[258] The same as the Cadmeum. [Greek: Makaron nesos, he akropolis ton en Boiotiai Thebon to palaion, hos ho Parmenides]. Suidas.

Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 347. [Greek: Makaron nesoi], near Britain and Thule. Scholia in Lycophron. v. 1200.

[Greek: Haid' eisin Makaron nesoi, tothi per ton ariston] [Greek: Zena, Theon basilea, Rhee teke toid' eni choroi].

Of the Theban Acropolis, Tzetzes in Lycophron. v. 1194.

[259] Herodotus. l. 3. c. 16.

[260] Macra, a river in Italy. Plin. l. 3. c. 5.

[261] Euripides in Ione. v. 937. [Greek: Entha prosborrhous petras Makras kalousi ges anaktes Atthidos]. Ibid.

Pausanias informs us that the children of Niobe were supposed to have been here slain in this cavern.

[262] Euripides ibid. Also, in another place, he mentions

[Greek: Kekropos es Antra, kai Makras petrerepheis].

[263] [Greek: Diabasi de ton Kephisson bomos estin archaios Meilichiou Dios]. Pausanias. l. 1. p. 9.

[264] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 154.

[265] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 132.

[266] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 897.

[267] Pausanias. l. 7. p. 573.

[268] The country of the Amalekites is called the land of Ham. 1 Chronicles. c. 4. v. 40.

[269] 1 Kings. c. 11. v. 33.

[270] I will cut off the remnant of Baal from this place, and the name of the Chamerims with the priests; and them that worship the host of heaven upon the house tops, and them that worship, and that swear by the Lord, and that swear by Malcham. Zephaniah. c. 1. v. 4.

[271] Judges. c. 1. v. 10. Joshua. c. 15. v. 13. Deuteronomy. c. 2. v. 21. Joshua. c. 11. v. 22. and c. 13. v. 12.

The priests at the Elusinian mysteries were called [Greek: anaktotelestai]. Clement. Alex. Cohort. p. 16.

[272] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 87. It was in the island Lade before Miletus. The author adds, when the bones were discovered. [Greek: Autika de logos elthen es tous pollous Geruonou tou Chrusaorou einai men ton nekron—ktl—kai cheimarrhon te potamon Okeanon ekaloun].

See Cicero de Nat. Deor. l. 3. of Anaces, [Greek: Anaktes. Tous Dios kourous Anakas hoi Athenaioi prosegoreusan]. Plutarch. Numa.

[273] Michael Psellus. p. 10.

[274] Psalm 28. v. 1. Deuteron. c. 32. v. 15. Isaiah. c. 17 v.10. Psalm 78. v. 35. It is often styled Selah.

[275] Isaiah. c. 23. v. 8.

[276] Genesis. c. 17. v. 15.

[277] Tobit. c. 1. v. 22.

[278] Esther. c. 1. v. 16.

[279] Joshua. c. 13. v. 3. [Hebrew: SRNY]. Judges. c. 16. v. 5.

In Samuel they are styled Sarnaim. 1. c. 29. v. 7.

[280] Ostrum Sarranum.

[281] Jeremiah. c. 39. v. 3.

[282] Isaiah. c. 37. v. 4. Jeremiah. c. 39. v. 3.

[283] It is sometimes expressed Saronas.

Est et regio Saronas, sive [Greek: drumos]. Reland. Palaestina. p. 188. Any place sacred to the Deity Saron was liable to have this name: hence we find plains so called in the Onomasticon of Eusebius. [Greek: Ho Saron—he apo tou orous Thabor epi ten Tiberiada limnen chora].

[284] Plin. l. 4. c. 8.

[285] Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. 4. p. 170. from Pausanias, and Aristides in Themistoclem.

[286] [Greek: Saronia, Artemis; Achaioi]. Hesych. She was, by the Persians, named Sar-Ait. [Greek: Saretis, Artemis; hoi Persai]. ibidem.

[287] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 189.

[288] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 181.

[289] Callimachus calls the island Asterie [Greek: kakon saron. Asterie, pontoio kakon saron]. This, by the Scholiast, is interpreted [Greek: kaluntron;] but it certainly means a Rock. Hymn. in Delon. v. 225.

[290] [Greek: Saronides petrai, e hai dia palaioteta kechenuiai drues]. Hesych.

[291] Callimachus. Hymn to Zeus. v. 22.

[292] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 308.

[293] See Observations and Inquiries upon Ancient History. p. 196.

[294] Eusebii Praep. Evang. l. 10. c. 13. p. 500.

[295] Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. c. 13. p. 445.

[296] Diodorus Siculus. l. 3. p. 144.

[297] Heliodori AEthiopica. l. 4. p. 174.

[298] Achor, [Greek: theos apomuios]. Clement. Alexandr. Cohortatio. p. 33.

[299] Lucan. l. 8. v. 475.

[300] [Greek: Kai gar ton Osirin Hellanikos Usirin eireken akekoenai apo ton Hiereon legomenon.] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. vol. 1. p. 364.

[301] Eusebius. Praep. Evang. l. 1. c. 10. p. 39.

[302] Annum quoque vetustissimi Graecorum [Greek: lukabanta] appellant [Greek: ton apo tou LYKOU]; id est Sole. &c. Macrob. Saturn. l. 1. c. 17. p. 194.

[303] Lycaon was the same as Apollo; and worshipped in Lycia: his priests were styled Lycaones: he was supposed to have been turned into a wolf. Ovid. Metam. l. 1. v. 232. Apollo's mother, Latona, was also changed to the same animal. [Greek: He Leto eis Delon elthe metaballousa eis lukon]. Scholia in Dionys. v. 525.

People are said to have been led to Parnassus by the howling of wolves; [Greek: Lukon orugais]. Pausanias. l. 10. p. 811.

The Hirpi were worshippers of fire, and were conducted to their settlement in Campania by a wolf. Strabo. l. 5. p. 383.

In the account given of Danaus, and of the temple founded by him at Argos, is a story of a wolf and a bull. Pausan. l. 2. p. 153. The temple was styled [Greek: Apollonos hieron Lukiou].

[304] Pausanias above: also, Apollo [Greek: Lukaios], and [Greek: Lukeios]. Pausan. l. 1. p. 44. l. 2. p. 152, 153.

[305] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 811.

[306] Pausanias. l. 7. p. 530.

[307] Pausanias. l. 8. p. 678.

[308] [Greek: Hoi Delphoi to proton Lukoreis ekalounto]. Scholia in Apollon. Rhod. l. 4. v. 1489.

[309] Stephanus Byzant. and Strabo. l. 9. p. 640. said to have been named from wolves. Pausanias. l. 10. p. 811.

[310] [Greek: Lukoreia, polis Delphidos, en hei timaitai ho Apollon]. Etymolog. Magnum.

These places were so named from the Sun, or Apollo, styled not only [Greek: Lukos], but [Greek: Lukoreus] and [Greek: Lukoreios]: and the city Lucoreia was esteemed the oldest in the world, and said to have been built after a deluge by Lycorus, the son of Huamus. Pausan. l. 10. p. 811.

[Greek: Huionos Phoiboio Lukoreioio Kaphauros]. Apollon. l. 4. v. 1489.

[Greek: Lukoreioio, anti tou Delphikou]. Scholia. ibid. It properly signified Solaris.

[311] Virgil. AEneid. l. 3. v. 274.

[312] Gruter's Inscriptions. vol. 1. p. MLXXXII. n. 8.

[313] Plutarch. in Artaxerxe. p. 1012.

[314] Ctesias in Persicis.

So Hesychius [Greek: Ton gar helion hoi Persai Kuron legousin;] Hence [Greek: Kuros, archon, basileus], ibid. also [Greek: Kuros, exousia].

[315] Strabo, speaking of the river Cur, or Cyrus. l. 11. p. 764.

[316]

Quid tibi cum Cyrrha? quid cum Permessidos unda? Martial. l. 1. epigram. 77. v. 11.

Phocaicas Amphissa manus, scopulosaque Cyrrha. Lucan. l. 3. v. 172.

[Greek: Kirrhan, epineion Delphon]. Pausan. l. 10. p. 817.

[317] Cyrenaici Achorem Deum (invocant) muscarum multitudine pestilentiam adferente; quae protinus intereunt, postquam litatum est illi Deo. Plin. l. 10. c. 28. See also Clement. Alexand. Cohort. p. 33.

Some late editors, and particularly Harduin, not knowing that Achor was worshipped at Cyrene, as the [Greek: Theos apomuios], have omitted his name, and transferred the history to Elis. But all the antient editions mention Achor of Cyrene; Cyrenaici Achorem Deum, &c. I have examined those printed at Rome, 1470, 1473. those of Venice, 1472, 1476, 1487, 1507, 1510. those of Parma, 1476, 1479, 1481. one at Brescia, 1496. the editions at Paris, 1516, 1524, 1532. the Basil edition by Froben, 1523: and they all have this reading. The edition also by Johannes Spira, 1469, has Acorem, but with some variation. The spurious reading, Elei myagrum Deum, was, I imagine, first admitted into the text by Sigismund Gelenius, who was misled by the similarity of the two histories. Harduin has followed him blindly, without taking any notice of the more antient and true reading.

[318] Stephanus Byzantinus. See also Scholia on Callimachus. Hymn. in Apoll. v. 91.

[319]

[Greek: Hoid' oupo Kures peges edunanto pelassai] [Greek: Doriees, pukinen de napais Azeilin enaion.] Callimachus. Hymn. in Apoll. v. 88.

[320] Plin. N. H. l. 5. p. 249.

[321] L. 1. c. 8. p. 43.

[322] Justin, speaking of the first settlement made at Cyrene, mentions a mountain Cura, which was then occupied. Montem Cyram, et propter amoenitatem loci, et propter fontium ubertatem occupavere. l. 13. c. 7.

[323] Conformably to what I say, Ekron is rendered [Greek: Akkaron] by the Seventy. 1 Samuel c. 6. v. 15.

So also Josephus Antiq. Jud. l. 6. c. 1. p. 312.

In Achore vestigia Accaronis: Selden de Dijs Syris. Syntag. 6. p. 228.

[Greek: Ou zetesousi Muian theon Akkaron.] Gregory Nazianz. Editio Etonens. 1610. Pars secunda cont. Julianum. p. 102.

In Italy this God was styled by the Campanians, [Greek: Herakles Apomuios.] See Clemens. Cohort. p. 33.

The place in Egypt, where they worshipped this Deity, was named Achoris; undoubtedly the same, which is mentioned by Sozomen. l. 6. c. 18.

[324] Clemens Alexand. Cohort. p. 44.

He quotes another, where the fate of Ephesus is foretold:

[Greek: Huptia d' oimoxeis Ephesos klaiousa par' ochthais,] [Greek: Kai Neon zetousa ton ouketi naietaonta.]

There is a third upon Serapis and his temple in Egypt;

[Greek: Kai su Serapi lithous argous epikeimene pollous,] [Greek: Keise ptoma megiston en Aiguptoi tritalainei.]

The temple of Serapis was not ruined till the reign of Theodosius. These three samples of Sibylline poetry are to be found in Clemens above.

[325] Achad was one of the first cities in the world. Genesis. c. 10. v. 10.

Nisibis city was named both Achad and Achar. See Geographia Hebraea Extera of the learned Michaelis. p. 227.

[326] Stephanus Byzant.

[327] Lutatius Placidus upon Statius. Theb. l. 1. v. 718.

[328] Heliodori AEthiopica. l. 4. p. 175.

[329] Heliodori AEthiopica. l. 10. p. 472.

[330] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 327.

[331] Apollonius Rhod. of the Heliadae. l. 4. v. 604.

[332]

Chamsi, seu Solares, sunt Arabice Shemsi vel Shamsi. Hyde Religio Vet. Pers. p. 523. and 575.

Cham being pronounced Sham, and Shem, has caused some of his posterity to be referred to a wrong line.

[333] Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo. v. 19.

[334] Nicander Alexipharmica. v. 11.

[335] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 827.

[336] It is, however, to be found in Euripides, under the term [Greek: ochos]. Theseus says to Adrastus:

[Greek: Ek tou d' elauneis hepta pros Thebas Ochous.] Supplices. v. 131.

[337] From Uc and Uch came the word euge: also [Greek: euche, euchomai, euchole], of the Greeks. Callimachus abounds with antient Amonian terms. He bids the young women of Argos to receive the Goddess Minerva,

[Greek: Sun t' euagoriai, sun t' eugmasi, sun t' alalugais.] Lavacr. Palladis. v. 139.

From Uc-El came Euclea Sacra, and [Greek: Euklos Zeus. Eukleia, Artemis].

[Greek: Euklos, Dios hiereus, en Megarois kai en Korinthoi]. Hesychius, so amended by Albertus and Hemsterhusius.

[338] Iliad [Alpha]. v. 69.

[339] Iliad. [Zeta]. v. 76.

[340] Iliad. [Rho]. v. 307.

[341] Iliad. [Omicron]. v. 282.

[342] Iliad. [Eta]. v. 221. It occurs in other places:

[Greek: Leussei, hopos och' arista met' amphoteroisi genetai.] Iliad. [Gamma]. v. 110.

[Greek: Tis t' ar ton och' aristos een. su moi ennepe, Mousa.] Iliad. [Beta]. v. 76l.

Also Odyss. [Theta]. v.123. and [Omega]. v. 428.

[343] In the Hymn to Silenus, that God is called [Greek: Silenon och' ariste.] And in the poem de Lapidibus, the Poet, speaking of heroic persons, mentions their reception in heaven:

[Greek: Amometoi Dios oikoi] [Greek: Chairontas dexanto theegeneon och' aristous.] Hymn 35. v. 2. and [Greek: peri Lithon.] Proem. v. 14.

[344] Genesis. c. 45. v. 21.

[345] Josephus. Antiq. Jud. l. 8. c. 6.

[346] See Relandi Palaestina. vol. 1. c. 41. p. 265.

[347] Plin. l. 8. c. 46.

[348] Plin. l. 5. c. 9.

[349]

[Greek: Eurutate phiale tis iaspidos ektomos akres.] Paulus Silentiarius. part 11. v. 177. See Relandus above.

[350] Plin. l. 5. c. 18.

[351] Athanasii Epist. ad solitariam vitam agentes. p. 658.

[352] Epiphanius adversus Haeres. l. 2. tom. 2. p. 719.

[353] See the learned Professor Michaelis in his Geographia Extera Hebraeor. p. 134, 135.

[354] The Ionians changed this termination into e. Hence Arene, Camissene, Cyrene, Arsace, Same, Capissene, Thebe, &c.

[355] Colchis was called Aia simply, and by way of eminence: and, probably, Egypt had the same name; for the Colchians were from Egypt. Strabo mentions [Greek: Iasonos ploun ton eis Aian]. l. 1. p. 38. And Apollonius styles the country of Colchis Aia.

[Greek: Aia gemen eti nun menei empedon, huionoi te] [Greek: Ton d' andron, hous hostge kathistato naiemen Aian]. l. 4. v. 277.

[356] Lib. 5. c. 14.

[357] Coronus is to be met with in Greece. He is mentioned as a king of the Lapithae, and the son of Phoroneus; and placed near mount Olympus.

[Greek: —Hon ebasileuse Koronos. ho phoroneos]. Diodorus. l. 4. p. 242.

[358] Upon the Euphrates.

[359] A city in Parthia.

[360] Calamon, or Cal-Amon, was a hill in Judea; which had this name given to it by the Canaanites of old. Cyril mentions—[Greek: aphikomenoi tines apo tou OROUS Kalamonos]—in epistola ad Calosyrium.

[361] 1 Kings. c. 15. v. 27.

[362] In Canaan was a well known region called Palaestine.

So Tan-agra, Tan-is, Tyndaris.

Tin, in some languages, signified mud or soil.

[363] Ptolemy. l. 4. p. 112.

[364] See Amos. c. 9. v. 7.

[365] Jeremiah. c. 47. v. 4. speaks of the island of Caphtor in Egypt.

[366] Theocritus. Idyll. 2. v. 45. Scholia.

It is still common in the Arabian Gulf, and in India; and is often expressed Dive, and Diva; as in Lacdive, Serandive, Maldive. Before Goa is an island called Diu [Greek: kat' exochen].

[367] [Greek: Baithel, oikos Theou]. Hesychius.

[Greek: Baithel, theois naos]. Suidas.

[368] Elisa, called Eliza, Elesa, Eleasa, [Greek: Eleasa]. 1 Maccab. c. 9. v. 5. and c. 7. v. 40. often contracted Lesa, Lasa, &c.

[369] Pocock's Travels. vol. 2. p. 106.

[370] Iablonsky. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 1. p. 4. de Gulielmo Tyrio, ex libro 21. c. 6.

[371] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 41.

[372] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1167.

[373] [Greek: Tauta men oun Eratosthenes historeken; ten de megalen machen pros Dareion ouk en Arbelois—alla en Gaugamelois genesthai sunepesen; semainein de phasin oikon Kamelou ten dialekton.] Plutarch. vita Alexand. vol. 1. p. 683.

Strabo says the same. [Greek: Esti men oun topos episemos houtos, kai t' ounoma; methermeneuthen gar esti Kamelou oikos.] l. 16. p. 1072.

[374] [Greek: Hoi men ta pleista sungrapsantes legousin, hoti hexakosious stadious apechei, hoide ta elachista, hoti es pentakosious].

[Greek: Alla en Gaugamelois gar genesthai ten machen pros toi potamoi Boumadoi legei Ptolemaios kai Aristoboulos; polis de ouk en ta Gaugamela, alla kome megale, oude onomastos ho choros, oude eis akoen hedu to onoma].

Arrian. Expedit. Alex. l. 6. p. 247.

[375] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1072.

[376] Strabo acknowledges the failure of his countrymen in this respect.—[Greek: Polla men oun kai me onta legousin hoi Archaioi Sungrapheis, suntethrammenoi toi pseudei dia tes muthologias.] l. 8. p. 524.

[377] All thy fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Beth Arbel in the day of battle. The mother was dashed in pieces upon her children. Hosea. c. 10. v. 14. Ar in this place does not signify a city; but [Hebrew: AWR], the title of the Deity: from whence was derived [Greek: hieros] of the Greeks. The seventy, according to some of their best copies, have rendered Beth Arbel [Greek: oikon Iero-Baal], which is no improper version of Beth-Aur-Bel. In some copies we find it altered to the house of Jeroboam; but this is a mistake for Jero-Baal. Arbelus is by some represented as the first deified mortal. Cyril contra Julian. l. 1. p. 10. and l. 3. p. 110.

There was an Arbela in Sicily. Stephanus, and Suidas. Also in Galilee; situated upon a vast cavern. Josephus seized and fortified it. Josephi Vita. p. 29.

[378] See Strabo. l. 11. p. 774. l. 15. p. 1006. l. 1. p. 41. p. 81.

See also Philo Biblius apud Euseb. P. E. l. 1. c. 10. p. 34 Iamblichus. Sec. 7. c. 5.

[379] Diodorus Siculus. l. 17. p. 538. He makes no mention of Gaugamela.

[380] Strabo. l. 10. p. 724.

[381] Macrobius. Saturn. l. 3. c. 8. p. 284.

[382] Servius in lib. 11. AEneid. v. 558.

[383] Plutarch in Numa. p. 61.

[384] Gruter. p. lvi. n. 11. vol 1.

[385] Gruter. vol. 1. p. lvi. 12. also p. xl. 9.

[386] Or else Beth-Arbel was another name of the same temple.

[387] Syncellus. p. 55.

[388] Eusebii Chron. p. 14.

[389] Etymologicum magnum. [Greek: Herakles].

[390] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 124.

[391] Geog. Nubiensis. p. 17.

Michaelis Geog. Hebraeorum Extera. p. 154.

[392] 2 Kings. c. 17. v. 6. and c. 18. v. 11. also 1 Chron. c. 5. v. 26.

[393] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1070.

[394] Observations upon the Antient History of Egypt. p. 175.

[395] Strabo. l. 7. p. 505. So also Herodotus and Pausanias.

[396] [Greek: Selloi, hoi Dodonaioi]. Steph. Byzantinus.

[Greek: amphi de Selloi] [Greek: Soi naious' hupophetai]. Homer. Iliad. [Pi]. v. 234.

[397] Pausanias. l. 2. p. l66.

[398] It is called Chau-On, [Greek: Chauon], by Steph. Byzantinus, from Ctesias. [Greek: Chauon, chora tes Medias. Ktesias en protoi Persikon]. Chau-On is [Greek: oikos heliou], the house of the Sun, which gave name to the district.

[399] Strabo. l. 4. p. 270. and p. 282.

[400] 1 Maccab. c. 9. v. 62, 64.

[401] Judith. c. 7. v. 3.

[402] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 91.

[403] There were many places and temples of Baal, denominated Caballis, Cabali, Cabala, Cabalia, Cabalion, Cabalissa, &c. which are mentioned by Pliny, Strabo, Antoninus, and others. Some of them were compounded of Caba: concerning which I shall hereafter treat.

[404] Pausanias. l. 4. p. 282.

Strabo mentions Caucones in Elea. l. 8. p. 531. The Caucones are also mentioned by Homer. Odyss. [gamma]. v. 366.

Caucane in Sicily was of the same purport, mentioned by Ptolemy. l. 3. c. 4.

[405] Apollonius Rhodius styles it Cutais: [Greek: Kutaidos ethea gaies]. l. 4. v. 512.

[406] See De Lisle's curious map of Armenia and the adjacent parts of Albania, &c.

[407] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 40.

There was a river Acheron in Elis. Strabo. l. 8. p. 530. And the same rites were observed in honour of the [Greek: theos muiagros], that were practised in Cyrene. Clement. Cohort. p. 33.

In Pontus was a river Acheron. [Greek: Eitha de kai prochoai potamou Acherontos easin]. Apollon. Argonaut. l. 2. v. 745. also [Greek: akra Acherousia.] The like to be found near Cuma in Campania: and a story of Hercules driving away flies there also. [Greek: Rhomaioi de apomuioi Heraklei (thuousi)]. Clementis Cohort. ibid.

[408] Varro de Ling. Lat. lib. 5. p. 49. altered to Novella by some, contrary to the authority of the best MSS. See Scaliger's notes. p. 81. edit. anno 1619. Dordrechti.

See Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 2. c. 2. p. 174. In vetustioribus excusis de Re Rustica non Novella, sed Covella legitur. Covella autem Coelestis, sive Urania interpretatur.

[409] Ennii Annal. l. 1.

[410] The Persians worshipped Coelus; which is alluded to by Herodotus, when he says, that they sacrificed upon eminences: [Greek: Ton kuklon panta tou Ouranou Dia kaleontes]. l. 1. c. 131. To the same purpose Euripides;

[Greek: Horas ton hupsou ton d' apeiron' aithera,] [Greek: Ton gen perix echonth' hugrais en ankulais?] [Greek: Touton nomize Zena, ton d' hegou Dia.]

Clement. Alexand. Strom. l. 5. p. 717. Plutarch. p. 369. p. 424.

Aspice hoc sublime candens, quem invocant omnes Jovem. Cicero de Natura Deor. l. 1.

[411] [Greek: All' Athenaioi men Keleon, kai Meganeiran hidruntai Theous.] Athenag. Legat. p. 290.

[412] Abulfeda. Tabula Syriae. p. 5.

Nassir Ettusaeus. p. 93. apud Geog. vet.

[413] The city Argos was in like manner called [Greek: Koilon. Pollakis to; Argos Koilon phesi, kathaper en Epigonois. To KOILON Argos ouk et' oikesont' eti.—eti kai en Thamura, Argei Koiloi.] Scholia in Sophoc. Oedipum Colon.

[414] Iliad. [Beta]. v. 615.

[415] Strabo. l. 8. p. 529.

[416] Strabo. l. 8. p. 534.

[417] Janus Gulielmus Laurenbergius, Antiquarius.

[418] [Greek: Phainoiato an eontes hoi ton Dorieon hegemones Aiguptioi ithagenees]. Herod. l. 6. c. 54.

Of their original and history I shall hereafter give a full account.

[419] [Greek: Hoposa de aidousin en toi Prutaneioi, phone men esti auton he Dorios]. Pausanias. l. 5. p. 4l6.

[420]

Tum primum subiere domos; domus antra fuere. Ovid. Metamorph. l. 1. v. 121.

[421] Strabo. l. 8. p. 564.

It is mentioned by Thucydides: [Greek: Es ton Kaiadan, houper tous kakourgous emballein eiotheisan (hoi Lakedaimonioi.)] l. 1. c. 134.

It is expressed [Greek: Keadas] by Pausanias; who says that it was the place, down which they threw Aristomenes, the Messenian hero. l. 4. p. 324.

[422] Strabo. Ibidem.

[423]

Huic monstro Vulcanus erat pater: illius atros Ore vomens ignes, magna se mole ferebat. Virgil. AEn. l. 8. v. 193.

[424] Strabo. l. 8. p. 564.

[425] Iliad. l. 1. v. 266.

[426] Iliad. [Beta]. v. 581.

Odyss. [Delta]. v. 1. [Greek: Hoid' ixon KOILEN Lakedaimona KETOESSAN.]

[427] Strabo says as much: [Greek: Hoide, hoti hoi apo ton seismon rochmos Kaietoi legontai.] l. 8. p. 564.

[428] Hence the words cove, alcove; and, perhaps, to cover, and to cope.

[429] Strabo. l. 5. p. 356.

[430] [Greek: Katade phormias tes Italias Aieten ton nun Kaieten prosagoreuomenon.] l. 4. p. 259.

Virgil, to give an air of truth to his narration, makes Caieta the nurse of AEneas.

According to Strabo it was sometimes expressed Cai Atta; and gave name to the bay below.—[Greek: Kai ton metaxu kolpon ekeinoi Kaiattan onomasan]. l. 5. p. 3?6.

[431] Scholia Eustathij in Dionysij [Greek: periegesin]. v. 239. and Steph. Byzantinus. [Greek: Aiguptos].

[432] [Greek: Chasma de gennethen—edexato ton potamon—eita exerrhexen eis ten epiphaneian kata Larumnan tes Lokridos ten ano—Kaleitai d' ho topos Ankoe ktl.] Strabo. l. 9. p. 623.

It is called Anchia by Pliny. N. H. l. 4. c. 7. As, both the opening and the stream, which formed the lake, was called Anchoe; it signified either fons speluncae, or spelunca fontis, according as it was adapted.

[433] 1 Corinthians, c. 15. v.47, 48.

[434] Cluverii Germaniae Antiq. l. 1. c. 13. p. 91.

[435] Beyeri Additamenta to Selden de Diis Syris. p. 291.

Achor near Jericho. Joshua, c. 15. v. 7.

[436] Ptolem. lib. 5. c. 18. p. 164.

[437] Plato in Cratylo. p. 410.

[438] See Kircher's Prodromus Copticus. p. 180 and p. 297.

[439] Ibidem, and Jameson's Specilegia. c. 9. Sec. 4.

[440] Pionius. Euseb. Hist. Ecclesiast. l. 4. p. 173.

Pior Monachus AEgyptiacus. Socratis Hist. Eccles. p. 238.

Piammon. Sozomen. H. E. p. 259.

Piambo, or P'ambo. Socratis Eccles. H. p. 268.

It was sometimes expressed Po, as in Poemon Abbas, in Evagtius.

In Apophthegmat. Patrum. apud Cotelerii monumenta. tom. 1. p. 636.

Baal Peor was only Pi-Or, the Sun; as Priapus was a compound of Peor-Apis, contracted.

[441] Gennad. Vitae illustrium virorum. l. 7. Pachomius, a supposed worker of many miracles.

[442] Antonius Diogenes in Photius. cod. 166.

[443] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris. v. 1. p. 355.

Paamyles is an assemblage of common titles. Am-El-Ees, with the prefix. Hence the Greeks formed Melissa, a sacred name as of Ham El-Ait, they formed Melitta, the name of a foreign Deity, more known in Ionia than in Hellas.

[444] Plutarch: Quaestiones Graecae. v. p. 296.

[445] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 83. Amphilucus was a title of the Sun.

[446] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 4. in like manner, [Greek: taphoi ton Iphimedeias kai Aloeos paidon;] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 754.

[447] Proclus in Platonis Parmenidem: See Orphic Fragment of Gesner. p. 406.

A twofold reason may be given for their having this character; as will be shewn hereafter.

[448] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 896. Many instances of this sort are to be found in this writer.

[449] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 143.

[450] See Reland, Dissertatio Copt. p. 108.

Jablonsky Prolegomena in Pantheon AEgyptiacum. p. 38. Also Wesselinge. Notes on Herod. l. 2. c. 143.

[451] This was certainly the meaning; for Plato, speaking of the Grecians in opposition to other nations, styled [Greek: Barbaroi], makes use of the very expression: [Greek: Polle men he Hellas, ephe, o Kebes, en ei eneisi pou agathoi andres, polla de kai ta ton barbaron gene.] In Phaedone. p. 96.

[452] Kircher. Prodromus Copticus. p. 300 and p. 293.

[453] Kircher. Prod. p. 293.

[454] Sanchoniathon apud Euseb. Praep. Evan. l. 1. c. 10. p. 37.

[455] Damascius: Vita Isodori, apud Photium. Cod. ccxlii.

[456] Jablonsky; Pantheon Egypt. v. 2. l. 5. c. 2. p. 70.

[457] Ausonius. Epigram. 30.

Kircher says, that Pi in the Coptic is a prefix, by which a noun is known to be masculine, and of the singular number: and that Pa is a pronoun possessive. Paromi is Vir meus. It may be so in the Coptic: but in antient times Pi, Pa, Phi, were only variations of the same article: and were indifferently put before all names: of which I have given many instances. See Prodromus. Copt. p. 303.

[458] Virgil. AEneid. l. 7. v. 679.

[459] Cicero de Divinatione. l. 2.

[460] See also v. 28, 29, 31, and 32.

[461] Gruter. Inscript. lxxvi. n. 6.

[462] Ibid. lxxvi. n. 7.

BONO DEO PUERO POSPORO. Gruter. Inscrip. p. lxxxviii. n. 13

[463] Lucretius. l. 4. v. 1020.

[464] Propertius alludes to the same circumstance:

Nam quid Praenestis dubias, O Cynthia, sortes? Quid petis AEaei moenia Telegoni? l. 2. eleg. 32. v. 3.

What in the book of Hester is styled Purim, the seventy render, c. 9. v. 29. [Greek: phrourai]. The days of Purim were styled [Greek: phrourai—Tei dialektoi auton kalountai phrourai.] so in c. 10. The additamenta Graeca mention—[Greek: ten prokeimenen epistolen ton phrourai], instead of [Greek: phourai] and [Greek: Pourai]: from P'Ur and Ph'Ur, ignis.

[465] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 4. and l. 2. c. 52.

[Greek: Epeita de Chronou Pollou dielthontos eputhonto (hoi Hellenes) ek tes Aiguptou apikomena ta ounomata ton Theon].

[466] So [Greek: daimon] from [Greek: daemon]; [Greek: Apollon] from [Greek: he homou polesis; Dionusos] quasi [Greek: didounusos] from [Greek: didoi] and [Greek: oinos], and [Greek: oinos] from [Greek: oiesthai]. [Greek: Kronos], quasi [Greek: chronou koros]. [Greek: Tethun, to ethoumenon]—with many more. Plato in Cratylo.

AEgyptus [Greek: para to aigas piainein]. Eustath. in Odyss. l. 4. p. 1499.

[467] Poseidon, [Greek: poiounta eiden]. Tisiphone, [Greek: Touton phone], Athene quasi [Greek: athanatos]. Hecate from [Greek: hekaton] centum. Saturnus, quasi sacer, [Greek: nous]. See Heraclides Ponticus, and Fulgentii-Mythologia.

See the Etymologies also of Macrobius. Saturnalia. l. 1. c. 17. P. 189.

[Greek: Mousai;] quasi [Greek: homou ousai]. Plutarch de Fraterno Amore. v. 2. P. 480. [Greek: Di' eunoian kai Philadelphian].

[Greek: Pasiphae, dia to pasi phainein ta manteia]. Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. v. 2. p. 799.

[468] Eustathius on Dionysius: [Greek: periegesis].

Ut Josephus recte observat, Graecis scriptoribus id in more est, ut peregrina, et barbara nomina, quantum licet, ad Graecam formam emolliant: sic illis Ar Moabitarum est [Greek: Areopolis]; Botsra, [Greek: Bursa]; Akis, [Greek: Anchous]; Astarte, [Greek: Astroarche]; torrens Kison, [Greek: Cheimarrhos ton Kisson]; torrens Kedron, [Greek: Cheimarrhos ton Kedron]; et talia [Greek: hosei konis]. Bochart. Geog. Sacra. l. 2. c. 15. p. 111.

We are much indebted to the learned father Theophilus of Antioch: he had great knowledge; yet could not help giving way to this epidemical weakness. He mentions Noah as the same as Deucalion, which name was given him from calling people to righteousness: he used to say, [Greek: deute kalei humas ho theos]; and from hence, it seems, he was called Deucalion. Ad Antol. l. 3.

[469] Plato in Cratylo. p. 409.

[470] Suidas, Stephanus, Etymolog. Eustathius, &c.

So Coptus in Egypt, from [Greek: koptein].

[471] See Callimachus. vol. 2. Spanheim's not. in Hymn. in Del. v. 87. p. 438.

[472] Cumberland's Origines. p. 165. so he derives Goshen in the land of Egypt from a shower of rain. See Sanchon. p. 364.

[473] Hyde de Religione veterum Persarum. c. 2. p. 75.

[474] Genesis. c. 22. v. 20.

[475] Universal History, vol. 1. b. 1. p. 286. notes.

[476] Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. l. 1. c. 18. p. 443.

Sandford de descensu Christi. l. 1. Sec.. 21.

See Gale's Court of the Gentiles, vol. 1. b. 2. c. 6. p. 68.

[477] Huetius. Demonst. p. 138.

[478] Hebraea, Chaldaea, &c. nomina virorum, mulierum, populorum—Antverpiae, 1565, Plantin.

[479] Pliny. l. 3. c. 8.

AEtna, quae Cyclopas olim tulit. Mela. l. 2. c. 7.

[480] Bochart. Geog. Sacra. l. 1. c. 30. p. 560.

[481] Ibidem. p. 565, 566.

[482] Ibidem. p. 565, 566.

[483] Bochart. Geog. Sacra. l. 1. p. 406.

[484] Ibidem.

[485] P. 412.

[486] P. 415.

[487] P. 388.

[488] P. 381.

[489] P. 435.

[490] P. 414.

[491] Bochart. Geog. Sacra. l. 1. p. 381.

[492] P. 385.

[493] P. 408. or from Mazor, angustiae.

[494] Ibidem. p. 258.

[495] Simonis Onomasticon.

[496] Michaelis Spicilegium Geographiae Hebraeor. Exterae. p. 158.

[497] Gale's Court of the Gentiles. vol. 1. b. 2. p. 66.

[498] Genesis. c. 4. v. 22.

[499] Philo apud Eusebium. Praep. Evan. l. 1. c. 10.

[500] Bochart. Geograph. Sacra. l. 2. c. 2. p. 706.

[501] Marcellinus. l. 22. c. 15. He was also called Eloues. [Greek: Eloos, Hephaistos para Dorieusin]. Hesych. The Latine title of Mulciber was a compound of Melech Aber, Rex, Parens lucis.

[502] [Greek: Timaitai de para Lampsakenois ho Priapos, ho autos on toi Dionusoi]. Athenaeus. l. 1. p. 30.

[503] [Greek: To agalma Priepou, tou kai Orou par' Aiguptiois.] Suidas.

[504] Numbers. c. 25. v. 3. Deuteronomy. c. 4. v. 3. Joshua. c. 22. v. 17.

Kircher derives Priapus from [Hebrew: P'WR PH], Pehorpeh, os nuditatis.

[505] Phurnutus de natura Deorum. c. 17. p. 205.

[506] Orphic Hymn 5. to Protogonus, the same as Phanes, and Priapus. See verse 10.

[507] Phurnutus. c. 17. p. 204.

[508] [Greek: Par' Aiguptioisi de Pan men archaiotatos, kai ton okto ton proton legomenon Theon]. Herodotus. l. 2. c. 145.

Albae Juliae Inscriptio. PRIEPO PANTHEO. Gruter. v. 1. p. XCV. n. 1.

[509] Agathias. l. 4. p. 133.

[510] See Theophilus ad Autolycum. l. 2. p. 357.

[511] See Philo Biblius apud Euseb. P. E. l. 1. c. 10. p. 32. He mentions applying to a great number of authors, in Phenicia.

[512]

[Greek: Pollen exereunesamenos hulen, ouchi ten par' Hellesi.] Philo apud Euseb. P. Evang. l. 1. c. ix. p. 32.

[513] Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. l. 1. p. 356.

[514] Eusebij Praep. Evang. l. 10. c. 4. p. 471.

[Greek: Tou ophelese Puthagoran ta Aduta, kai Herakleous stelai.] Theophilus ad Autol. l. 3. p. 381.

[515] Plato in Timaeo. Clemens. Strom. l. 1. p. 426.

[Greek: O Solon, Solon, Hellenes aei paides—ktl].

[516] Theophilus ad Autolycum. l. 3. p. 390.

[517] See Eusebius. Praep. Evan. l. 10. c. 4. p. 469. and c. 5. p. 473. also Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 361. Diodorus Siculus. l. 1. p. 62, 63. and p. 86, 87.

[518] [Greek: Katholou de phasi tous Hellenas exidiazesthai tous epiphanestatous Aiguption Heroas te, kai Theous.] l. 1. p. 20.

See here a long account of the mythology of Egypt being transported to Greece; and there adopted by the Helladians as their own, and strangely sophisticated.

[519] [Greek: Hekataios men oun ho Milesios peri tes Peloponnesou phesin, hoti pro ton Hellenon oikesan auten Barbaroi; schedon de ti kai he sumpasa Hellas katoikia Barbaron huperxe to palaion.] Strabo. l. 7. p. 321.

[520] [Greek: Ode metaxu chronos paraleleiptai, en hoi meden exaireton Hellesin historetai.] Theopompus in Tricareno.

[521] How uncertain they were in their notions may be seen from what follows: Alii Cadmum, alii Danaum, quidam Cecropem Atheniensem, vel Linum Thebanum, et temporibus Trojanis Palamedem Argivum, memorant sedecim literarum formas, mox alios, et praecipue Simonidem caeteras invenisse. Lilius Gyraldus de Poetis. Dialog. 1. p. 13. Edit. Lugd. Bat. 1696.

[Greek: Tote ho Palamedes heure ta is grammata tou alphabetou, a, b, g, d, e, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u; prosetheke de Kadmos ho Milesios hetera grammata tria, th, ph, ch—pros tauta Simonides ho Keios prosetheke duo, e kai o. Epicharmos de ho Surakousios tria, z, x, ps; houtos eplerothesan ta 24 stoicheia.] Eusebii Chron. p. 33. l. 13.

[522] [Greek: Ou gar monon para tois allois Ellesin emelethe ta peri tes anagraphei, all' oude para tois Athenaiois, hous autochthonas einai legousi, kai paideias epimeleis, ouden toiouton heurisketai genomenon.] Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. p. 439. Their historians were but little before the war with the Persians: doctrina vero temporum adhuc longe recentior—hinc tenebrae superioribus saeculis, hinc fabulae. Marsham. Chron. Canon. p. 14.

[523] The Arundel Marbles are a work of this sort, and contain an account of 1318 years. They begin from Cecrops, and come down to the 160th Olympiad. So that this work was undertaken very late, after the Archonship of Diognetus.

[524] See Diodorus above. p. 19, 20.

[525] [Greek: —Tis ou par' auton sungrapheon mathoi rhadios, hoti meden bebaios eidotes sunegraphon, all' hos hekastoi peri ton pragmaton eikazointo; pleion goun dia ton biblion allelous elenchousi, kai enantiotata peri ton auton legein ouk oknousi—ktl;] Josephus contra Apion. vol. 2. l. 1. c. 3. p. 439.

[Greek: Homoios de toutoi (Ephoroi) Kallisthenes kai Theopompos kata ten helikian gegonotes apestesan ton palaion muthon; hemeis de ten enantian toutois krisin echontes, kai ton ek tes anagraphes ponon hupostantes, ten pasan epimeleian epoesametha tes archaiologias.] Diod. l. 4. p. 209.

[526] Plutarch de Audiendis Poetis.

See Strabo's Apology for Fable. l. 1. p. 35, 36.

[527] [Greek: Plen ge de hoti ouk akribe exetasten chre einai ton huper tou Theiou ek palaiou memutheumenon.] Arrian. Expedit. Alexandri. l. 5.

Herodotus puts these remarkable words into the mouth of Darius—[Greek: Entha gar ti dei pseudos legesthai, legestho; tou gar autou glichometha, hoi te pseudomenoi, kai hoi tei aletheie diachreomenoi.] l. 3. c. 72. We may be assured that these were the author's own sentiments, though attributed to another person: hence we must not wonder if his veracity be sometimes called in question; add to this, that he was often through ignorance mistaken: [Greek: Polla ton Herodoton elenchei (Manethon) ton Aiguptiakon hup' agnoias epseusmenon.] Josephus cont. Ap. l. 1. c. 14. p. 444.

[528] [Greek: Tarsos episemotate polis Kilikias—esti d' apoikos Argeion.] Steph. Byzantinus, and Strabo. l. 16. p. 1089.

[529] [Greek: Onomastai d' apo tou pelou.] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1155.

According to Marcellinus, it was built by Peleus of Thessaly. l. 22. c. 16. p. 264.

[530] Diodorus. l. 5. p. 328.

[531] Diodorus. l. 5. p. 328. built by Actis.

[532] Apollodorus. l. 2. p. 62. Clemens. l. 1. Strom. p. 383. from Aristippus.

[533] See Josephus contra Apion. l. 1. c. 3. p. 439.

[534] [Greek: Hoi gar Hellenon logoi polloi kai geloioi, hos emoi phainontai.] Apud Jamblichum—See notes. p. 295.

[535] [Greek: Polun autoi epegon tuphon, hos me rhadios tina sunorain ta kat' aletheian genomena.] He therefore did not apply to Grecian learning—[Greek: Ou ten par' Hellesi, diaphonos gar aute kai philoneikoteron hup' enion mallon, e pros aletheian suntetheisa.] Philo apud Euseb. P. E. l. 1. c. ix. p. 32.

See the same writer of their love of allegory. p. 32.

[536] [Greek: Platon ouk arneitai ta kallista eis philosophian para ton barbaron emporeuesthai.] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 355.

[Greek: —Kleptas tes barbarou philosophias Hellenas.] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 2. p. 428.

Clemens accuses the Grecians continually for their ignorance and vanity: yet Clemens is said to have been an Athenian, though he lived at Alexandria. He sacrificed all prejudices to the truth, as far as he could obtain it.

[537] [Greek: Phusei gar Hellenes eisi neotropoi, kai attontes pherontai pantache, ouden echontes herma en heautois, oud' oper dexontai para tinon diaphulattontes; alla kai touto oxeos aphentes panta kata ten astaton heuresilogian metaplattousi. Barbaroi de monimoi tois ethesin ontes, kai tois logois bebaios tois autois emmenousi.] Jamblichus. sect. 7. c. 5. p. 155.

[538] [Greek: Doxes gar kenes kai mataiou pantes houtoi erasthentes, oute autoi to alethes egnosan, oute men allous epi ten aletheian proetrepsanto.] Theophilus ad Autol. l. 3. p. 382.

[539] [Greek: Par' hemin de tes kenodoxias ho himeros ouk esti; dogmaton de poikiliais ou katachrometha.] Tatianus contra Graecos, p. 269.

[540] [Greek: Tous men Sakas, tous de Massagetas ekaloun, ouk echontes akribos legein peri auton ouden, kaiper pros Massagetas ton Kurou polemon historountes; alla oute peri touton oudeis ekriboto pros aletheian ouden, oute ta palaia ton Person, oute ton Medikon, e Suriakon, es pistin aphikneito megalen dia ten ton sungrapheon haploteta kai ten philomuthian. Horontes gar tous phaneros muthographous eudokimountas, oethesan kai autous parexesthai ten graphen hedeian, ean en historias schemati legosin, ha medepote eidon, mete ekousan, e ou para ge eidoton skopountes; di auto de monon touta, hoti akroasin hedeian echei, kai thaumasten. Radios d' an tis Hesiodoi kai Homeroi pisteuseien Heroologousi, kai tois tragikois Poietais, e Ktesiai te kai Herodotoi, kai Hellanikoi, kai allois toioutois. Oude tois peri Alexandrou de sungrapsasin rhadion pisteuein tois pollois; kai gar houto rhadiourgousi dia te ten doxan Alexandrou, kai dia to ten strateian pros tas eschatias gegonenai tes Asias porro aph' hemon; to de porro duselenkton.] Strabo. l. 11. p. 774.

Graecis Historicis plerumque poeticae similem esse licentiam. Quinctilianus. l. 11. c. 11.

—quicquid Graecia mendax Audet in Historia. Juvenal.

Strabo of the antient Grecian historians: [Greek: Dei de ton palaion historion akouein houtos, hos me homologoumenon sphodra. hoi gar neoteroi pollakis nomizousi kai t' anantia legein.] l. 8. p. 545.

[Greek: Pantes men gar hoi peri Alexandron to thaumaston anti t' alethous apodechontai mallon.] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1022.

[541] [Greek: —Alla hekastos hekastoi t' anantia legei pollakis; hopou de peri ton horasthenton houto diapherontai, ti dei nomizein peri ton ex akoes.] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1006.

See also l. 771, 2, 3, 4. And Diodorus Siculus. l. 1. p. 63. Of Herodotus and other writers—[Greek: Hekousios prokrinantes tes aletheis to paradoxologein.]

[542] [Greek: Ou thaumaston d' einai peri tou Homeroi; kai gar tous eti neoterous ekeinou polla agnoein, kai teratologein.] Strabo. l. 7. p. 458.

[543] [Greek: Phemi oun Orphea kai Homeron kai Hesiodon einai tous onomata kai genne dontas tois hup' auton legomenois theois; marturei de kai Herodotos—Hesiodon gar kai Homeron helikien tetrakosiois etesi dokeo presbuterous emou genesthai, kai ou pleiosi. Houtoi de eisin, hoi poiesantes theogonian Hellesi, kai toisi theoisi tas eponumias dontes, kai timas kai technas dielontes, kai eidea auton semainontes; hai de eikones mechri mepo plastike kai graphike, kai andriantopoietike esan, oude enomizonto.] Athenagorae Legatio. p. 292. See Herodotus. l. 2. c. 53.

[544] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 809. Clemens mentions [Greek: Aguiea thuroros toi Herme.] Cohort. p. 44.

[Greek: Osa men adousin en toi Prutaneioi, phone men estin auton he Dorike.] Pausanias. l. 5. p. 416.

[545] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 828. of Phaennis and the Sibyls.

[546] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 809. of Phaemonoe and antient hymns.

[547] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 809, 810. [Greek: Olen].

[548] Jamblichus de Mysteriis. Sect. vii. c. 5. p. 156.

In like manner in Samothracia, the ancient Orphic language was obsolete, yet they retained it in their temple rites: [Greek: Eschekasi de palaian hidian dialekton hoi Autochthones (en Samothrakei) hes polla en tais thusiais mechri tou nun teretai.] Diodorus. l. 5. p. 322.

[549] Jamblichus de Myster. sect. 7. c. 5. See notes. p. 295.

[550] Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. l. 5. p. 676.

Such was Aristaeus Proconneisius: [Greek: Aner goes ei tis allos.] Strabo. l. 13.

[551] Thus it is said in Eusebius from some antient accounts, that Telegonus reigned in Egypt, who was the son of Orus the shepherd; and seventh from Inachus: and that he married Io. Upon which Scaliger asks: Si Septimus ab Inacho, quomodo Io Inachi filia nupsit ei? How could Io be married to him when she was to him in degree of ascent, as far off as his grandmother's great grandmother; that is six removes above him. See Scaliger on Euseb. ad Num. cccclxxxi.

[552] [Greek: Par' ois gar asunartetos estin he ton Chronon anagraphe, para toutois oude ta tes historias aletheuein dunaton; ti gar to aition tes en toi graphein planes, ei me to sunaptein ta me alethe.] Tatianus. p. 269.

[553] [Greek: Nun men opse pote eis Hellenas he ton logon parelthe didaskalia to kai graphe.] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 364.

[554] [Greek: Hoi men oun archaiotaten auton ten chresin einai thelontes, para Phoinikon kai Kadmou semnunontai mathein. Ou men oud' ep' ekeinou tou chronou dunaito tis an deixai sozomenen anagraphen en hierois, out' en demosiois anathemasi.] Joseph. cont. Apion. l. 1.

[555] [Greek: Ton de tes aletheias historion Hellenes ou memnentai; proton men dia to neosti autous ton grammaton tes empeirias metochous gegenesthai kai auton homologousi, phaskontes ta grammata heuresthai, oi men apo Chaldaion, hoi de par Aiguption, alloi d' an apo Phoinikon. deuteron, oti eptaion, kai ptaiousi, peri theou me poioumenoi ten mneian, alla peri mataion kai anophelon pragmaton.] Theoph. ad Autol. l. 3. p. 400.

Plutarch assures us, that Homer was not known to the Athenians till the time of Hipparchus, about the 63d Olympiad, yet some writers make him three, some four, some five hundred years before that aera. It is scarce possible that he should have been so unknown to them if they had been acquainted with letters.

[556] Eusebius. Chron. p. 24.

[557] Eusebius. Chron. p. 19. Syncellus. p. 148, 152.

The kings of Sicyon were taken from Castor Rhodius.

[558] [Greek: Kai chre ton nouneche sunienai kata pases akribeias, hoti kata ten Hellenon paradosin oud' historias tis en par' autois anagraphe; Kadmos gar—meta pollas geneas. kl.] Tatianus Assyrius. p. 274.

[559] Clemens Alexand. l. 1. p. 352. and Diogenes Laertius, from Dicaearchus, and Heraclides.

[560] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1160.

[561] AElian mentions, that the Bull Onuphis was worshipped at a place in Egypt, which he could not specify on account of its asperity. AElian de Animalibus. l. 12. c. 11.

Even Strabo omits some names, because they were too rough and dissonant. [Greek: Ou lego de ton ethnon ta onomata ta palaia dia ten adoxian, kai hama ten atopian tes ekphoras auton.] l. 12. p. 1123.

[562] [Greek: Meta tauta planen Hellesi aitiatai (ho Philon) legon, ou gar mataios auta pollakos diesteilametha, alla pros tas authis parekdochas ton en tois pragmasin onomaton; haper hoi Hellenes agnoesantes, allos exedexanto, planethentes tei amphiboliai ton onomaton]. Philo apud Eusebium. P. E. l. 1. c. x. p. 34.

[563] Bozrah, a citadel, they changed to [Greek: bursa], a skin. Out of Ar, the capital of Moab, they formed Areopolis, the city of the Mars. The river Jaboc they expressed Io Bacchus. They did not know that diu in the east signified an island: and therefore out of Diu-Socotra in the Red-Sea, they formed the island Dioscorides: and from Diu-Ador, or Adorus, they made an island Diodorus. The same island Socotra they sometimes denominated the island of Socrates. The place of fountains, Ai-Ain, they attributed to Ajax, and called it [Greek: Aiantos akroterion], in the same sea. The antient frontier town of Egypt, Rhinocolura, they derived from [Greek: ris, rinos,] a nose: and supposed that some people's noses were here cut off. Pannonia they derived from the Latin pannus, cloth. So Nilus was from [Greek: ne ilus]: Gadeira quasi [Greek: Ges deira]. Necus in Egypt and Ethiopia signified a king: but such kings they have turned to [Greek: nekuas]: and the city of Necho, or Royal City, to [Greek: Nikopolis] and [Greek: Nekropolis].

Lysimachus in his Egyptian history changed the name of Jerusalem to [Greek: Ierosula]: and supposed that the city was so called because the Israelites in their march to Canaan used to plunder temples, and steal sacred things. See Josephus contra Ap. l. 1. c. 34. p. 467.

[564] I do not mean to exclude the Romans, though I have not mentioned them; as the chief of the knowledge which they afford is the product of Greece. However, it must be confessed, that we are under great obligations to Pliny, Marcellinus, Arnobius, Tertullian, Lactantius, Jerome, Macrobius; and many others. They contain many necessary truths, wherever they may have obtained them.

[565] Ennii Annales. l. 2.

[566] Ennii Annales. l. 1.

[567] Apud Ennii fragmenta.

[568] Genesis. c. 10. v. 5.

[569] Strabo. l. 5. p. 346.

[570] Virgil. AEn. l. xi. v. 785.

[571] Servius upon the foregoing passage.

[572] Cluver. Italia. l. 2. p. 719.

[573] Livy. l. 1. c. 49. Pompeius Festus.

[574] Not far from hence was a district called Ager Solonus. Sol-On is a compound of the two most common names given to the Sun, to whom the place and waters were sacred.

[575] Dionysius Halicarnassensis. l. 3.

[576] Herodotus. l. 1. c. 138.

[Greek: Thuousi de kai hudati kai anemoisin (hoi Persai)]. Herodotus. l. 1. c. 131.

Ridetis temporibus priscis Persas fluvium coluisse. Arnobius adversus Gentes. l. 6. p. 196.

[577] [Greek: Alloi potamous kai krenas, kai panton malista hoi Aiguptioi protetimekasi, kai Theous anagoreuousi.] Athanasius adversus Gentes. p. 2.

[Greek: Aiguptioi hudati Thuousi; kaitoi men hapasi kainon tois Aiguptiois to hudor.] Lucian. Jupiter Tragoed. v. 2. p. 223. Edit. Salmurii.

[578] Julius Firmicus. p. 1.

[579] Gruter. Inscript. vol. 1. p. xciv.

[580] Senecae Epist. 41.

[581] Herodotus. l. 4. c. 181. The true name was probably Curene, or Curane.

[582] Vitruvij Architect. l. 8. p. 163.

[583] Pliny. l. 4. c. 4. p. 192. Ovid. Metamorph. l. 2.

[584] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 117. [Greek: Esti ge de kai Apollonos agalma pros tei Peirenei, kai peribolos estin].

Pirene and Virene are the same name.

[585] Pur, Pir, Phur, Vir: all signify fire.

[586] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 312.

[587] Diodorus Siculus. l. xi. p. 17.

[588] Strabo. l. 6. p. 412.

[589] Stephanus says that it was near Mount Casius; but Herodotus expressly tells us, that it was at the distance of three days journey from it.

[590] [Greek: Apo tautes ta emporia ta epi thalasses mechri Ienisou polios esti tou Arabikou.] Herodotus. l. 3. c. 5.

[591] [Greek: Tode metaxu Ienisou polios, kai Kasiou te oureos, kai tes Serbonidos limnes, eon ouk oligon chorion, all' hoson epi treis hemeras hodon, anudron esti deinos.] Herodotus. ibidem.

[592] Go-zan is the place, or temple, of the Sun. I once thought that Goshen, or, as it is sometimes expressed, Gozan, was the same as Cushan: but I was certainly mistaken. The district of Goshen was indeed the nome of Cushan; but the two words are not of the same purport. Goshen is the same as Go-shan, and Go-zan, analogous to Beth-shan, and signifies the place of the Sun. Go-shen, Go-shan, Go-zan, and Gau-zan, are all variations of the same name. In respect to On, there were two cities so called. The one was in Egypt, where Poti-phera was Priest. Genesis. c. 41. v. 45. The other stood in Arabia, and is mentioned by the Seventy: [Greek: On, he estin Helioupolis]. Exodus. c. 1. v. 11. This was also called Onium, and Hanes, the Iaenisus of Herodotus.

[593] Isaiah. c. 30. v. 4.

[594] See Observations upon the Antient History of Egypt. p. 124. p. 137.

[595] D'Anville Memoires sur l'Egypt. p. 114.

[596] Travels. vol. 2. p. 107. It is by them expressed Ain el Cham, and appropriated to the obelisk: but the meaning is plain.

[597] Bochart. Geog. Sacra. l. 1. c. 35. p. 638.

[598] See page 72. notes.

[599] Dissertation of the influence of opinion upon language, and of language upon opinion. Sect. vi. p. 67. of the translation.

[600] Scholia upon Apollonius. l. 2. v. 297.

[601] Strabo. l. 10. p. 700.

[602] Orphic Hymn. 4.

[603] [Greek: Hoi Theologoi—eni ge toi Phaneti ten demiourgiken aitian anumnesan]. Orphic Fragment. 8. from Proclus in Timaeum.

[604] [Greek: Su moi Zeus ho Phanaio, hekeis]. Eurip. Rhesus. v. 355.

[Greek: Phanaios Apollon en Chiois]. Hesych.

[605] Pliny. l. 2. c. 106. p. 120.

[606] [Greek: Loutra te parechei to chorion therma, gethen automata anionta]. Josephi Antiq. l. 18. c. 14.

[607] Lucretius. l. 6.

[608] Justin Martyr. Cohort. p. 33.

[609] Mount Albanus was denominated Al-ban from its fountains and baths.

[610] Strabo. l. 8. p. 545.

[611] Strabo. l. 4. p. 290. Onesa signifies solis ignis, analogous to Hanes.

[612] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1072. see also l. 11. p. 779. and l. 12. p. 838. likewise Plutarch in Artaxerxe.

[613] Pausanias. l. 8. p. 678.

[614] Horace. l. 1. sat. 5. v. 97.

[615] Pliny. l. 2. c. 110. p. 123.

[616] Strabo. l. 6. p. 430.

The antient Salentini worshipped the Sun under the title of Man-zan, or Man-zana: by which is meant Menes, Sol. Festus in V. Octobris.

[617] Thucydides. l. 6. c. 2. p. 379.

[618] Orphic Fragment. vi. v. 19. from Proclus. p. 366.

[Greek: Metis], divine wisdom, by which the world was framed: esteemed the same as Phanes and Dionusus.

[Greek: Autos te ho Dionusos, kai Phanes, kai Erikepaios]. Ibidem. p. 373.

[Greek: Metis—hermeneuetai, Boule. Phos, Zoodoter]—from Orpheus: Eusebij Chronicon. p. 4.

[619] [Greek: Isidos entautha Hieron, kai agalma, kai epi tes agoras Hermou—kai therma loutra]. Pausan. l. 2. p. 190.

[620] Pausanas. l. 4. p. 287.

[621] [Greek: Hoid' hudor piontes, kathaper ho en Kolophoni Hiereus tou Klariou. Hoide stomiois parakathemenoi, hos hai en Delphois thespizousai. Hoid' ex hudaton atmizomenoi, kathaper hai en Branchidais Prophetides.] Jamblichus de Mysterijs. sec. 3. c. xi. p. 72

[622] [Greek: Tode en Kolophoni manteion homologeitai para pasi dia hudatos chrematizein; einai gar pegen en oikoi katageioi, kai ap' autes piein ten Propheten.] Jamblichus. ibid.

[623] Pausanias. l. 8. p. 659. [Greek: Anelontos tou en Kolophoni kai Elegeion poietai psuchroteta adousi.]

[624] Callimachus: Hymn to Delos.

Strabo l. 10 p.742.

[625] Pliny. l. 2. c. 106. p. 122.

[626] Pliny above.

[Greek: Hoti pur estin engus Phaselidos en Lukiai athanaton, kai hoti aei kaietai epi petras, kai nukta, kai hemeran.] Ctesias apud Photium. clxxiii.

[627]

[Greek: Pantes, hosoi Phoinikon edos peri pagnu nemontai], [Greek: Aipu te Massikutoio rhoon, bomon ge Chimairas.] Nonnus. l. 3.

[628] Strabo. l. 12. p. 812. For the purport of Gaius, domus vel cavitas. See Radicals. p. 122.

[629] Patinae Numismata Imperatorum. p. 180. l. 194.

[630] He was called both Peon and Peor: and the country from him Peonia and Pieria. The chief cities were Alorus, Aineas, Chamsa, Methone: all of oriental etymology.

[631] [Greek: Paiones sebousi ton helion; agalma de heliou Paionikon diskos brachus huper makrou xulou.] Maximus Tyrius. Dissert. 8. p. 87.

Of the wealth of this people, and of their skill in music and pharmacy; See Strabo. Epitom. l. vii.

[632] Rufus Festus Avienus, Descrip. Orbis. v. 1083.

[633] Juliani Oratio in Solem. Orat. 4. p. 150.

[Greek: Hierontai de autoi (Edessenoi) toi theoi helioi; touton gar hoi epichorioi sebousi, tei Phoinikon phonei Elagabalon kalountes.] Herodian. l. 3.

[634] Edesseni Urchoienses—Urhoe, ignis, lux, &c. Theoph. Sigefredi Bayeri Hist. Osrhoena. p. 4.

[635] Ur-choe signifies Ori domus, vel templum; Solis AEdes.

Ur in Chaldea is, by Ptolemy, called Orchoe.

[636] Etymologicum magnum. The author adds: [Greek: arsai gar to potisai], as if it were of Grecian original.

[637] Marcellinus. l. 23. p. 287.

[638] [Greek: Arsene limne, hen kai Thonitin kalousi—esti de nitritis.] Strabo. l. xi. p. 801.

[639] [Greek: Proton men ap' Arsinoes paratheonti ten dexian epeiron therma pleiosin aulois ek petres hupseles eis thalattan dietheitai.] Agatharchides de Rubro mari. p. 54.

[Greek: Eita allen polin Arsinoen; eita thermon hudaton ekbolas, pikron kai halmuron.] Strabo. l. 16. p. 1114.]

[640] Some make Ephesus and Arsinoe to have been the same. See Scholia upon Dionysius. v. 828.

[641] Strabo. l. l6. p. 1074. See Radicals. p. 50.

[642] Pliny. l. 6. c. 27. Euphraten praeclusere Orcheni: nec nisi Pasitigri defertur ad mare.

[643] Ptolemy Geog.

Isidorus Characenus. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 7.

[644] Cellarii Geog. vol. 2. p. 80.

[645] Strabo. l. 12. p. 868, 869. and l. 13. p. 929-932.

[Greek: Esti de epiphaneia tephrodes ton pedion].

Strabo supposes that the Campus Hyrcanus was so named from the Persians; as also [Greek: Kurou pedion], near it; but they seem to have been so denominated ab origine. The river Organ, which ran, into the Maeander from the Campus Hyrcanus, was properly Ur-chan. Ancyra was An-cura, so named a fonte Solis [Greek: kuros gar ho helios]. All the names throughout the country have a correspondence: all relate either to the soil, or the religion of the natives; and betray a great antiquity.

[646] Ptolemy. Geog. l. 2. c. 11.

[647] Mentioned in Pliny's Panegyric: and in Seneca; consolatio ad Helv. l. 6. Aristotle in Meteoris.

[648] Here was one of the fountains of the Danube. [Greek: Istros te gar potamos arxamenos ek Kelton kai Purenes polios rheei, mesen schizon ten Europen]. Herodotus. l. 2. c. 33.

[649] See Cluverii Germania.

[650] Beatus Rhenanus. Rerum Germanic. l. 3.

[651] It is called by the Swiss, Le Grand Brenner: by the other Germans, Der gross Verner.

Mount Caenis, as we term it, is properly Mount Chen-Is, Mons Dei Vulcani. It is called by the people of the country Monte Canise; and is part of the Alpes Cottiae. Cluver. Ital. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 32. p. 337. Mons Geneber. Jovij.

[652] See Marcellinus. l. 15. c. 10. p. 77. and the authors quoted by Cluverius. Italia Antiqua above.

They are styled [Greek: Alpeis Skoutiai] by Procopius: Rerum Goth. l. 2.

Marcellinus thinks, that a king Cottius gave name to these Alps in the time of Augustus, but Cottius was the national title of the king; as Cottia was of the nation: far prior to the time of Augustus.

[653] Pliny. l. 3. c. 20. Cottianae civitates duodecim.

[654] Scholia upon Apollonius. l. 2. v. 677.

[655] [Greek: Touton de esti kai he tou Ideonnou ge, kai he tou Kottiou.] Strabo. l. 4. p. 312

[656] Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum.

[657] Gruter. vol. 1. p. 138.

[658] Fulgentius: Mytholog. l. 1. c. 25. p. 655.

[659] Lactantius de falsa Relig. vol. 1. l. 1. c. 11. p. 47.

To these instances add the worship of Seatur, and Thoth, called Thautates. See Clunerii Germania. l. 1. c. 26. p. 188 and 189.

[660] 2 Chronicles. c. 8. v. 4.

[661] Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 262. Edit. Cantab. 1655.

He speaks of Zoroaster: [Greek: Autophues spelaion en tois plesion oresi tes Persidos antheron, kai pegas echon, anierosantos eis timen tou panton poietou, kai patros Mithrou.] p. 254.

Clemens Alexandrinus mentions, [Greek: Barathon stomata terateias emplea.] Cohortatio ad Gentes.

[Greek: Antra men de dikaios oi palaioi, kai spelaia, toi kosmoi kathieroun.] Porphyry de Antro Nymph. p. 252. There was oftentimes an olive-tree planted near these caverns, as in the Acropolis at Athens, and in Ithaca.

[Greek: Autar epi kratos limenos tanuphullos Elaia,] [Greek: Anchothi d' autes Antron.] Homer de Antro Ithacensi. Odyss. l. [epsilon]. v. 346.

[662] Lycophron. v. 208. Scholia.

[663] Pausanias. l. x. p. 898. I imagine that the word caverna, a cavern, was denominated originally Ca-Ouran, Domus Coelestis, vel Domus Dei, from the supposed sanctity of such places.

[664] Strabo. l. 9. p. 638.

[Greek: Entha parthenou] [Greek: Stugnon Sibulles estin oiketerion] [Greek: Gronoi Berethroi sunkaterephes steges.] Lycophron of the Sibyl's cavern, near the promontory Zosterion. v. 1278.

[665] Pausanias. l. 3. p. 5. 275.

[666] Scholia upon Aristophanes: Plutus. v. 9. and Euripides in the Orestes. v. 164.

[667] Lucan. l. 5. v. 82.

[668] [Greek: Mouson gar en Hieron entautha peri ten anapnoen tou namatos.] Plutarch de Pyth. Oracul. vol. 1. p. 402.

[669] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 877.

[670] Pausanias. l. 5. p. 387. Sama Con, Coeli vel Coelestis Dominus.

[671] Strabo. l. 12. p. 869. l. 13. p. 934. Demeter and Kora were worshipped at the Charonian cavern mentioned by Strabo: [Greek: Charonion antron thaumaston te phusei]. l. 14. p. 961.

[672] Lucian de Dea Syria.

[673] Maximus Tyrius. Dissert. 8. p. 87.

[674] Vaillant: Numism. AErea Imperator. Pars prima. p. 243, 245, 285. and elsewhere.

[675] Hyde. Religio Veterum Persarum. c. 23. p. 306, 7, 8.

[676] See PLATE ii. iii.

[677] Le Bruyn. Plate 153.

See the subsequent plate with the characters of Cneuphis.

[678] Kaempfer. Amoenitates Exoticae. p. 325.

[679] Mandesloe. p. 3. He mentions the sacred fire and a serpent.

[680] Sir John Chardin. Herbert also describes these caverns, and a serpent, and wings; which was the same emblem as the Cneuphis of Egypt.

[681] Le Bruyn's Travels, vol. 2. p. 20. See plate 117, 118, 119, 120. Also p. 158, 159, 166, 167.

[682] Thevenot. part 2d. p. 144, 146.

[683] [Greek: Hoi ta tou Mithrou musteria paradidontes legousin ek petras gegenesthai auton, kai spelaion kalousi ton topon.] Cum Tyrphone Dialog. p. 168.

[684] He speaks of people—[Greek: Pantachou, hopou ton Mithran egnosan, dia spelaiou hileoumenon.] Porphyry de Antro Nympharum. p. 263.

[685] Justin Martyr supra.

[686] Scholia upon Statius. Thebaid. l. 1. v. 720.

Seu Persei de rupibus Antri Indignata sequi torquentem cornua Mithran.

[687] Plutarch: Alexander. p. 703. and Arrian. l. vi. p. 273.

[688] Herodotus. l. 1. c. 187.

[689] Thevenot. part 2d. p. 141, 146.

Some say that Thevenot was never out of Europe: consequently the travels which go under his name were the work of another person: for they have many curious circumstances, which could not be mere fiction.

[690] Clemens Alexandrinus. l. 6. p. 756.

[691] Hyde de Religione Vet. Persar. p. 306.

[692] See Radicals. p. 77.

[693] Petavius in Epiphanium. p. 42.

[694] Herbert's Travels. p. 138.

[695] Procopius. Persica. l. 1. c. 24.

[696] Ovid. Fast. l. 6. v. 291.

[697] Similis est natura Naphthae, et ita adpellatur circa Babylonem, et in Astacenis Parthiae, pro bituminis liquidi modo. Pliny. l. 2. c. 106. p. 123.

[698] Callim. H. to Delos. v. 201.

[699] Pliny. l. 2. c. 22. p. 112. He supposes the name to have been given, igne ibi primum reperto.

[700] Callimachus. H. to Delos. v. 325.

[701] Herodotus. l. iv. c. 69.

[702] [Greek: Kai thuousi Persai puri, epiphorountes autoi ten puros trophen, epilegontes, Pur, Despota, esthie.] Maximus Tyrius. Dissert. 8. p. 83.

[703] See Lycophron. v. 447. and Stephanus. [Greek: Kupros].

[Greek: Kerastidos eis chthona Kuprou.] Nonni Dionys. l. iv.

[704] Hospes erat caesus. Ovid. Metamorph. l. x. v. 228.

[705] Ovid. Metamorph. l. x. v. 228.

[706] Strabo. l. 10. p. 684.

[707] Solinus. cap. 17. Pliny takes notice of the city Carystus. Euboea—Urbibus clara quondam Pyrrha, Orco, Geraesto, Carysto, Oritano, &c. aquisque callidis, quae Ellopiae vocantur, nobilis. l. 4, c. 12.

[708] [Greek: En tois Kastabalois esti to tes Perasias Artemidos hieron, hopou phasi tas hiereias gumnois tois posi di' anthrakian badizein apatheis.] Strabo. l. 12 p. 811.

[709] [Greek: Mithras ho helios para Persais.] Hesych.

[Greek: Mithres ho protos en Persais Theos.] Ibidem.

Mithra was the same. Elias Cretensis in Gregorij Theologi Opera.

[710] Elias Cretensis. Ibidem. In like manner Nonnus says, that there could be no initiation—[Greek: Achris hou tas ogdoekonta kolaseis parelthoi.] In Nazianzeni Steliteutic. 2.

[711] [Greek: Kai tote loipon emuousi auton ta teleotera, ean zesei.] Nonnus supra.

[712] Account of Persia, by Jonas Hanway, Esq. vol. 3. c. 31, 32. p. 206.

[713] [Greek: Eikona pherontos spelaiou tou Kosmou]. Por. de Ant. Nymph. p. 254.

[714] [Greek: Meta de touton ton Zoroastren kratesantos kai par' allois di' antron kai spelaion, eit' oun autophuon, eite cheiropoieton, tas teletas apodidonai.] Porph. de Antro Nymph. p. 108. The purport of the history of Mithras, and of the cave from whence he proceeded, I shall hereafter shew. Jupiter was nursed in a cave; and Proserpine, [Greek: Kore Kosmou], nursed in a cave: [Greek: hosautos kai he Demeter en antroi trephei ten Koren meta Numphon; kai alla toiauta polla heuresei tis epion ta ton theologon.] Porph. ibid. p. 254.

[715] Numbers. c. 22. v. 41. Leviticus. c. 26. v. 30.

[716] 2 Kings. c. 16. v. 3, 4.

[717] 1 Kings. c. 22. v. 43. 2 Kings. c. 12. v. 3. c. 15. v. 4-35.

[718] There were two sorts of high places. The one was a natural eminence; a hill or mountain of the earth. The other was a factitious mound, of which I shall hereafter treat at large.

[719] Numbers. c. 22. v. 41. and c. 23. v. 14-28.

[720] Preface of Demetrius Moschus to Orpheus de Lapidibus—[Greek: Theiodamanti tou Priamou sunentesen Orpheus—ktl.]

[721] Strabo. l. 15. p. 1064.

[Greek: Persas epi ta hupselotata ton oreon thusias erdein.] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 131.

Some nations, instead of an image, worshipped the hill as the Deity—[Greek: Epephemisan de kai Dii agalmata hoi protoi anthropoi koruphas oron, Olumpon, kai Iden, kai ei ti allo oros plesiazei toi Ouranoi]. Maximus Tyrius Dissert. 8. p. 79.

[722] Appian de Bello Mithridatico. p. 215. Edit. Steph. He, by an hyperbole, makes the pile larger than the apex on which it stood.

[723] Virgil. l. 5. v. 760.

[724] Hist. Japan. vol. 2d. book 5. c. 3. p. 417.

[725] [Greek: Pan de oros tou Dios oros onomazetai, epei ethos en tois palaiois hupsisto onti toi Theoi en upsei thusias poieisthai]. Melanthes de Sacrificijs. See Natalis Comes. l. 1. 10.

[726] [Greek: Omphe, theia kledon]. Hesych. It was sometimes expressed without the aspirate, [Greek: ambe]: hence the place of the oracle was styled Ambon, [Greek: ambon]. [Greek: Ambon, hai prosanabaseis ton oron]. Hesych.

[727] [Greek: Ton Omphin euergeten ho Hermaios phesi deloun hermeneuomenon.] Plutarch: Isis et Osiris. vol. 1. p. 368.

[728] [Greek: Olumpoi eisin hex—kl.] Scholia upon Apollonius Rhodius. l. 1. v. 598.

[729] Many places styled Olympus and Olympian.

In Lycia: [Greek: Olumpos megale polis, kai horos homonumon.] Strabo. l. 14. p. 982.

[Greek: Olumpe polis Illurias]. Stephanus Byzantinus.

In Cyprus: [Greek: Amathos polis, kai oros mastoeides Olumpos.] Strabo. l. 14. p. 1001.

[Greek: Hede akroreia kaleitai Olumpos.] Strabo. Ibidem.

Josephus mentions the temple of Olympian Zeus at Tyre. Antiq. Jud. l. 8. c. 1.

At Megara in Greece: [Greek: Temenos Olumpeion]. Pausanias. l. 1. p. 97.

In Elis: [Greek: He Olumpia proton Kronios lophos elegeto.] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 42.

In Attica: [Greek: Naos Kronou, kai Rheas, kai temenos ten epiklesin Olumpias.] Pausan. l. 1. p. 43.

In Achaia: [Greek: Dios Olumpiou naos]. Pausan. l. 2. p. 123.

At Delos: [Greek: Olumpeion, topos en Deloi]. Stephanus Byzantinus. [Greek: Esti kai polis Pamphulias].

Libya was called Olympia. Stephanus Byzant.

The moon called Olympias: [Greek: He gar Selene par' Aiguptiois kurios Olumpias kaleitai.] Eusebii Chron. p. 45. l. 10.

The earth itself called Olympia by Plutarch, who mentions [Greek: tes Ges Olumpias hieron] in Theseus, by which is meant the temple of the Prophetic Earth.

Many other instances might be produced.

[730] Sophocles: Oedipus Tyrannus. v. 487.

[Greek: Omphalon eribromou Chthonos]. Pind. Pyth. Ode 6. v. 3.

[Greek: Orthodikan Gas omphalon keladete]. Pind. Pyth. Ode 11. antist.

[731] Euripides in Ione. v. 233.

[Greek: Mesomphalos Estia]. v. 461.

[732] Titus Livius. l. 38. c. 47.

[733] Strabo. l. 9. p. 642.

[734] Varro de Ling. Lat. l. 6. p. 68.

Pausanias gives this account of the omphalus at Delphi. [Greek: Ton de hupo Delphon kaloumenon omphalon lithou pepoiemenon leukou, touto einai to en mesoi ges pases autoi legousin hoi Delphoi; deiknutai te kai omphalos TIS en toi naoi titainomenos.] Pausan. l. 10. p. 835.

It is described by Tatianus, but in a different manner. [Greek: En toi temenei tou Letoidou kaleitai tis omphalos. Hode omphalos taphos estin Dionusou.] p. 251. Oratio contra Graecos.

[735] Plutarch [Greek: peri leloip. Chrester].

[736] Horus Apollo. Sec. 21. p. 30. edit. 1729.

[737] Pausanias. l. 2. p. 141. It is spoken of Phliuns, far removed from the centre of the Peloponnesus.

[738] This omphalus was near the Plutonian cavern. Diodorus. l. 5.

[Greek: Tris d' epi kallistes nesou drames omphalon Ennes.] Callimachus: Hymn to Ceres. Cicero in Verrem, 4. c. 48.

[739] Homer. Odyss. l. [alpha]. v. 50.

[740] Stephanus Byzantinus. The natives were also styled Pyrrhidae; and the country Chaonia from the temple Cha-On, [Greek: oikos heliou].

[741] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 7.

[742] Strabo. l. 8. p. 542.

[743] By Livy called Aliphira. l. 32. c. 5.

In Messenia was a city Amphia—[Greek: Polisma epi lophou hupselou keimenon.] Pausan. l. 4. p. 292. The country was called Amphia.

[744] [Greek: Alpheionias Artemidos, e Alpheiouses alsos.] Strabo. l. 8. p. 528.

[745] Plutarch de Fluminibus—[Greek: Alpheios].

Alpheus, said to be one of the twelve principal and most antient Deities, called [Greek: sumbomoi]; who are enumerated by the Scholiast upon Pindar. [Greek: Bomoi didumoi, protos Dios kai Poseidonos—ktl.] Olymp. Ode. 5.

[746] Stephanus Byzant. [Greek: Omphalion]. It was properly in Epirus, where was the oracle of Dodona, and whose people were styled [Greek: Omphalieeis] above.

[747] [Greek: Omphalion, topos Kretes;—] Steph. Byzant. [Greek: Esti de en Kretikois oresi kai kat' eme eti Eloros polis.] Strabo. l. 10. p. 834. Eluros—[Hebrew: AL AWR].

[748] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 337.

[749] Callimachus. Hymn to Jupiter. v. 42.

[750] Quintus Curtius. l. 4. c. 7. p. 154. Varior.

[751] Hyde of the Umbilicus. Relig. vet. Persarum. Appendix 3. p. 527.

[752] That Olympus and Olympia were of Egyptian original, is manifest from Eusebius; who tells us, that in Egypt the moon was called Olympias; and that the Zodiac in the heavens had antiently the name of Olympus. [Greek: He gar Selene par' Aiguptiois kurios Olumpias kaleitai, dia to kata mena peripolein ton Zodiakon kuklon, on hoi palaioi auton OLYMPON ekaloun.] Chronicon. p. 45. l. 9. The reason given is idle: but the fact is worth attending to.

Olympus was the supposed praeceptor of Jupiter. Diodorus. l. 3. p. 206.

[753] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 241.

[754] [Greek: Epi neos peripheretai chruses hupo Hieron ogdoekonta (ho Theos). Houtoi de epi ton omon pherontes ton theon proagousin automatos, hopou agoi to tou theou neuma ton poreian.] Diodorus. l. 17. p. 528.

It is observable, that this historian does not mention an omphalus: but says, that it was a statue, [Greek: xoanon], which was carried about.

[755] Bochart. Canaan. l. 1. c. 40.

[756] [Greek: Omphe, theia kledon, ho estin onar.] Schol. on Homer. Iliad. [Beta]. v. 41.

[757] Eusebius. Praep. Evang. l. 5. p. 194.

One title of Jupiter was [Greek: Panomphaios].

[Greek: Entha Panomphaioi Zeni rhezeskon Achaioi]. Homer. Iliad. [Theta]. v. 250.

Ara Panomphaeo vetus est sacrata Tonanti. Ovid. Metamorph. l. 11. v. 198.

[758] Pocock's Egypt. p. 108. Plate xlii.

[759] Pocock. Plate xxxix. p. 105.

[760] He sent messengers to Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor. Numbers. c. 22. v. 5.

[761] We learn from Numbers. c. 22. v. 36. and c. 31. v. 8. that the residence of Balaam was in Midian, on the other side of the river to the south, beyond the borders of Moab. This seems to have been the situation of Petra; which was either in Midian or upon the borders of it: so that Pethor, and Petra, were probably the same place. Petra is by the English traveller, Sandys, said to be called now Rath Alilat.

Petra by some is called a city of Palestine: [Greek: Petra polis Palaistines]. Suidas. But it was properly in Arabia, not far from Idume, or Edom. See Relandi Palaestina. p. 930. and Strabo. l. 16.

[762] The Ammonites were a mixed race; being both of Egyptian and Ethiopic original: [Greek: Aiguption kai Aithiopon apoikoi]. Herod. l. 2. c. 42.

[763] Pocock's Egypt. vol. 1. plate xlii.

[764] Luxorein by Norden, called Lucorein. It was probably erected to the Sun and Ouranus, and one of the first temples upon earth.

[765] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 4. v. 1052.

Mopsus was the son of Ampycus. Hygin. Fab. c. cxxviii. By some he is said to have been the son of Apollo. Apollo and Ampycus were the same.

[766] Orphic. Argonaut. v. 720.

[767] Ibidem. v. 185.

[768] Justin. Martyr. Apolog. p. 54.

Amphilochus was the God of light and prophecy. Plutarch mentions [Greek: ex Amphilochou manteia], in the treatise [Greek: peri bradeos timoroumenon]. p. 563.

[769] Cohortatio. p. 10.

[770] Lycophron. v. 1163.

[771] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 896.

[772] Hence the prophetic Sibyl in Virgil is styled Amphrysia vates. Virgil. AEn. l. 6. v. 368.

[773] Plin. l. 4. c. 12. Strabo. l. 10. Called Mallus, by Pausanias, [Greek: En Malloi manteion apseudestaton]. l. 1. p. 84.

[774] [Greek: Legetai de hupo ton Amphikleieon mantin te sphisi ton Theon toutoi, kai boethon nosois kathistanai—promanteus de ho hiereus esti]. Pausanias. l. 10. p. 884. The city was also called Ophitea.

[775] Aristophanes. [Greek: Nephelai]. v. 595.

[776] See Scholia to Aristoph. v. 595.

[777] Ibidem.

[778] We meet with the like in the Orphica.

[Greek: Amphi de manteias edaen polupeironas hormous] [Greek: Theron, Oionon te.] Argonautica. v. 33.

So in Pindar. [Greek: Keladonti moi amphi Kinuran.] Pyth. Ode 2. p. 203.

We have the same from the Tripod itself.

[Greek: Amphi de Putho, kai Klariou manteumata Phoibou.] Apollo de defectu Oraculor. apud Eusebium. Praep. Evang. l. 5. c. 16. p. 204.

[779] Hymn to Venus of Salamis. See Homer Didymi. vol. 2. p. 528.

The names of the sacred hymns, as mentioned by Proclus in his [Greek: Chrestomatheia], were [Greek: Paianes], [Greek: Dithurambos], [Greek: Adonis], [Greek: Io Bakchon], [Greek: Huporchemata], [Greek: Enkomia], [Greek: Euktika.] Photius. c. 236. p. 983.

[780] Diodorus. l. 5. p. 213.

[781] Idque a [Greek: Thriamboi] Graeco, Liberi Patris cognomento. Varro de lingua Lat. l. 5. p. 58.

[782] Diodorus Siculus. l. 5. p. 213.

[783] Epiphanius—adversus Haeres. l. 3. p. 1093.

[784] Pindar. Olympic Ode vi. p. 53.

Iamus, supposed by Pindar to have been the son of Apollo; but he was the same as Apollo and Osiris. He makes Apollo afford him the gift of prophecy:

[Greek: Entha hoi opase] [Greek: Thesauron didumon mantosunas (Apollon).] Ibid. p. 53.

[785] Of the Iamidae, see Herodotus. l. v. c. 44. l. ix. c. 33.

[Greek: Kallion ton Iamideon mantin].

[786] Pindar. Ibidem. p. 51.

[787] Pi is the antient Egyptian prefix.

[788] Herodotus. l. 1. c. 62. p. 30.

[789] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 3. v. 1180.

An ox or cow from being oracular was styled Alphi as well as Omphi. Hence Plutarch speaks of Cadmus: [Greek: Hon phasi to alpha panton protaxai. dia to Phoinikas houto kalein ton boun.] Sympos. Quaest. 9. 3.

[790] In insula Pharo. Pliny. l. 36. c. 12.

[791] Wheeler's Travels, p. 207.

[792] Wheeler. p. 204. Sandys's travels. p. 32.

[793] Strabo. l. 17. p. 1141.

[794] Strabo. l. 3. p. 259.

[795] Strabo. l. 2. p. 258.

[796] Strabo. Ibidem. Ou-Ob. Sol. Pytho. Onoba, regio Solis Pythonis.

[797] Strabo calls the African pillar Abyluca; which is commonly rendered Abila.—[Greek: Enioi de stelas hupelabon ten Kalpen, kai ten Abuluka—ktl.] Ibidem. Ab-El-Uc, and Ca-Alpe.

Calpe is now called Gibel-Tar, or Gibralter: which name relates to the hill where of old the pillar stood.

[798] —[Greek: All' apo limenos men oudeis anagetai, me thusas tois Thesis, kai parakalesas autous boethous.] Arrian upon Epictetus. l. 3. c. 22.

[799] Virgil. l. 3. AEneis.

[800] Callimachus. Hymn to Delos. v. 3l6.

[801] Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 156.

Helen is said to have been a mimic of this sort.

[802] [Greek: To hieron tou Ouriou apechei apo tou Buzantiou stadia 120; ginontai de milia 16. kai esti stenotaton to stoma tou Pontou kaloumenon.] Anon. Descript. Ponti Euxini.

[803] See Spon. and Wheeler's travels. p. 209.

[804] Dionysius [Greek: perieges]. v. 380.

[805] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 1. v. 601.

[806] Ibid. l. 1. v. 1114.

In another place,

[Greek: Phula te Bithunon autei kteatissato gaiei,] [Greek: Mesph' epi Rebaiou prochoas, skopelon te Kolones.] Apollon. Rhod. l. 2. v. 790.

[807] Orphic Argonaut. v. 375.

[808] Homer's Hymn to Apollo.

[809] Orphic Argonaut. v. 1295.

Sophocles calls the sea coast [Greek: parabomios akte], from the numbers of altars. Oedipus Tyrannus. v. 193.

The like province was attributed to the supposed sister of Apollo, Diana: Jupiter tells her—

[Greek: kai men aguiais] [Greek: Essei kai limenessin episkopos.]

And, in another place:

[Greek: Tris deka toi ptoliethra kai ouk hena Purgon opasso.] Callimachus. Hymn to Diana.

[Greek: Potnia, Mounuchie, Limenoskope, chaire, Pheraia.] Ibid. v. 259.

[810] [Greek: Prin ge oun akribothenai tas ton agalmaton scheseis, kionas histantes hoi palaioi esebon toutous, hos aphidrumata tou Theou.] Clemens Alexand. l. 1. p. 418.

[811] [Greek: —Ontos ouchi agalmatos sun technei, lithou de argou kata to archaion.] Pausan. l. 9. p. 757.

Also of the Thespians: [Greek: Kai sphisin agalma palaiotaton estin argos lithos]. p. 761.

[812] Tertullian adversus Gentes. l. 1. c. 12.

[813] [Greek: Kai to men Samias Heras proteron en sanis]. Clementis Cohort. p. 40.

[814] Apollonius Rhodius. l. 1. v. 1117. p. 115.

[815] Orphic Argonaut. v. 605.

Pliny, l. 16, mentions simulacrum vitigineum.

[816] Callimachus. Hymn to Diana. v. 237.

[817] [Greek: Premnon—stelechos, blastos, pan rizoma dendrou to geraskon; e to ampelou pros tei ge premnon.] Hesychius.

[Greek: Premniasai, ekrizosai]. Ibidem.

[818] Nonni Dionysiaca. l. xi. p. 306.

[819] Nonni Dion. l. x. p. 278.

[820] Nonni Dion. l. xi. p. 296.

[821] Ovid. Fast. l. 3. v. 409.

[822] [Greek: Ampelos, polis tes Ligustikes; Heketaios en Europei; esti de akra Toronaion Ampelos legomene; esti kai hetera akra tes Samou; kai alle en Kurene. Agroitas de duo poleis phesi, ten men ano, ten de katoi; esti de kai Italias akra, kai limen.] Steph. Byzant.

[Greek: Kaleitai men oun kai akra tis Ampelos.] Strabo of Samos. l. 14. p. 944.

[823] Ampelusia, called [Greek: Kottes akron]. Ptolemy. l. 4. so named according to Strabo [Greek: apo Koteon], or [Greek: Kotaion], not far from a city Zilis, and Cota. See Pliny. l. 5. c. 1.

Promontorium Oceani extimum Ampelusia. Pliny. l. 5. c. 1.

Ampelona. Pliny. l. 6. c. 28.

[824] [Greek: Apo Ampelou akres epi Kanastraien akren]. Herodotus. l. 7. c. 123.

[Greek: Ampelos akra], in Crete. Ptolemy. See Pliny. l. 4. c. 12.

[825] In Samos was [Greek: Ampelos akra; esti de ouk euoinos.] Strabo. l. 14. p. 944.

Some places were called more simply Ampe.

See Herodotus of Ampi in the Persian Gulf. l. 6. c. 20.

[Greek: Ampe] of Tzetzes. See Cellarius.

[826] [Greek: Mukales chorion hieron]. Herodotus. l. 1. c. 148.

[827] Praep. Evan. l. 5. c. 16.

[828] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 12.

[Greek: Numphai eisi en toi phreati]. Artemidorus Oneirocrit. l. 2. c. 23.

[829] [Greek: Numphon estin hieron epi tei pegei.—-louomenois de en tei pegei kamaton te esti kai algematon panton hiamata]. Pausanias. l. 6. p. 510.

[830] [Greek: Numphika], and [Greek: Loutra], are put by Hesychius as synonymous.

Omnibus aquis Nymphae sunt praesidentes. Servius upon Virgil. Eclog. 1.

Thetis was styled Nympha, merely because she was supposed to be water. Thetidem dici voluerunt aquam, unde et Nympha dicta est. Fulgentij Mytholog. c. viii. p. 720.

[831] Pausanias. l. 8. p. 670.

Young women were, by the later Greeks, and by the Romans, styled Nymphae; but improperly. Nympha vox, Graecorum [Greek: Numpha], non fuit ab origine Virgini sive Puellae propria: sed solummodo partem corporis denotabat. AEgyptijs, sicut omnia animalia, lapides, frutices, atque herbas, ita omne membrum atque omnia corporis humani loca, aliquo dei titulo mos fuit denotare. Hinc cor nuncupabant Ath, uterum Mathyr, vel Mether: et fontem foemineum, sicut et alios fontes, nomine Ain Omphe, Graece [Greek: numphe], insignibant: quod ab AEgyptijs ad Graecos derivatum est.—Hinc legimus, [Greek: Numphe pege, kai neogamos gune, numphen de kalousi ktl.] Suidas.

[Greek: Par' Athenaiois he tou Dios meter, Numphe]. Ibidem.

[832] Naptha is called Apthas by Simplicius in Categoric. Aristotelis. [Greek: Kai ho Aphthas dechetai porrhothen tou puros eidos.] The same by Gregory Nyssen is contracted, and called, after the Ionic manner, [Greek: Phthes: hosper ho kaloumenos Phthes exaptetai]. Liber de anima. On which account these writers are blamed by the learned Valesius. They are, however, guilty of no mistake; only use the word out of composition. Ain-Aptha, contracted Naptha, was properly the fountain itself: the matter which proceeded from it was styled Apthas, Pthas, and Ptha. It was one of the titles of the God of fire, called Apha-Astus, the Hephastus of the Greeks; to whom this inflammable substance was sacred.

See Valesij notae in Amm. Marcellinum. l. 23. p. 285.

Epirus was denominated from the worship of fire, and one of its rivers was called the Aphas.

[833] Pliny. l. 31. p. 333.

[834] Marcellinus. l. 23. p. 285.

[835] Pliny. l. 6. p. 326.

[836] Strabo. l. 7. p. 487. See Antigoni Carystii Mirabilia. p. 163.

[837] [Greek: En tei chorai ton Apolloniaton kaleitai ti Numphaion; petra de esti pur anadidousa; hup' autei de krenai rheousi chliarou Asphaltou]. Strabo. l. 7. p. 487.

[838] Strabo. Ibidem. l. 7. p. 487. He supposes that it was called Ampelitis from [Greek: ampelos], the vine: because its waters were good to kill vermin, [Greek: Akos tes phtheirioses ampelou]. A far fetched etymology. Neither Strabo, nor Posidonius, whom he quotes, considers that the term is of Syriac original.

[839] Philostrati vita Apollonii. l. 8. c. 4. p. 116.

[840] Dionis Historia Romana. Johannis Resin: Antiq. l. 3. c. 11.

[841] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 718.

[842] Evagrius. l. 3. c. 12.

[843] Marcellinus. l. 15. c. 7. p. 68.

[844] Celsus apud Originem. l. 7. p. 333.

See also Plutarch. de Oraculorum defectu.

[845] Callimachus. Hymn to Diana. v. 226.

[846] Callimachus. Ibid. v. 33.

[Greek: Pollas de xune poleas.]

[847] Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo. v. 56.

[848] Cicero de Divinatio. l. 1.

[849] Lucian. Astrolog. v. 1. p. 993.

[850] See in the former treatise, inscribed [Greek: Omphe].

[851] Are not all the names which relate to the different stages of manhood, as well as to family cognation, taken from the titles of priests, which were originally used in temples; such as Pater, Vir, Virgo, Puer, Mater, Matrona, Patronus, Frater, Soror, [Greek: Adelphos], [Greek: Kouros]?

[852] Verses from an antient Choriambic poem, which are quoted by Terentianus Maurus de Metris.

[853] Lucilli Fragmenta.

[854] Ode of Ausonius to Attius Patera Rhetor in Professorum Burdigalensium commemoratione. Ode 10.

[855] Ausonius. Ode 4.

[856] He is called Balen by AEschylus. Persae. p. 156. [Greek: Balen, archaios Balen.]

[857] [Greek: Belin de kalousi touton; sebousi de huperphuos, Apollona einai ethelontes.] Herodian. l. 8. of the Aquileians.

Inscriptio vetus Aquileiae reperta. APOLLINI. BELENO. C. AQUILEIENS. FELIX.

[858] Apollonius Rhodius. Argonautic. l. 2. v. 703.

[859] Ibidem. l. 1. v. 1135.

[860] Juvenal. Sat. 14. v. 265.

[861] Manilius. l. 5. v. 434.

[862] Phavorinus.

[Greek: He Olumpia proton Kronios lophos elegeto]. Scholia in Lycophron. v. 42.

[Greek: Soter hupsinephes Zeu, Kronion te naion lophon]. Pindar. Olymp. Ode 5. p. 43.

[863] Pindar. Olympic Ode 6. p. 52.

Apollo was the same as Iamus; whose priests were the Iaemidae, the most antient order in Greece.

[864] It is a word of Amonian original, analogous to Eliza-bet, Bet-Armus, Bet-Tumus in India, Phainobeth in Egypt.

[865] Lycophron. v. 159. here they sacrificed [Greek: Zeni Ombrioi].

[866] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 6. p. 51.

[867] [Greek: Tas men de petras sebousi te malista, kai toi Eteoklei phasin autas pesein ek tou ouranou.] Pausanias. l. 9. p. 786.

[868] Euripides in Ione. v. 935. See Radicals, p. 85. Macar.

[869] Clemens Alexand. Strom. l. 1. p. 358.

[870] Pausanias. l. 10. p. 825.

[871] Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8.

[872] Scholia in Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8.

[873] Diogenes Laertius: Vita Anaxagorae.

[874] Pliny. l. 2. c. 58. p. 102.

[875] [Greek: Elibaton petran] they construed [Greek: lithon aph' heliou bainomenon].

[876] Pindar. Olympic. Ode 1. p. 8.

[877] [Greek: Ton huper kephalas Tantalou lithon]. Pindar. Isthm. Ode 8. p. 482.

[878] [Greek: Alkaios, kai Alkman lithon phasin epaioreisthai Tantaloi.] Scholia upon Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8.

[879] [Greek: Pine legei to toreuma, kai orgia manthane siges]. Antholog.

[880] Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 152.

[881] Scholia upon Pindar. Olymp. Ode 1. p. 8.

[882] Pindar. Scholia. Ibidem.

[883] Justin. Martyr ad Tryphonem. p. 168. The rites of Mithras were styled Patrica.

[884] Gruter. Inscript. p. xlix. n. 2.

[885] Indiculus Paganiarum in Consilio Leptinensi ad ann. Christi 743.

See du Fresne Gloss, and Hoffman. Petra.

Nullus Christianus ad fana, vel ad Petras vota reddere praesumat.

[886]

[Greek: Ou men pos nun estin hupo druos, oud' hupo petres] [Greek: Toi oarizemenai, hate parthenos, eitheos te,] [Greek: Parthenos, eitheos t' oarizeton alleloisin.] Homer. Iliad. [chi]. v. 126.

[Greek: Lithomotai, demegoroi, epi tou lithou omnuntes]. Hesychius.

[887] Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 248.

[Greek: Petraios timaitai Poseidon para Thettalois]. Scholia ibidem.

[888] Zeus was represented by a pyramid: Artemis by a pillar. [Greek: Puramidi de ho Meilichios, he de kioni estin eikasmene]. Pausan. l. 2. p. 132.

[889] Pausanias. l. 1. p. 104.

According to the acceptation, in which I understand the term, we may account for so many places in the east being styled Petra. Persis and India did not abound with rocks more than Europe; yet, in these parts, as well as in the neighbouring regions, there is continually mention made of Petra: such as [Greek: Petra Sisimithrou] in Sogdiana, Petra Aornon in India, [Greek: kai ten tou Oxou (Petran), hoi de Ariamazou]. Strabo. l. 11. p. 787. Petra Abatos in Egypt, [Greek: Petra Nabataia] in Arabia. Many places called Petra occur in the history of Alexander: [Greek: Helein de kai Petras erumnas sphodra ek prodoseos]. Strabo. l. 11. p. 787. They were in reality sacred eminences, where of old they worshipped; which in aftertimes were fortified. Every place styled Arx and [Greek: Akropolis] was originally of the same nature. The same is to be observed of those styled Purgoi.

[890] Gruter. Inscript. lxxxvi. n. 8.

[891] Xenophon. [Greek: Kuroupaideia].

[892] Nonnus. Dionysiac. l. ix. p. 266.

[893] Pausanias. l. 7. p. 577.

[894] [Greek: ALPHITON, to apo neas krithes, e sitou pephurmenon aleuron.] Hesychius.

[Greek: Alphita meliti kai elaioi dedeumena]. Hesych.

[895] [Greek: OMPAI, thumata, kai puroi meliti dedeumenoi.] Hesychius.

[Greek: OMPIA, pantodapa trogalia]. Ibidem.

It it was expressed Amphi, the cakes were Amphitora, Amphimantora, Amphimasta: which seem to have been all nearly of the same composition.

[Greek: AMPHASMA, psaista oinoi kai elaioi bebregmena]. Ibidem.

[896] Fine flour had the sacred name of Ador, from Adorus, the God of day, an Amonian name.

[897] [Greek: HOMOURA, semidalis hephthe, meli echousa, kai sesamon.] Hesych.

[Greek: AMORA, semidalis hephthe sun meliti.] Ibidem.

[Greek: HOMORITAS, artos ek puron dieiremenon gegonos.] Ibid.

Also [Greek: Amorbitai], Amorbitae. See Athenaeus. l. 14. p. 646.

[898] [Greek: PIONES, plakountes.] Hesychius.

Pi-On was the Amonian name of the Sun: as was also Pi-Or, and Pe-Or.

[899] [Greek: CHAUONAS, artous elaioi anaphurathentas krithinous.] Suidas.

[900] The latter Greeks expressed Puramoun, Puramous.

[Greek: PYRAMOUS], a cake. [Greek: En ho Puramous para tois palaiois epinikios.] Artemidorus. l. 1. c. 74. [Greek: Kai ho diagrupnesas mechri ten heo elambane ton puramounta.] Schol. Aristoph. [Greek: Hippeis].

See Meuisius on Lycophron. v. 593. and Hesych. [Greek: puramous, eidos plakountos.]

[901] [Greek: OBELIAI], placentae. Athenaeus. l. 14. p. 645.

[902] [Greek: Nun thuso ta PITYRA.] Theocritus. Idyl. 2. v. 33.

[903] Athenaeus. l. 14. p. 646.

[904] Diogenes Laertius: Vita Empedoclis. l.8.

[905] Some read [Greek: ethaumase]. Cedrenus. p. 82. Some have thought, that by [Greek: boun] was meant an Ox: but Pausanias says, that these offerings were [Greek: pemmata]: and moreover tells us; [Greek: hoposa echei psuchen, touton men exiosen ouden thusai]. Cecrops sacrificed nothing that had life. Pausan. l. 8. p. 600.

[906] Jeremiah. c. 44. v. 18, 19.

[907] Ibid. c. 7. v. l8.

[908] Jeremiah. c. 51. v. 19. according to the Seventy.

So also c. 7. v. 18. [Greek: Chauonas te stratiai tou Ouranou]. Chau-On, domus vel templum Solis.

[909] Herodotus mentions this custom, and styles it justly [Greek: aischistos ton nomon]. He says that it was practised at the temple of the Babylonish Deity Melitta. l. 1. c. 199.

[910] Strabo. l. 11. p. 805. Anais, or Anait, called Tanais, in this passage: they are the same name.

The same account given of the Lydian women by Herodotus: [Greek: porneuein gar hapasas]. l. 3. c. 93: all, universally, were devoted to whoredom.

[911] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 129. p. 138.

[912] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 129. p. 166.

[913] Plutarch. Isis et Osiris, p. 366.

[914] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 85, 86.

[915] [Greek: Tauta de legousi phluereontes]. Herod. l. 2. c. 131.

[916] The star between the horns shows that it was a representation of the Deity, and the whole a religious memorial.

[917] Cyril. contra Julian. p. 15. It is related somewhat differently in the Timaeus of Plato. vol. 3. p. 22. See also Clemens Alex. Strom. l. 1. p. 356.

[918] L. 2. c. 53. The evidence of Herodotus must be esteemed early; and his judgment valid. What can afford us a more sad account of the doubt and darkness, in which mankind was inveloped, than these words of the historian? how plainly does he shew the necessity of divine interposition; and of revelation in consequence of it!

[919] Herodotus. l. 2. c. 53.

[920] Virgil. Georgic. l. 1. v. 6.

Liber is El-Abor contracted: Sol, Parens Lucis.

[921] Scholia in Horat. l. 2. Ode 19.

[922] Orphic. Fragment. in Macrob. Sat. l. 1. c. 23.

[923] Macrob. Sat. l. 1. c. 18.

He is called by Eumolpus [Greek: Astrophane Dionuson en aktinessi puropon]: apud Euseb. P. E. l. 9 c. 27.

[924] Zemissus is the Amonian Sames, or Samesh, analogous to Beth-Shemesh in the Scriptures.

[925] Orphic. Fragment. 4. p. 364. edit. Gesner.

See Stephani Poesis Philosoph. p. 80. from Justin Martyr.

[926] Macrobius. Saturn. l. 1. c. 18. p. 202. He mentions Jupiter Lucetius, and Diespater, the God of day; and adds, Cretenses [Greek: Dia ten hemeran] vocant. The Cretans call the day dia. The word dies of the Latines was of the same original.

[927] Diodorus Siculus. l. 1. p. 22.

[928] Chronolog. Canon. p. 32.

[929] Hermesianax.

It may be worth while to observe below, how many Gods there were of the same titles and departments. [Greek: Paionios Dionusios]. Hesychius. Paeonia Minerva. Plutarch. de decem Rhetoribus.

[Greek: Palaimon Herakles]. Hesychius.

[Greek: Ieter panton, Asklepie, despota Paian]. Orphic. H. 66.

[Greek: Poseidon Iatros en Tenoi]. Clement. Cohort. p. 26.

Olen, the most antient mythologist, made Eilithya to be the mother of Eros; so that Eilithya and Venus must have been the same, and consequently Diana.

[Greek: Metera Erotos Eilithuian einai]. Pausan. l. 9. p. 762.

Adonim, Attinem, Osirim et Horum aliud non esse quam Solem. Macrobius Sat. l. 1. c. 21. p. 209.

Janus was Juno, and styled Junonius. Macrob. Sat. l. 1. c. 9. p. 159.

Lunam; eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Proserpinam dicunt. Servius in Georgic. l. 1. v. 5.