, 116, 119, 213, 226.

Farming, bad, 273, 281; improvement in, 28, 111, 113, 115, 132, 160, 162, 192, 204, 211, 221, 229, 244, 265, 267, 271, 274, 275, 281, 288.

Farming calendar, 17, 124.

Farms, in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 116-7; size of (1768), 202.

Farnham, hops, 171.

Fashion, farming becomes the, 192, 193.

Fattening oxen, 31, 58, 125, 136-7, 166, 214, 216, 225n., 235, 288; sheep, 112, 166, 225n.; chickens, 170.

'Favourite', 234.

Feeding pigs, 16, 125.

Fences, legislation as to, 4.

Fens, the, 78, 123, 170, 318.

Feversham, fruit growing near, 128, 171.

Fifteenth century, character of, 68.

Figs, 15, 93, 136.

Filberts, 93, 136.

Fitzherbert, 31, 61, 76, 77, 83-5, 111, 132, 135.

Fixtures, 301.

Flanders, cattle, 338; clover from, 111, 166; hops from, 86, 150; wool exported to, 39, 327; sheep exported to, 326.

Flax, 17, 105, 135, 141, 151-2, 191, 251, 331, 332.

Fleece, weight of, 37, 41, 104, 200, 215.

Fleta, quoted, 12, 13.

Floor, for hop-picking, 91, 151.

Flour, exports and imports of, 348-9.

Fluctuations in price of corn, 35, 66, 89, 133, 142, 157, 186, 221, 223, 277.

Fold soke, 9.

Folding quality, of sheep, 253.

Food, labourer's, 9, 25, 34, 37, 53, 54, 61, 62, 102, 110, 134, 139-40, 164, 200-8, 211, 240n., 268, 290-1, 297, 308, 311; farmer's, 101, 128, 213, 240n., 246, 308.

Foot-and-mouth disease, see Cattle Plagues.

Foot-rot, 294.

Foreman, requirements of, 139.

Forncett, manor of, 25, 45, 46.

Fountains Abbey, 81.

Four-course rotation, 183.

Four-field system, 99.

Fourteenth century, characteristics of, 38.

Fowler, John, 304.

Fox, the, 140, 244.

France, exports to, 349; imports from, 243, 323; livestock in, 334; small holders of, 202-3; wheat crops in, 332.

Freeholders, see also Yeoman, 119, 121-2.

Freemen, 7.

Free tenants, 24, 29, 45.

Free trade, 161, 277-81, 323; effect of, 281, 284, 288, 293, 296.

French War, great, see Wars.

Fruit, 15, 93, 128, 143; imports of 305.

Fruit-growing in seventeenth century, 129-131, 132, 136; in eighteenth century, 171, 186-9; in nineteenth century, 319, 329, 330.

Furlongs, 3, 118.

Furniture of manor house, 52; labourer's home, 52.

G

Gafol, 9, 10.

Galloway cattle, 169, 343.

Game, damage by, 302.

Game law, the first, 55.

Gang system, 292.

Geese, 34, 170. (See Poultry.)

Gentry, at the Revolution, 156; estates of under Walpole, 183; status of 50, 97; supplanted, 122, 128, 137, 140, 156, 184, 211, 312, 310. (See Landlords and Squire).

Gerard, 106, 111.

'Gerefa, the', 15.

Germany, exports to, 63; imports from, 20, 66, 69, 241, 243, 262, 323-4, 328; livestock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Gilbert, 275.

Gilbert's Act, 237.

Gilbey, Sir W.,335.

Glamorganshire, vineyards in, 145.

Glastonbury Abbey, 13.

Gleaning, 133.

Gloucestershire, 19, 78, 128, 136, 143, 144, 173, 207, 295, 344.

Gloves, gifts of, 62.

Gold premium, 305.

Googe, Barnaby, 144, 173.

Gooseberries, 331.

Grafting in seventeenth century, 130.

Grain crops, chief source of lord's income, 25.

Grapes, 136, 329 (see Vineyards).

Grass, acreage under, in 1877 and 1907, 331-2; in 1850, 353; arable land laid down to, 56, 58, 75, 79, 91, 93-4, 117-9, 120, 196, 219, 231, 305; converting, to tillage, 231, 263; more profitable than arable, 199; seeds, 165, 191, 194, 226-7.

Grass land, price of, see Pasture and meadow, price of; ploughed up, 186, 218, 245.

Grass section of England in 1893, 306n.

Grasshoppers, plague of, 185.

Graziers, profits of, 184,

Greycoats of Kent, 259.

Ground Game Act, 303.

Guano, 232, 276.

Guernsey cattle, 342, 343.

Gun, the, in seventeenth century, 140.

H

Haggard, Rider, Mr., 314-5.

Hallam, 210.

Hambleton, Sir A. Barker of, 142.

Hamlets, 5.

Hampshire, 28, 36, 79, 116, 132, 145, 165n., 240, 253, 266, 268, 306n., 309, 314; sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345.

Handborough, 53.

Harrison, 'Description of England,' 19, 28, 50, 56, 86, 91, 95, 101, 104, 149.

Harrow, the, and harrowing, 17, 65, 84, 125, 135, 141, 153-4, 166, 176, 176, 179, 194, 201, 203, 246.

Hartlib, Simon, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 142-3.

Harvest, importance of, 9, 108.

Harvest homes, 104, 269.

Harvest work, 25, 62, 125, 138, 209.

Hatfield Chase, 78.

Hawsted, 20, 30, 35, 54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 67, 112, 115, 116, 178, 179, 205, 207.

Hay, 112; price of, see Prices; carrying off, 178, 219, 302; imports of, 262.

Hay tedder, 304.

Haymaking, 4, 44, 124, 125, 138, 142.

Headlands, 3.

'Heaths', Shropshire, 220.

Hedges, 124, 148, 150, 163, 178, 282.

Hemp, 100, 105, 135, 151.

Henley, Walter of, 19n., 31, 36, 83.

Henry of Huntingdon, 327.

Hens, number of eggs from, 35.

Herdwick sheep, 344, 346.

Hereford cattle, 233, 235, 274, 288, 336, 338-40, 342.

Herefordshire, 5, 40, 128, 130, 132, 136, 143, 171, 186-7, 188, 240, 247, 249, 250, 267, 291, 306, 309, 316.

Hertfordshire, 150, 174, 179, 225, 238, 306n.

Hentzner's description of English fanning, 104.

Hide, 16.

Highland, West, cattle, 217, 343.

Hoeing, 153, 166, 188, 201-2, 354; horse, 198, 201.

Holder, the small, 73, 76, 119, 121-2, 164, 191, 195, 202, 205, 220, 253-61, 268, 308, 310, 311, 316-9; decrease of, causes of, 122, 259; new class of, 260.

Holderness cattle, 337.

Holdings, various sizes of, 334.

Holland, Shorthorns from, 337; live stock in, 334; wheat crops in, 332n.

Honey, 10, 144.

Hops, 28, 86-7, 89-91, 111, 125, 128, 143, 149, 150, 171, 297-9, 329-30, 331; acreage of, in 1729, 171, 297-8, 329; average crop, 333; duty on, 297-8; imports of, 329-30; profit on, 90, 150, 171, 298-9, 330; substitutes, 298, 329.

Horse fairs, 105.

Horse shoes, 36.

Horses, deterioration of; 85, 146; export of, 325-6; kinds of, 274, 335; number of, 333; size of, 104, 105, 217; tax on, 249; working powers of, 31, 153, 204. (See Prices.)

Houghton, account of potatoes, 106, 127, 165.

Houses, wooden, 50 (see Farmhouses); of the squire and yeoman, 103, 212.

Housing cattle and horses, 126.

Howberry, 175-6.

'Hubback', 234.

Hundred Rolls, 28, 76, 327.

Hunting, 140, 210.

Huntingdonshire, 3, 25n., 72, 120, 123, 222, 306n., 309.

Hurdles, 354.

Husbandry, old and new, see Cultivation.

I

Implements, cost of, rises, 242; in seventeenth century, 135, 152-3, 154; in eighteenth century, 188, 194, 203, 229, 236; in nineteenth century, 271, 273-5, 276, 287n., 303-4, 316; improvement in, 113; list of, in eleventh century, 17-52; prices of, 83, 138.

Importing country, England becomes an, 163.

Imports cause low prices, 295.

Imports of clover seed, 166; of corn, 20, 63n., 66, 69, 70, 159-61, 183, 184, 223, 224, 230, 240, 241-4, 247, 248, 249, 262, 266, 267, 277-80, 287, 293, 305, 323-4, 330, 348-9; of dairy produce, 325; of fruit, 188, 329; of hops, 150; of linen, 105; of livestock, 161, 280-1, 305, 324-6, 337; of meat, 161, 305, 325, 330; of wool, 39, 161, 305, 328, 354.

Improvements, amount expended in, 320-1; needed in eighteenth century, 191; in farming in eighteenth century, 192 (see Agriculture, state of), 193, 204 (see Farming).

Inbreeding, Bakewell and, 214; the Collings and, 234-5.

Income and expenditure of landed classes (1688), 156.

Incubators, early, 132.

India, imports from, 324; wool from, 328.

Ine, laws of, as to fencing, 5.

Inherent capabilities of the soil, 301.

Inns, markets for produce, 323.

Inoculation of fruit trees, 131.

Intensive cultivation, 2.

Irish imports, 161, 262, 324-5, 328; labourers, 209, 306.

Irrigation, 113, 132, 217.

Isle of Wight, 172n.

Italy, exports to, 349; wool exported to, 39, 327.

J

Jamaica, wool from, 328.

Jersey cattle, 275, 339, (See Alderney.)

Jus faldae, 64.

Justices regulate wages, 107.

K

Kent, 40, 128, 143-7, 157, 171, 173, 186, 259, 265, 283, 295, 306n., 309.

Kentish cattle, 168; sheep, 343, 344.

Kerry cattle, 343.

Kett, rising of, 96.

Ketton, 233, 235.

Kilns, hop, 151.

King's, Gregory, statistics, 120, 140, 141, 155, 258-9, 260, 353.

Kingston, Lord, estate rents of, 116.

Knights Hospitallers' estates, 40.

L

Labour, cost of, per acre, 313; services, 6, 12, 25, 27, 42, 45, 56, 61.

Labourer, character of, in eighteenth century, 175, 184, 201, 204, 205, 210; condition of, at end of eighteenth century, 237-9; condition of, in nineteenth century, 257, 266-8, 269, 270, 279, 283-4, 285, 290-2, 297, 311-2, 313-4, 315, 320, 355; decrease of, 305, 311n., 315; life of, in Middle Ages,53, 54, 67, 71, 103; made a land-less man by enclosure, 196, 257; number of (1688), 156; savings of, 102-3, 156; sports of, 55; the home of the, 52, 158; wages of, see Wages.

Lambs, to fall March 25, 126.

Lammas, 4, 112, 137.

Lancashire, 44, 78, 106, 110, 147, 163, 167, 207, 216, 219, 282, 283, 284, 309, 312, 316, 320, 343, 346.

Land, value of, 19, 36, 40, 66, 117, 133, 149, 183, 243, 286-7, 293, 304, 310, 328, 348.

Landlords, absentee, 184, 191; of the fourteenth century, 48; new class of, 59; houses of the 103 (see Cottages); improve estates, 132, 162, 224, 232, 255, 268, 320; protectionists, 160-1; ignorant of estate management, 175, 193, 249, 281; in nineteenth century, 265, 281, 304, 307, 309, 320-2; position, weakened, 309; relations of, and tenant, 218, 226, 282-3, 299, 301, 322; suffered most from present depression, 320; reserve sporting rights, 115; take to farming, 182.

Landlordship, 6.

Lawes, Sir John, 275, 276, 314, 319.

Lawrence, John, 152, 165, 166, 167, 173, 337.

Laxton, Notts, 22.

Leases,45, 56, 57, 65, 81, 97, 113, 115-6, 121-2, 178, 218, 219, 263n., 272, 282, 283.

Leicester sheep, 215-6, 235, 274, 275, 343, 344.

Leicestershire, 8, 78, 79, 120, 151, 172, 174, 214-6, 268, 306n., 309, 343.

'Lemmons', 93.

Leominster, manor of, 18; wool, 40, 171, 172n.

Liberi homines, 7.

Liebig, 275, 276.

Lime, 112, 141, 177, 187, 197.

Limestone sheep, 344, 346.

Liming the land, 77, 113, 218, 219, 246, 300.

Lincoln red cattle, 343; sheep, 215, 235, 275, 288, 343, 344, 346.

Lincolnshire, 3, 8, 40, 99, 100, 103, 123, 151, 168, 172, 250, 252, 255, 283, 306n., 307, 318, 321.

Liquorice, 143, 191.

Liverpool, apples at, 188; wheat at, 185.

Liverpool, Lord, 232, 264.

Live stock, depreciation of, 306, 330; exports of, 325-6, 330; number of (1877 and 1907), 333-4; in England (1688), 155, 164; duty on, repealed, 280.

Locusts in England, 185.

London, affects wages, 205; attracts country folk, 209, 210; potato grown near, 106; carrots grown near, 167, 168; roads near, 222; sheep and cattle driven to, 221.

Longhorn cattle, 167, 216-7, 233, 234, 274, 275n., 336, 343.

Longmynd, 345.

Lonk sheep, 344, 346.

Lord of the manor, 6, 14, 19, 25, 42, 121, 127, 255; small holder suffers at his hand, 121.

'Lord Wilton', 340.

Lucerne, 143, 167n., 191, 201.

Luffenham, South, 22; North, 103.

Luxury, spread of, an, 243, 264.

Lyttelton, Sir H., 145; Lord, 183.

M

Macadam, 220, 223, 230.

Machinery, use of, 271.

Madder, 17, 143, 191, 194.

Maidstone hops, 171.

Maize, imports of, 262, 296, 313.

Mangolds, 237, 331-2, 333, 353.

Manor, regulations of the, 13, 99.

Manor, the typical, 14.

Manorial balance sheets, 26, 65.

Manorial system, 6, 7, 18, 24, 45, 76, 97.

Manors, 6, 7, 14, 18, 25, 42, 45, 65, 97, 99, 118.

Mansion house, 14, 50.

Manufactures, influence of, on wages, 284, 297, 315.

Manures, 113, 119, 136, 144, 150-4, 177, 178, 179, 187, 191, 197, 201, 219, 221, 254, 275-6, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 314.

Manydown, Hants, 13.

Market gardening, 306, 308, 319.

Markham, Gervase, 127, 134-7, 146, 151, 171.

Marling, 77, 113, 183, 191, 197, 202, 219, 300.

Marshall, William, 188, 204, 207, 213, 222, 298, 314, 336, 338, 340.

Maryland, wool from, 328.

Mattocks for breaking clods, 129.

McCormick, 303.

McCulloch, 281, 324, 349.

Meadowland, 2, 19, 22, 40, 58, 155.

Meadows, 16, 30, 73, 99, 100, 118, 124, 148, 253, 258; value of, 40, 58, 115-6, 139, 231.

Meat, imports of, 161, 305, 325.

Medlars, 136.

Meikle, 230, 236.

Menzies, 236.

Merino sheep, 233, 328n.

Messor, the, 13.

Middlesex, 41, 145, 306n.

Midland counties, enclosure in, 120; sheep in, 216, 218.

Migration of labourers, 44, 158n., 209, 238.

Milk, 63n., 168 (see Dairy), 170, 205, 275, 297, 330.

Mill, suit of, 9.

Mills, excessive number of, 114.

Minimum wage proposed, 241.

Minister of Agriculture, 305.

Mixtil, or mastlin, or mesling, 9, 102, 125, 138, 207n.

Moles, 114, 124.

Molton Market, 341.

Monasteries, 68, 81.

Money payments, 24, 27, 45, 56.

Mortimer abuses the law, 74.

Moryson, 102, 105, 122.

Mountain sheep, 344, 346.

Mowing corn, Fitzherbert's advice, 84, 125, 135, 138, 199, 354; machines for, 303-4.

Mowing grass, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 71, 109, 138, 142, 348, 354; Fitzherbert's advice, 84.

Mulberries, 15, 146.

Murrain, 13, 42n., 68.

Mutton, price of, see Prices.

N

New world, influx of precious metals from, 89, 111.

New Zealand, wool from, 328.

Newark, 157.

Nitrate of soda, 276.

Non-intercourse Act of United States, 242.

Norden, Sir John, 127-8, 220.

Norfolk, 8, 40, 45, 63n., 94, 96, 97, 167n., 169, 170, 182, 217, 224-8, 306n., 308, 340.

Norfolk, or four-course rotation, 183.

Normandy, 338.

North, difference of wages between, and South, 283-5; superior thrift in, 207-8.

Northamptonshire, 8, 78, 79, 120, 151, 157, 172, 222, 306n.

Northleach, rates at, 295.

Northumberland, 193n., 256, 295, 303, 309, 346.

Norwich, 169, 182.

Nottinghamshire, 8, 22, 78, 116, 144, 172, 237, 276, 283, 306n., 308, 309.

Nowton, Suffolk, 57.

Nucleated villages, 5.

Nuts, 136.

O

Oak timber, value of, 137; Coke's, 225-6.

Oakham, 110.

Oats, 20, 33, 65, 91, 124, 135-8, 142, 155, 227, 305, 331-2, 353; cost of growing, in 1770, 199; produce, per acre, in 1712, 105n.; in 1770, 197-9; profit on, 180. (See Prices.)

Occupiers of land, 355.

'Old Comely', 216.

Olives, 93, 136.

Onions, 143, 332.

Open parishes, 158, 284.

Oranges, 93.

Orchards, 17, 128, 131, 143, 186, 188, 255, 332; seventeenth century, 135-6.

Owners and occupiers, percentage of, 334.

Owners of Land, return, 260-1.

Owners, small, see Holders, small.

Ox teams, 16, 31, 64, 84, 143, 147, 153, 191, 204, 340.

Oxen, description of, in 1592, 104; value of, 19, 20, 35, 57, 66, 114. (See Cattle, price of.)

Oxford, 63, 273, 338.

Oxford Down sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345.

Oxfordshire, 24, 40, 78, 99, 145, 151.

P

Pack-horses, use of, 138.

Packing fruit in seventeenth century, 129, 130.

Paring and burning, 141, 153.

Parsnips, 143.

Pasture, breaking up, 218.

Pasture, common, 2, 4, 16, 19, 73, 99, 113, 195; often worth little, 256; permanent, in Holdings Act, 299; extent of, in 1688, 155; in 1770, 196; ploughed up during French War, 243; sparing, 124.

Pasture land, price of, 41, 59, 115-7, 139.

Patents, 113, 236.

Peaches, 15, 93, 136.

Pears, 15, 93, 130, 131, 136, 143, 329, 333.

Peas, 33, 69, 124, 155, 200, 227, 331-2, 353.

Peasants' revolt, 60.

Peel's drainage loans, 272.

Penalty for breaking up pasture, 178.

Perry, 130.

Pestilences, 38, 42, 68, 79.

Piecework, 28, 163, 206.

Pigeons, number of, 49, 96, 105, 143, 244, 274, 275.

Pigs, export of, 330; feeding, 16, 125; foot-and-mouth disease attacks, 290; import of, 326; number of, 333-4; profit on, in 1763, 200; size of, in 1592, 104; value of, 20, 35n., 96, 200-3; varieties of, 170, 346. (See Prices.)

Pinchbeck, 103.

Pitt, William, 238, 239.

Plat, Sir Hugh, 127, 152.

Plattes, Gabriel, 76, 127.

Pleuro-pneumonia, see Cattle plagues.

Plot, 145.

Plough, eleventh- and twelfth-century, 17.

Ploughing, cost of, 33, 65, 135, 141, 177, 179, 246; months for, 17, 124.

Ploughland, the, 16, 18.

Ploughs and ploughing, 65, 83, 113, 125, 129, 135, 143, 150, 153, 177, 191, 203, 217, 218, 225, 273, 342, 354.

Plums, 15, 93, 130, 131, 136, 329, 332.

Poaching, 48; by labourers, 55, 210, 248, 282, 291.

Population of England, 79, 89, 111, 120, 140, 156, 160, 163, 211, 240, 287.

Pork, price of, see Prices.

Porter, 'Progress of Nation,' 276, 279, 286, 287.

Portugal, exports to, 349.

Potatoes, 106, 107, 112, 187, 191, 194, 227, 318, 331-3, 353; disease, 277.

Poultry, 41n., 66, 80, 132, 169, 170 (see Prices); carrying, to London,171.

Praepositus, 12.

Precarii, or boon days, 9.

Precious metals, influx of, 89, 111; scarcity of, 66n.

Prices: Apples, 15, 65, 188, 189. Bacon and pork, 96, 102, 238, 239, 263, 313, 334. Barley, 20, 35, 69, 114, 133, 138, 142, 155, 179, 223, 247, 312, 347, 350-3. Beans, 35, 155, 180, 347. Beef, 96, 102, 114, 164, 206n., 239, 240, 241, 242, 247, 262, 263, 265. Bread, 206n., 207n., 223, 230, 242n., 280, 285, 286, 291. Butter, 33, 66, 114, 206n., 241, 247, 285-6, 312, 334, 347. Carts, 203. Cattle, 19, 20, 35, 41, 65, 89, 105, 114, 119, 133, 146, 163, 165n., 167, 169, 203, 235, 263, 307, 312, 347. Cheese, 173-4, 206n., 241, 242, 312, 334, 347. Clover, 166. Eighteenth century, 145, 160, 163, 164, 165n., 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173-4, 179, 180, 186, 188, 189, 200, 203, 206n., 222, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 285, 341, 355. Fifteenth century, 40, 66, 69, 355. Fourteenth century, 39, 40, 41, 59, 65, 327, 355. Flax,152. Grapes, 144. Harness, 203. Hay, 157, 165n., 166, 241-2, 262, 347. Hops, 87, 89, 150, 247, 298, 330, 347. Horses, 19, 20, 35, 36, 114, 142, 165n., 203, 347, 355. Horse-shoes,96. Implements, 83, 138. Malt, 89, 240, 241. Milk, 168, 170, 312. Mutton, 96, 10-2, 206n., 239, 240, 241, 247, 262, 263, 265, 313, 334. Nineteenth century, 227, 235, 240, 242-4, 245, 247-8, 262, 263, 264-6, 267, 277-81, 285, 287, 293, 295, 296, 305, 306, 307, 312, 324, 329, 330, 334. Oats, 20, 35, 69, 114, 138, 155, 180, 223, 241, 312, 347, 350-3. Peas, 69, 155, 200, 247. Pedigree cattle, 234, 235. Pigs, 20, 41, 96, 200, 203, 347. Potatoes, 106. Poultry and eggs, 41, 96, 114, 133, 170, 247, 347. Rabbits,174. Rams, 202, 215, 235. Rollers, 203. Rye, 4, 16, 91, 125, 133, 138, 155, 347. Saffron, 106. Seventeenth century, 89, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 127, 133-4, 138, 142, 144, 146, 150, 152, 157, 159, 160, 328, 355. Sheep, 20, 3511., 36, 41, 80, 114, 138, 165n., 203, 206n., 263, 312, 347. Sixteenth century, 80, 87, 89, 95, 96, 102-6, 109, 355. Straw, 179, 180. Tenth century, 19. Thirteenth century, 33, 35, 39, 355. Twelfth century, 20. Vetches, 155. Waggons, 203-4. Wheat, 20, 35, 66, 69, 89, 110, 114, 133, 134, 138, 142, 155, 157, 160, 163, 164, 179, 186, 223, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242-4, 247-8, 262, 265, 277-8, 281, 293, 306, 312, 334, 347, 350-3, 355. Wine, 145. Wool, 39, 40, 80, 89, 96, 114, 118, 119, 142, 163, 172, 173, 223, 239, 242, 285-6, 306, 312, 327, 328, 329, 347.

Prickly comfrey, 237.

Proclamation as to wages and prices, 42.

Production, increased cost of, 295, 313.

Prosperity, agricultural, 28, 101, 114, 103, 183, 210-1, 229, 243-4, 246, 264, 287; during French War, 243-6, 247, 264.

Protecting fruit from blight, Sec., 187.

Protection, effect of, 250, 278-9, 281; highest limit of, 248; 265, 266, 277-9.

Provender rents, 6.

Pruning fruit trees, 131, 136.

Pulverization of soil, 175.

Q

Quarter Sessions, assessment of wages by, 108.

Quartly, Francis, 341.

Quiet Emptores, statute of, 29.

Quinces, 15, 136.

Quit, notice to, 300, 301, 302.

R

Rabbits, rearing, 174; reserved to landlord, 115.

Railway rates, 295-6.

Rake, horse, 304.

Raleigh introduces potatoes, 106.

Rams, ewes to, 126, 138; price of, 202, 215, 235.

Ramsey, 72.

Raspberries, 331.

Rates, 229, 238, 241, 245, 247, 248, 249, 255, 269, 284, 295, 296, 307, 314.

Rathgib, Jacob, 104.,

Reaping, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 71, 109, 110, 138, 177, 179, 180, 246, 348, 354; machines, 303-4; time for, 124; versus mowing corn, 135.

Red Polled cattle, 343.

Reeve, 12; duties of a, 17.

Reigate, Flaunchford near, 64.

Rents: Twelfth century, 27. Thirteenth century, 36, 57, 75, 348. Fourteenth century, 40, 41, 46, 65, 75, 348. Fifteenth century, 57, 58, 66, 348. Sixteenth century, 66, 76, 95, 115, 116, 348. Seventeenth century, 115, 116, 117, 127, 133, 139, 143, 155, 161, 348, 354. Eighteenth century, 116, 177, 179, 183, 189, 193n., 224, 227, 328, 348. Nineteenth century, 243, 246, 248, 264, 266, 278, 285-6, 287, 297, 304, 306-9, 310, 319n., 321-2.

Repairs, see Buildings, farm.

Restrictive covenants, see Cultivation clauses.

Revival, recent, in agriculture, 320.

Revolt, Peasants', 60.

Revolution, agricultural and industrial, 162.

Ridges, high, 129, 175.

Rinderpest, see Cattle plagues.

Riots, 185, 223, 262, 366,

Ripon, 147.

Roads, 21, 68, 105, 138, 171, 175, 182, 204, 210, 219, 220-3, 269, 274, 295.

Rock and Far Forest district, 318,

Rogers, Thorold, 107, 229.

Roller, farm, in seventeenth century, 135.

Rolling, 166, 194.

Romney Marsh sheep, 344.

Romsey Abbey, 15n.

Roots, few, used for cows, 200 (see Turnips).

Roscommon sheep, 343.

Roses, 143.

Ross, John, of Warwick, 76.

Rot, see Sheep rot.

Rotation of crops (see Four-course and Three-field system) 225, 275.

Rothamsted, 275.

Roundsman system, 239.

Royal Agrlctttonal Society, 273-4, 281, 308.

Royal Society, helps agriculture, 114.

Russia, imports rom, 323-4; wool from, 328.

Rutland, 22, 102, 109, 110, 120, 134, 143, 151, 255, 268, 306n.; Dukes of, 115, 286.

Rye, 4, 16, 91, 125, 133, 138, 155; in Norfolk, 182, 276; produce, per acre, in 1770, 197.

Rye-grass, 178-9, 218, 276.

Ryeland sheep, 344, 345, 346.

S

Saffron, 62, 106, 143, 167; Walden, 106, 167.

Sainfoin, 112, 115, 143, 191, 194, 225, 331.

Saint Paul's, manors of, 16, 29, 50, 57, 58.

Sales, famous, 234n., 235, 338, 339.

Salt, value of, 26.

Samford Hall, 190.

Scotland, cattle of, 336, 343; wheat crop in, 332n.

Scott, Reynold, 89, 151.

Scottish cattle, 168-9.

Scudamore, Lord, 132, 3^8.

Seasons, bad, 20, 42n., 66, 69, 89, 115, 157, 179, 184, 185, 186, 210, 223, 224, 237, 239, 242, 243, 247, 262, 265, 277, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 305; good, 239, 244, 262, 266, 287.

Seed, amount of, for wheat, 33, 67n.,84, 177, 179, 180, 227, 246; for clover, 112, 166, 176, 218; clover, price of, 166.

Sefton, Lord, estate of, 320n.

Selions, 318.

Self-binding reaper, 304.

Seneschal, 12.

Settled Land Acts, 305.

Settlement, law of parochial, 157-8, 209, 238, 269n., 284.

Settlements, family, 123, 259-60.

Seventeenth century, characteristics of, 111.

Sheaf-binding apparatus, 237.

Shearing sheep, 125.

Sheep, 94, 104, 126, 137, 146, 161, 200, 225, 233, 236, 263, 274, 275, 288, 290; diseases of, 84; export of, 326, 330 (see Live stock); improvement of, 37, 164, 202; number of, in 1867, 288; in 1877 and 1907, 333-4; price of, see Prices; varieties of, 171, 172, 215-7, 233, 235, 275, 288, 343-6; washing, cost of, 65, 125, 354.

Sheep-rot, 184, 242, 265n., 294.

Shepherd, wages of, 61, 71, 87, 109.

Shire horse, 35, 335; Society, 335.

Shoeing, 36, 65, 84, 203.

Shorthorn cattle, 167, 225, 233-5, 274, 288, 336-8, 339, 342.

Shows, Agricultural, 233, 273-5, 341.

Shropshire, 11n., 16n., 159, 173, 219, 220, 225, 250, 339; sheep, 275, 288, 344, 345, 346.

Siberian Railway, 324.

Sicks, uncultivated patches, 99n.

Sinclair, Sir J., 229, 230, 232.

Sittingboume, 128, 143.

Sixteenth century, character of, 89.

Slaves, 8, 11, 20.

Smith, Adam, 134, 210.

Smith of Deanston, 214, 271-2.

Smithfield, 168, 169; cattle show, 218, 273, 339; prices at, 239, 240, 241, 247, 265.

Smyth, John, 111.

Society, Royal Agricultural, 193.

Society for Encouragement of Arts, &c., 194> 227, 303.

Socmen, 7.

Somerset, 19, 58, 107, 168, 250, 309, 340; sheep, 344.

Somerville, Loid, 231.

Southams cattle, 342.

Southdown sheep, 217, 225, 233, 236, 263, 274, 275, 344, 345.

Spade, prejudice against, 112, 143; for hops, 150.

Spain, exports to, 349; imports from, 323.

Spanish wool, 38-9, 328.

Speculation, in land, 243; in produce, 305.

Speenhamland Act, 237-8.

Spencer, Earl, 273.

Sporting rights reserved, 115.

Spraying fruit, 136.

Squatters, 220, 256.

Squire, the, 103, 128, 137, 140, 193, 211-2.

Stafford, Marquis of, 219.

Staffordshire, 3, 44, 78, 122, 219, 286, 295, 309.

Statesmen, 311.

Statistics, agricultural, 230, 231, 232, 277, 288 (see King, Gregory), 331-2, 353.

Statute of labourers, 43.

Statutes quoted: 20 Hen. III. c. 4, 73. 25 Edw. III. 2. c. 1, 43. 34 Edw. III. c. 20, 63. 12 Ric. II. c. 4, 61. 12 Ric. II. c. 5, 64. 12 Ric. II. c. 6, 55. 13 Ric. II. c. 13, 55. 15 Ric. II. c. 5, 71. 17 Ric. II. c. 7, 63. 4 Hen. IV. c. 14, 67n. 7 Hen. IV. c. 17, 70. 9 Hen. V. c. 5, 68n. 3 Hen. VI. c. 2, 326. 3 Hen. VI. c. 4, 327. 4 Hen. VI. c. 5, 64. 15 Hen. VI. c. 2, 69. 23 Hen. VI. c. 12, 71, 87. 3 Edw. IV. c. 2, 70. 3 Edw. IV. c. 5, 7in. 22 Edw. IV. c. 1, 7in. 4 Hen. VII. c. 19, 79, 94, 117. 11 Hen. VII. c. 13, 325. 11 Hen. VII. c. 22, 87. 6 Hen. VIII. c. 3, 87. 6 Hen. VIII. c. 5, 79. 21 Hen. VIII. c. 8, 86. 22 Hen. VIII. c. 7, 326. 24 Hen. VIII c. 3, 102. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 4, 105. 24 Hen. VIII. c. 10, 82n. 25 Hen, VIII. c. 1, 86. 25 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 80. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 6, 85. 27 Hen. VIII. c. 22, 94. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13, 85. I Edw. VI. c. 5, 326. 3 and 4 Edw. VI. c. 19, 86. 5 Edw. VI. c. 14, 86. 2 and 3 Phil. and Mary, c. 3, 96. 5 Eliz. c. 4, 107. 5 Eliz. c. 5, 105. 8 Eliz. c. 3, 326. 8 Eliz. c. 15, 82n. 13 Eliz. c. 25, 96. 14 Eliz. c. 11, 82n. 31 Eliz. c. 7, 121n., 159. 39 Eliz. c. 1, 117. 39 Eliz, c. 2, 118. 39 Eliz. c. 18, 82n. 43 Eliz. c. 2, 296. 1 Jac. I. c. 18, 150. 21 Jac. I. c. 28, 118n. 12 Car. II. c. 4, 161. 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 18, 326, 327. 14 Car. II. c. 12, 157. 15 Car. II. c. 7, 134, 326. 18 Car. II. c. 2, 161, 326. 22 Car. II. c. 13, 326. 32 Car. II. c. 2, 161, 326. 3 W. and M. c. 2, 158. 8 and 9 W. and M. c. 30, 158. 7 and 8 Wm. III. c. 28, 327. 36 Geo. III. c. 23, 238. 41 Geo. III. c. 109, 231-2. 9 Geo. IV. c. 60, 278. 4 and 5 Wm. IV. c. 76, 269. 6 and 7 Wm. IV. c. 71, 270. 5 Vict. c. 14, 278. 9 and 10 Vict. c. 22, 280. 9 and 10 Vict. c. 23, 280. 14 and 15 Vict. c. 25, 301. 30 and 31 Vict. c. 130, 292. 38 and 39 Vict. c. 92, 299. 43 and 44 Vict. c. 47, 303. 46 and 47 Vict. c. 61, 300. 59 and 60 Vict. c. 16, 314n. 63 and 64 Vict. c. 50, 301. 1 Edw. VII. c. 13, 314n. 6 Edw. VII. c. 56, 301. 7 Edw. VII. c. 54, 316.

Steam, applied to threshing, 237; cultivator, 304.

Stilton cheese, 173-4.

Stinting the common pasture, 4.

Stock and land leases, 57.

Stocking a farm, 170, 203.

Stores, public grain, 133, 264.

Stott, the, or affer, 35, 57, 65.

Stourbridge Fair, 171, 172n.

Stratfieldsaye, 272.

Straw, as winter food for cattle, 126, 217; carrying off, 178, 219, 302; price of, 179, 180, 330.

Strawberries, 15, 329, 331.

Stubble, grazing of, 4, 125.

Suffolk, 8, 30, 40, 57, 63n., 78, 112, 128, 147, 166, 168, 170, 173, 174, 188, 207, 225, 238, 284, 306n., 309, 313; Punch, 335; sheep, 275, 344, 345.

Supplies of com per head, 330 (see Wheat, home supplies).

Surrey, 64, 128, 143, 144, 168, 180, 283, 306n.

Surveyor, the seventeeiith-century, 127.

Sussex, 54, 78, 259, 263, 283, 306n.; cattle, 274, 288, 336, 340, 343.

Swanage, 262.

Swedes, 227, 237, 276, 288, 331-2, 333.

'Swing' riots, 266.

T

Taltarum's case, effect of, 122.

Tamworth pigs, 346.

Taunton, manor of, 18; good fanning near, 128.

Taxes, 247, 263-4, 307, 310; weight of, 183, 191, 229, 245, 246, 249, 250, 263, 320, 321.

Tea, drinking, 205, 207, 213, 291; price of, 205.

Teams, composition of, 16.

Telford, 220, 222.

Tenant farmers, assist in agricultural progress, 162; number of, 141, 156; origin of, 46, 119.

Tenant-right, 283.

Teeswater cattle, 337.

Tewkesbury, 255.

Thatchers, 139, 354.

Thomson of Banchory, 276.

Thorney and Woburn estates, 321.

Three-field system, 4, 99.

Threshing, cost of, 34, 44, 65, 163, 179, 180, 198-9, 246; machine, 230, 236-7, 282; time for, 17, 126.

Tillage, decrease of, 79, 80, 94; encouragement of, 79, 108, 117-8; reaction against, 118. (See Arable, and Grass.)

Timber (see Oak timber), 227; spoils crops, 282.

Tiptree, 319.

Tithe, dispute, 102; on turnips, 166; rent charge, 270.

Tithes, 116, 144, 151, 189, 195, 230, 332, 247, 248, 249, 250, 270, 305, 307.

Tooke, 179, 266.

Tours, Young's, 190, 192.

Towns, movement of rural population towards, 64, 70, 108, 185, 192, 195, 209, 315, 316-7.

Townshend, Lord, 163, 182-3, 192, 193.

Treatise on Husbandry, 33, 54.

Tull, Jethro, 152, 163, 174-7, 178, 180, 183, 193, 200-1, 204.

Turkeys, 170.

Turkish dominions, imports from, 323.

Turnip cutters, 276.

Turnip fly, remedies for, 166.

Turnips, 93, 111, 112, 115, 141, 143, 157, 164, 166, 168, 178, 183, 251, 331-2, 333; cost of growing, in 1770, 198; injure wool, 329; sheep first fattened on, 112; spread of, in eighteenth century, 165, 166, 179, 191, 194, 200, 201, 225; varieties of, in 1720, 165.

Tusser, 63, 90, 91, 92, 101, 102, 105, 111, 124, 126.

Two-field system, 3.

'Twopenny', 216.

U

Underwood, value of, in seventeenth century, 137.

Unions, Agricultural Labourers', 291-2.

United States, see America.

Unreasonable disturbance, 302.

Upwey, 318.

V

Vanghan, Rowland, 132-3.

Vegetables, 15, 93, 106, 112n., 143, 236n.

Ventnor, vineyard at, 145.

Vermin, destruction of, 82, 100, 244.

Vermuyden, Cornelius, 123.

Vetches, 125, 155, 331.

Village, the, of the eighteenth century, 164.

Village smith, the, 35.

Villeins, 6, 7, 8, 18, 24, 29, 42, 45; disappearance of, 46, 59, 60, 105.

Vills or villages, 2, 5, 7, 15, 98, 119.

Vineyards, 15, 16, 111, 144-5.

Virgate, 8.

Virginia, potatoes from, 106; wool from, 328.

W

Wages: Twelfth century, 27. Thirteenth century, 27, 28, 34, 348, 355. Fourteenth century, 27, 28, 41, 43, 59, 61, 62, 348, 355. Fifteenth century, 67, 71, 348, 355. Sixteenth century, 67, 87, 348, 355. Seventeenth century, 119, 138, 139, 348, 355. Eighteenth century, 163, 164, 184, 203, 205-6, 210, 237, 238, 240, 285, 348, 354-5. Nineteenth century, 241, 242, 249, 267, 268, 283-4, 285, 290-2, 297, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 355, 356.

Wages, on a farm in 1805, 247; regulated by statute, 43, 61, 71, 87; by Justices, 107, 109, 110.

Waggons, 153, 204.

Wainage, 8.

Wales, cattle of, 167, 336, 338, 343.

Wallachia and Moldavia, imports from, 323.

Walsingham states demands of villeins, 60.

Wars, effect of, 38, 68, 71, 193, 205, 212, 229, 237, 260, 286, 287, 341.

Warwickshire, 40, 77, 78, 94, 110, 172, 173, 213, 215, 216, 272, 282, 290, 306n., 309, 343.

Waste land, 231; committee on, 255n., 256; good crops from the, 119; Young and, 191.

Water carriage, cheapness of, 21, 173.

Weaning lambs, time for, 125.

Weaving, 70, 76, 110, 257.

Webster of Canley, 216.

Weeding hook and tongs, 84, 152.

Weeds, 125, 180, 201.

Week work, 8.

Welsh mountain sheep, 344, 346.

Wensleydale sheep, 343, 345.

Westcar of Creslow, 339.

Westcote, 128.

Westmoreland, 216, 295, 346.

Weston, Sir R., introduces clover, 111, 127, 141.

Weyhill Fair, 172.

Wheat, acreage tinder, in 1907, 331-2; consumption of, per head, 279; cost of growing, 177, 180, 198, 199, 246, 307; crops, 33, 67, 77, 91, 129, 142, 155, 165, 179, 180, 197-9, 227, 246, 282, 285, 286, 332; cultivation of, 4, 16, 32, 36, 113, 125, 135, 177-9, 180, 184, 353; different kinds of, 146, 107; home supplies of, 277, 279, 313, 330; price of, see Prices.

White, Gilbert, 223.

Wilton, hops near, 171.

Wiltshire, 143, 174, 253, 268, 283, 286, 309, 312, 313; sheep, 345.

Winchelsea, Lord, 255, 257, 268.

Winchester, 147, 150.

Wine, 144-5.

Wire binder, 304.

Wirral, 66.

Wisbech, 318.

Woad, 17, 152.

Women, work of, on the farm, 62, 85, 206, 316.

Wood, W. A., 304.

Woods, 2, 16, 59, 74, 78, 115, 125, 136, 155.

Woodstock, 53.

Wool, 37, 38-41, 69, 75, 80, 94, 104, 114, 118, 119, 142, 161, 163, 171-3, 184, 223, 285, 329, 354, 355; export of, see Exports; import of, see Imports; price of, see Prices.

Wool, custom of picking refuse, 100; storing, 125.

Worcestershire, 74, 128, 136, 143, 171, 306.

Work, hours of, 87, 147, 291.

Worlidge, John, 127, 131, 132, 142-8, 150-4, 165.

Worsley, Sir R., 145.

Y

Yeoman, the, 50, 71, 123, 128, 140, 156, 207, 258-61, 310, 320; house of, 103.

Yeomen purchase lands of gentry, 122.

Yorkshire, 15, 78, 110, 138-9, 167, 168, 207, 225, 253, 283, 295, 306n., 309, 337, 343, 346.

Young, Arthur, 160, 162, 163, 172, 180, 182, 188, 190-3, 194, 197, 200-6, 210, 211, 222, 224, 230, 232, 236, 240, 253, 255, 257, 260, 284, 285, 288n., 298, 314, 317, 335, 336, 337, 343, 353, 355; opposed to drilling, 178; pet aversions of, 191; statements of, as to growth of clover, 112.

THE END