[Footnote 19: Penyumbat, a stopper, from sumbat, to stop up, close.]

[Footnote 20: Balang is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English word "bottle" is generally understood.]

EXERCISE.

Wipe this table. Don't give the washerman the tablecloths which have holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I shall want it some day. I came here having been invited[21] by Mr. ——.

[Footnote 21: Di-per-sila-kan uleh.]



LESSON XIX.

Look at this for a moment— Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar. Let me see it— Biar sahaya me-lihat. Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?— Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap? I did not pay particular attention— Sahaya ta' bĕrapa per-hati-kan. I don't quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)— Sahaya korang preḳsa. Pick out those that are torn— Pilih yang ter-koyah. How many pairs of white trousers are there?— Saluar puteh ada bĕr apa hălei? Give me a shirt— Kasih kameja[22] sa'lei.[23] Thick material (e.g., blanket, rug, flannel)— Kain panas. Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (e.g., sheet, coverlet)— Sălimut. Fold up this handkerchief— Lipat sapu-tangan ini. He was lying wrapped up with a blanket— Dia tidor-lah ber-sălimut kain panas. They wrapped him round with a sarong— Di-sălimut-kan-nia kain sarong. There is one pair of socks too few— Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang. My waist-belt has disappeared— Tali pinggang sudah ta' nampa lagi. Bolt the door— Kanching-kan-lah pintu. Knock at the door before coming in— Kĕtok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok. I am going to bathe now— Sahaya handak mandi sakarang. Is there any water for bathing?— Ayer mandi ada-kah? The tub is full— Tong sudah pĕnoh.

[Footnote 22: Kameja, Portuguese camiza.]

[Footnote 23: See supra, p. 70.] [[Numeral coefficients, no. 5]]

EXERCISE.

Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers. Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold up these sheets.



LESSON XX.

Have you fed the dogs?— Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah? Did you deliver that letter?— Surat itu sudah sĕrah-kah? Is there any answer?— Ada jawab[24]-nia apa-apa? The master sends his compliments— Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak. There are a great many mosquitoes here— Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini. I don't much like living here— Sahaya ta' bĕr-apa suka duduk[25] di-sini. I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that— Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu. Are you on good terms with so-and-so?— Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah? Mr. —— was very angry with him— Marah sa-kali Tuan —— kapada-nia. I do not venture to interfere— Sahaya ta' bĕrani champor. Don't interrupt— Jangan masok-kan mulut. Mix both together— Champor-lah dua-dua. I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies— Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei. Don't use cocoa-nut oil— Jangan pakei minyak kalapa. She sits weeping day and night— Dia duduk menangis siyang malam. This will do as a pattern— Ini-lah jadi chonto. He made a model of a house— Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah. Where is the bullet-mould?— Achu-an peluru[26] dimana? My mind is made up— Tĕtap-lah hati sahaya. I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden— Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun.

[Footnote 24: Jawab (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.]

[Footnote 25: Duduk, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live, inhabit.]

[Footnote 26: Pe-luru, a missile, "that which goes direct," a substantive formed by the particle pe- and the word lurus, direct, straight.]

EXERCISE.

I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an answer. Don't be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a pattern. Give my compliments to your master.



LESSON XXI.

Can you sew?— Kamu tahu-kah menjahit? The tailor has come— Tukang jahit sudah datang. This does not fit me— Ta' bĕtul ini dengan badan[27] sahaya. Measure the length of this— Hukur-lah panjang-nia. Just hold this for a moment— Tulong pegang ini sa'at.[28] Wait a moment— Nanti sa'at. He has a bad foot— Kaki-nia sakit. He was wounded between the ankle and the heel— Dia kĕna luka antara mata kaki dan tumit. Her neck was swollen— Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia. From the nape of the neck down to the feet— Deri tangkuk hingga kaki. He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)— Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan. His knee-pan was broken— Patah-lah tempurong[29] lutut-nia. A skull was found in the river— Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei. As big as one's finger— Besar jari. The thumb— Ibu jari or ibu tangan. The forefinger— Jari telunjuk. The middle finger— Jari tengah, jari mati, or jari hantu. The fourth finger— Jari manis. The little finger— Jari kelingking. His right arm was dislocated— Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat. He has a beard— Dia ber-janggut. One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache— Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei.

[Footnote 27: Badan, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; tuboh is the native word; salira (Sansk.) is also found.]

[Footnote 28: More correctly sa-sa'at, one moment. Sa'at (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.]

[Footnote 29: The primary meaning of tempurong is "cocoa-nut shell."]

EXERCISE.

Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring[30] on her fourth finger.

[Footnote 30: Chinchin.]



LESSON XXII.

Bring my hat and riding-whip— Bawa topi[31] dengan rotan.[32] What is this candle made of?— Dian ini di-buat dengan apa? Give me pen and ink— Kasih kalam[33] sama dawat.[34] That man is deaf and dumb— Orang itu bisu. His hair is very long— Panjang sakali rambut-nia. What is your occupation?— Apa pen-chahari-an angkau? He cultivates padi for a livelihood— Dia buat bendang[35] men-chahari makan. Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?— Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah? This cloth is very dirty— Kotor sakali kain ini. His house was entered by robbers last night— Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam. They made off with a good many things— Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi. All were fast asleep, not one was awake— Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga. I keep my box under my bed— Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor. I sleep on an iron bedstead— Sahaya tidor di-atas katil[36] besi. My two children sleep in the loft— Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para. There was a policeman watching in the street— Ada mata-mata sa'orang men-jaga di jalan. He ran very fast and could not be caught— Dia lari ter-lalu dĕras ta' sămpat orang menangkap. The policeman chased him down to the river-bank— Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei. Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the day— Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari.

[Footnote 31: Topi, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European.]

[Footnote 32: Rotan, rattan, more correctly raut-an, the thing peeled, from raut, to peel.]

[Footnote 33: Kalam (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit kalama, a kind of rice; Greek kalamos.]

[Footnote 34: Dawat in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink. Tinta (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for ink.]

[Footnote 35: Buat bendang, lit. "works the fields;" bendang = wet rice-fields, as opposed to huma, dry fields on high ground.]

[Footnote 36: Kaṭṭil, Tamul, a cot.]

EXERCISE.[37]

Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka 'adat-nia pada tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tĕmu kapada yang ampunya ladang itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.

[Footnote 37: This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by Abdu-llah Munshi.]



LESSON XXIII.

People are making a clearing on the hill— Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit. What are they planting?— Apa di-tanam-nia? Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers— Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun. What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?— Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu? They are sprouting beautifully— Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu. Goodness knows if they will live— Wallahu 'alam akan hidop-nia. We shall know in a few days— Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita. He complained to the master about that matter also— Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu. I have never heard it— Ta' pernah hamba tuan men-dengar. There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree— Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu. Pick three or four ripe ones— Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak. You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook— Tangan ta' sampei bawa penggait. He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation— Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang. The walls are wood and the thatch bertam leaves— Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam. He tied it with rattan— Di-ikat-nia sama rotan. Chop that stick with a bill-hook— Tetak kayu itu dengan parang. He made a notch in the log— Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu. The tax is 10 cents for every log— Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang. The timber is the property of the owner of the land— Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah.

EXERCISE.

Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta ber-kata "Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah 'alamat akhir zaman-lah sudah," lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia.



LESSON XXIV.

His whip dropped on the road— Chabuk[38]-nia jatoh di jalan. He drives exceedingly well— Dia pandei sakali pegang ras.[39] Drive out that dog— Halau-kan anjing itu. I am going out for a drive— Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin. He knows how to write Malay— Dia tahu menyurat Jawi. The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different— Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain. I want to stop a moment at the warehouse— Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong. When will you come and see me?— Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya? This skin has been destroyed by insects— Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat. He has no fixed occupation— Ta' tuntu pe-karja-an-nia. He has no settled residence— Ta' tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia. Who is the headman of the river?— Siapa kapala sungei? The headman of the village received him— Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong. Five men stood on guard at the door— Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu. Whom do you wish to see?— Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah? I felt as if I wanted to cry— Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya. I have been here for several months without meeting you— Bĕr-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-tĕmu dengan tuan. It was heard across the river— Ka-dengar-an sampei sabĕrang sungei. By the mouth the body comes to harm— Sebab mulut badan binasa.

[Footnote 38: Chabuk, Hindi, whip.]

[Footnote 39: Pegang ras, lit. holds the reins; rassi, Hindustani, reins.]

EXERCISE.

Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bĕr-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-kĕring-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membĕri tahu raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra'iyat-nia handak pergi me-minum ayer.



LESSON XXV.

What is the price of this?— Ini bĕr-apa harga? At first he demanded two dollars— Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit. I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it— Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-tărima-nia. He said that the fixed price was two dollars— Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit. Give me whichever you please— Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah. Any one will do— Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah. This quantity will do— Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini. Is this boat your own?— Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah? Are you married?— Sudah ber-bini-kah? Is he a married man?— Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?[40] He has three children— Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang. How many children have you?— Sudah dapat anak bĕr-apa orang? His wife has lately had a child— Bini dia baharu ber-anak. He has got a son by his elder wife— Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah. Are these children twins?— Kambar-kah budak ini? I have known him from his childhood— Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal. His child is quite an infant, still at the breast— Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi. She suckled her child— Dia menetek-kan (OR menyusu-kan) anak-nia. He is cutting his teeth— Baharu tumboh gigi-nia. You must have it vaccinated— Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an. It did not take the first time— Mula-mula ta' kĕna.

[Footnote 40: Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? i.e., has he an establishment of his own?]

EXERCISE.

Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan ra'iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda "Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini," maka jawab mantri pelan duk itu "Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya patek," maka di-bĕri-lah uleh raja părentah akan mantri itu.

LESSON XXVI.

Go and complain at the police-station— Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (OR rumah pasong). He has been arrested— Dia sudah kĕna tangkap. He has been locked up— Dia sudah kĕna tutop. What is his offence?— Apa ka-salah-an-nia? What do they charge him with?— Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia? For how many days has he been detained?— Sudah bĕr-apa, hari dia kĕna tahan? This is not his first offence— Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat. Do you know him?— Tuan kenal-kah dia? No, I see him now for the first time— Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat. People say that he is a great opium-smoker— Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu. He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night— Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam. He was not alone; there were several others with him— Bukan dia sa'orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia. They were all Malays— Melayu belaka[41] ka-sumua-nia. He was not the principal, but an accomplice— Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama. Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments— Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas. He used abusive and improper language— Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta'patut. What is the name of the defendant?— Siapa nama yang kĕna adu itu? What the prosecutor says is quite right— Benar juga saperti kata adu-an.

[Footnote 41: Belaka (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, "it must be said," "I should say," "let me add," "you must know."

Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed from sumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, ka-dua-nia, both of them.]

EXERCISE.

Maka mantri pelanduḳ itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, "handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini," maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sĕru-sĕru-lah pelanduḳ itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia "ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?" maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia "Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau menyĕru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab[42] ini siapa-kah angkau ini?"

[Footnote 42: Be-adab, "unmannerly," a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle be- to the noun adab. Malays also borrow from the same source the word be-hosh, "stupified," generally mispronounced by them bi-us.]



LESSON XXVII.

On what day will the case be commenced?— Pada hari mana handak buka bichara? So-and-so got up and gave evidence.— Ber-diri si-anu jadi saḳsi. Bail was refused— Tiada di-bĕri jamin.[43] Have you any one who will go bail for you?— Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong? This is the surety— Ini-lah aku-an. I will give bail for any amount— Bĕr-apa bĕrat sakali-pun hamba tuan bĕrani tanggong. Is this a man of property?— Orang ber-harta-kah ini? One surety is not enough; there must be two at least— Sa'orang aku ta'jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang. Sign at this place— Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan. Do you know how to write?— Tahu-kah menyurat? If you cannot write, make a mark— Jikalau ta'tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan. That will do; you can go now— Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu. What do you call this in Malay?— Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini? He has done it in the English fashion— Dia sudah buat chara Inggris. Speak loud, and let people hear you— Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar. He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down— Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rĕbah ka-bawah. His face grew very pale— Puchat sakali muka-nia. His statement is incoherent— Ta'tuntu per-kata-an-nia. He fell at his master's feet and asked for pardon— Dia menyămbah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun. His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him— Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-bĕri-nia ma'af.

[Footnote 43: Jamin, "bail," a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani zamin.]

EXERCISE.

Maka jawab pelanduk "Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang menĕrang-kan sagala 'alam dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan" maka jawab raja gajah itu "apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu" maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya menyămbah bulan seraya kata-nia "adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu dengan be-bĕr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-bĕri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini membĕri tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra"——.



LESSON XXVIII.

In which direction had we better go?— Sa-bĕlah mana baik kita pergi? There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields— Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik. He has a double-barrelled gun— Dia punya snapang dua laras. Both barrels are loaded— Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia. You use very small shot— Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali. He is a very good shot— Dia pandei sakali menembak burong. He killed two birds at one shot— Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong. Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away— Belam sămpat dĕkat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua. Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket— Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kĕlak. One of its wings is broken.— Patah-lah sayap sa-bĕlah. It is not hit— Ta'kĕna. It is wounded slightly— Kĕna juga sadikit. It has settled on the ground— Sudah hinggap di tanah. It has perched on a cocoanut tree— Sudah hinggap di pokok nior. Don't speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?— Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak dĕkat. The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped— Kĕna peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang. Have you ever shot a tiger?— Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau? How many birds have you got?— Tuan sudah buleh bĕr-apa ekor burong?

EXERCISE.

"Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa segra-lah tuanku baliḳ sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-bujuḳ raja bulan dan mem-baiḳ-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kĕring-an apa sebab-nia kulam[44] ini baniaḳ ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya masi." Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala per-kata-an pĕlanduḳ itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil menyămbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan dahaga-nia. Damikian handaḳ-nia orang yang handak menjadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-an ada-nia.

[Footnote 44: Kulam, Tamil, a tank.]



LESSON XXIX.

Is the tide making or ebbing?— Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah? Is the boat ready?— Prahu ada siap-kah? How many people will this boat carry?— Bĕr-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini? Ten persons, including two rowers— Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang. There is a head-wind; we cannot sail— Angin muka ta'buleh ber-laiar. Row hard— Dayong-lah kuat-kuat. When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest— Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat. Who is steering?— Siapa pegang kamudi? If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required— Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah. What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?— Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu? The Chinese sampan is called sampan kotak in Singapore— Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura "Sampan kotak." Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?— Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa? Steer straight for that point— Tuju betul ka tanjong itu. I shall go on shore at the landing-place— Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan. Give me the line and let us fish a little— Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap. Have you got any bait?— Umpan ada-kah? If we have any luck we may catch some big fish— Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar. The spines of that fish are very poisonous— Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.

EXERCISE.

Ada kapada suatu hari sa'orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa'ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa'ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.



LESSON XXX.

He is not yet dressed— Dia bĕlum pakei kain lagi. He is dressed like a Malay— Dia pakei chara Malayu. Wake me to-morrow morning at six o'clock— Gĕrak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi. I want to get up early— Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang. He did not do it on purpose— Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja. I was only in play— Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja. I was very sorry that I could not accompany you— Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta'buleh ber-sama-sama. What are the contents of that letter?— Apa bunyi-nia surat itu? Do you understand the pith of it?— Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia? Has any one been here to look for me?— Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya? Ask that woman where the well is— Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga. Is this good water?— Baik-kah ayer ini? It is excellent water, both clear and cool— Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk. Can we get a green cocoanut here?— Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini? There is no one who can climb (the tree)— T'ada orang yang tahu panjat. Let me climb it— Biar aku memanjat. Have you brought cooking-utensils?— Priuk bĕlanga sudah bawa-kah? These sticks are damp and will not burn— Basah kayu ini ta'mahu menyala. Grind the spices— Giling rampah-rampah. Will you smoke?— Tuan mahu minum rokok? I am sleepy, and shall go to bed— Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor. Did you call me?— Tuan panggil-kah?

EXERCISE.

Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa'ekor srigala maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata "bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi" serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema'a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.



PART IV.

To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall.

First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity.

Why say kasih sama sahaya (lit. "give to me"), in imitation of the English give me, or the French donnez-moi, or the German geben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply say bahagi-lah, give, or bawa, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, sama sahaya, or sama kita, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word "me" its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.

EXAMPLES.

Tell me; don't be afraid— Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not, bilang sama sahaya, &c. What are you going to give us?— Apa mahu bahagi? not, apa mahu bahagi sama kita? How much must I pay you?— Bĕr-apa nanti kĕna bayar? not, bĕr-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau? I want him to make me a jacket— Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju; not, sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya. Can you make me a table?— Buleh-kah buat meja? not, buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya. Afterwards come and tell me— Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan; not, mari bilang sama sahaya.

In direct narration the personal pronoun "I" should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with "I think," "I hear," "I hope," "I wish," and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with "Sahaya fikir," "Sahaya dengar khabar," &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. Rasa-nia, the feeling is, agak-nia, the guess is, rupa-nia, the appearance is (it seems), khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place.

EXAMPLES.

INSTEAD OF— I am told, or people tell me, Orang bilang sama sahaya; SAY, People say, Kata orang. INSTEAD OF— I hear that he is coming here, Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini; SAY, He is coming here, the report goes, Dia handak kamari khabar-nia. INSTEAD OF— I think there are five quarts, Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah; SAY, There are five quarts, the estimate is, Ada lima chupah agak-nia. INSTEAD OF— I think it is going to rain, Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan; SAY, It is going to rain, it seems, Hari handak hujan rupa-nia. INSTEAD OF— I like driving better than walking, Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki; SAY, It is better to drive than to walk, Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.

Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:—

I was very glad to hear it— Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar. I very much wish to go to Meccah— Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah. I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it— Handak tĕrima salah, handak pulang-kan malu. I was disappointed— Putus-lah harap sahaya. I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided— Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra. I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out— Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana bĕrat sakali-pun handak tahan juga.

Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word "you" occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (supra, pp. 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of angkau is far too frequent.

As you like— Mana suka-lah. As you may think best— Mana elok kapada hati sendiri. You can go— Buleh pulang. I have nothing more to ask you— T'ada apa lagi handak tanya. Where have you been?— Pergi ka-mana tadi? If you do so another time you will certainly be punished— Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum. Do you want employment?— Handak minta karja-kah? Can you wait at table?— Tahu-kah jaga meja? What are you doing?— Apa buat? You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured— Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.

Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, "You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the Malay says, "What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well."

EXAMPLES.

Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you?— Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t'ada dengar-kah? (Lit. Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?) How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!— Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia! (Lit. Oh, this boy! Isn't he slow?) How slowly you are rowing! Can't you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!— Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh dĕras. Dĕras-lah sadikit. (Lit. Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!) You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning— Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit. This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.) What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil— Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.

Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by using pukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.

The following lists will illustrate this caution:—

1. Pukul, to strike, beat. Gasak, to beat, flog, punish. Hentam, to strike, attack, throw. Balun, to beat, thrash, drub. Palu, to beat, hammer, knock. Kĕtok, to knock, tap, rap. Godam, to thrash, hammer. Lantak, to nail, to drive in. Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the fist. Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the fist. Bĕdal, to switch. Sakal, and sakai, to strike. Tampar, and tampiling, to slap. Tepuk, to pat.

2. Chuchuk, to thrust, poke. Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce. Radak or rodok, to pierce with a spear. Juluk, to thrust upwards. Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab. Sigi, to poke with the finger. Merunjang, to lower a spear at the charge.

3. Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove. Pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a load. Kandar, to carry on a stick over the shoulder. Bibit, to carry with the fingers. Junjong, to carry on the head. Tanggong, to bear, carry, support. Gendong, to carry slung in a bundle. Usong, to carry in a litter. Julang, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted. Bawa, to carry, convey, bring. Dukong, to carry on the back or hip. Kepit, to carry under the arm. Jinjing, to carry in the arms or hands. Galas, to carry slung over the back or shoulder. Kilik, to carry under the arm. Bebat, to carry in the girdle. Tatang, to carry on the palms of the hands. Kandong, to carry at the waist.

4. Jatoh, to fall, drop. Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry. Tumbang, to fall, tumble down. Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble down. Runtoh, to come down, to fall. Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit). Titek, to drop, distil (as water). Rĕbah,[1] to tumble, fall. Timpa, to fall against. Chichir, to drop, to spill. Tumpah, to spill.

[Footnote 1: Also ribah and rubuh.]

5. Buang, to throw away. Lotar or lontar, to hurl, fling. Lempar, to throw, fling. Humban, to throw down, cast away. Champak, to throw down, cast away. Baling, to throw, fling. Lanting, to throw, cast, propel.

6. Lihat, to see. Pandang, to look, to look at. Kelih, to see. Nampa, to see, perceive. Intei, to peep, spy, observe. Petiak, to notice, observe. Tulih, to look, glance. Tengok, to see. Jingok, to peep, look out. Tengadah, to look up. Tampak, to see, perceive. Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice, take notice of. Tentang, to regard.

7. Chakap, to speak. Bilang, to tell. Khabar-kan, to tell, inform. Ber-mulut, to speak, utter. Sabda, to say, command. Cheritra-kan, to relate. Meripit, to chatter, gabble. Mengomong, to chat, gossip. Kata, to say, speak, talk. Tutur, to talk, tell, converse. Sĕbut, to tell, mention. Uchap, to utter, express. Titah, to say, command (as a raja). Merongut, to mutter. Ber-bual, to chat. Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur.

Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefix di-. Easy examples of this have been given occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on pages 107 and 108 contain abundant illustrations of it. It is a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the written language; it is of common use colloquially among Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.

"He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly rendered dia ta' mahu tĕrima; but it may be more elegantly translated tiada-lah di-tĕrima-nia, "It was not accepted by him." Here the affix -nia has the force of "by him," and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p. 61.

EXAMPLES.

He ordered (it was ordered by him)— Di-suroh-nia. He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)— Di-tangkap-nia penchuri. They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far— Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-bĕri me-larat panjang api itu. The rats ate up three candles— Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus. They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready— Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia. The boat was leaky and the water got in— Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia. He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out— Di-bĕri pakei sahaja bukan di-bĕri-nia langsong. He said that it was too late to send an answer— Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia. He asked for information about the house that is being built— Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu. When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment— Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia. God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible— Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta'ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat. The people of the village feasted abundantly— Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu.

Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particle ber- (be-, bel-), and that which is caused by prefixing me- (mem-, meng-, men-, and meny-); see supra, p. 55.

When the former is employed, the verb describes a state or condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing an action. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as "to weep," may be viewed in two ways—either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by ber-tangis and the latter by menangis, but practically the distinction is not great. So memakei (pakei), to wear, merajuk, to sulk, menanti, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particle me-; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action, memakei meaning to put on, merajuk, to show temper, and menanti, to await somebody or something.

The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:—

Primitive. Derivative with ber-. Derivative with me-.

angkat, to lift. ber-angkat, to arise. meng-angkat, to lift. alih, to change. ber-alih, to undergo change. meng-alih, to change. balik, behind, back. ber-balik, to turn (intrans.) mem-balik, to turn, return (trans.) diri, self, being. ber-diri, to stand up. men-diri-kan, to cause to stand, to establish. ganti, instead of. ber-ganti, to take the place of. meng-ganti, to put in the place of. habis, finished. ber-habis, to be finished. meng-habis, to finish, to complete. igau, delirium. ber-igau, to be delirious. meng-igau, to rave. ikat, tie, bond. ber-ikat, to be fastened. meng-ikat, to tie, fasten. ingat, memory, to remember. ber-ingat, to be sensible of. meng-ingat, to call to mind, remember. jaga, to watch, guard. ber-jaga, to be on watch. menjaga, to watch, to guard. keliling, around. ber-keliling, to border, surround. mengeliling, to hem in, to go round. karja, work. ber-karja, to be a workman. mengarja-kan, to work, effect, accomplish. lepas, loosed. ber-lepas, to be free. melepas, to set free. lambat, slow. ber-lambat, to be slow. me-lambat, to retard. labuh, to lower, drop. ber-labuh, to be at anchor. me-labuh, to let fall, to anchor. naung, shade. ber-naung, to be sheltered. me-naung-i, to shelter, to shade, protect. pegang, to hold. ber-pegang, to hold. memegang, to take hold of, to seize. rugi, loss. be-rugi, to suffer loss. me-rugi-kan, to cause loss. sembunyi, to hide. ber-sembunyi, to be concealed. menyembunyi, to hide, conceal. takut, afraid, fear. ber-takut, to be afraid. menyakut-kan, to frighten. ubah, change, to change. ber-ubah, to undergo change. meng-ubah, to change, to alter.

Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,[2] are numerous in Malay and vary in different localities. Anu, bahasa-nia, misal[3]-nia, and kata-kan are some of those commonly used.

[Footnote 2: The Hindustani term is sukhan-takya, from sukhan, a word, and takya a pillow.]

[Footnote 3: Corresponding with the Hindustani maslan, which is used in a similar way.]

Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:—

Na' for handak; sikit for sadikit; auat for apa-buat? why?; ta' and t'ada for tiada; pi and pĕgi (in Patani gi) for pergi.



LESSON XXXI.

PHRASES OF POLITENESS.

Be pleased to ——.— Sila, sila-lah, or sila-kan-lah. Please come into the house— Sila-kan naik atas rumah. Be pleased to sit down on a chair— Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi. My house is not what it should be— Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia. Treat it as your own house; don't stand upon ceremony— Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu. I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)— Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu. Pray do as you wish; take care as you go— Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik. I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home— Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik. Very well (it does not matter)— Ta' apa-lah. I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)— Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu. Very well— Baik-lah. Pray come and see me often; don't hesitate— Mari-lah kĕrap-kĕrap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan. I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house— Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya. May your journey be safe— Salamat jalan. May you remain in peace— Salamat tinggal. There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment— Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk. I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)— Sahaya baniak tĕrima kasih, or, simply, tĕrima kasih. Are you well?— Tuan ada baik? How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?— Apa khabar si-polan[4] yang sakit kalmarin itu? He has quite recovered his former health— Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama. Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness— Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.

[Footnote 4: Polan, or fulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustani fulana, a word of Arab derivation.]

EXERCISE.

It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don't be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.



LESSON XXXII.

READING AND WRITING.

Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.— Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali. It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right— Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan. The letters employed are the Arabic letters— Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf 'Arab. What do you call that in Malay?— Orang Malayu apa kata ini? What is the name of this object in Malay?— Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu? The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states— Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat. His pronunciation is not good— Chakap-nia ta' terus, or dia chakap pelet, or tlor. The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say ap for apa— Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata APA di-kata-nia AP. How do you spell that word?— Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia? This word is not correctly spelt— Per-kata-an ini ta' betul eja-nia. You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be able to read fluently— Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-korang-korang dua jam lama nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar. Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?— Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta' mahu bahagi habis, buat sa' kĕrat-kĕrat sahaja? My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran— Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran. When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar— Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu. He chants the Koran very well— Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran.

EXERCISE.

I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.



LESSON XXXIII.

HOUSEKEEPING.

There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself— T' ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja. Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good— Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta' baik sakali masak-nia. What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste— Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta' tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja. The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it— Nasi pun hangus ta' lalu (OR buleh) orang makan. What is the price of fowls at the market?— Hayam bĕr-apa harga di pasar? Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight— Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (OR kasi) ikut timbang-an kati. The milk-man has not come yet— Bĕlum orang bawa susu lagi. Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked— Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sămpat di-masak lagi sudah busŭk. Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o'clock punctually, there must be no delay— Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta' buleh lambat lagi. Pour this oil into a jar— Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan. Take care not to spill it— Baik-baik jangan tumpah. Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?— Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, bĕlanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia? The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill— Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa. I am tired of poultry— Sahaya sudah jĕmu makan daging hayam itek.

EXERCISE.

Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?



LESSON XXXIV.

PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE.

I am going away to —— on Friday next— Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma'at yang datang ini. Pack up enough clothes for a few days— Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia. You need not take so many; I am not going for good— Ta'payah bagitu baniak, ta'kan orang handak pergi langsong. Put all these clothes into a box— Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti. Will this go in?— Chelus-kah ini. No; it is too big— Ta'chelus, besar sangat. Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks— Saputangan barang tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang. Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one— Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring. Unfasten this cord— Rangkei tali ini. Roll up that rug— Gulong kain panas itu. Have everything taken down to the boat— Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua. Put them into the bullock-cart— Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu. Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away— Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat. We will stop to-night at Kampong—which is the usual halting-place— Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong—itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an deri salama-lama. Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get wet— Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-gĕtah jangan di-kena basah. Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it— Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia. Put everything away again— Simpan kambali sumua. What else is there (to detain us)?— Apa lagi kita?

EXERCISE.

Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great difference between these two things.



LESSON XXXV.

ORDINARY NARRATIVE STYLE.

On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning— Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam[5] Khamis. On Tuesday last about mid-day— Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari. I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar— Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok. So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill— Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit sangat. I said, "Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go with you"— Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama. There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law— Ada-lah sa'orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia. All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves without the knowledge of the inmates of the house— Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar. Search was made everywhere without success— Di-chahari rata t'ada juga di-dapat-nia. While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle— Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan. After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without stopping anywhere— Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t'ada singgah di-mana-mana. After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle— Sudah-lah bagitu bĕr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan. At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went home to bed— Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor. It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of it— Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta' tahu.

[Footnote 5: Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is classed with the day which follows it. Thursday night, therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.]

EXERCISE.

On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to return when your messenger arrived. We left before daylight in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can we go there and back in a day? All the men who were with me were very tired. I said, "Very well, come to my house to-morrow morning at six o'clock." He seemed to be very weak, and walked with difficulty.



LESSON XXXVI.

BUYING AND SELLING.

How much did you give for this?— Bĕr-apa tuan bĕli ini? What is the balance remaining?— Tinggal baḳi-nia bĕr-apa? Don't ask too much; say exactly what you want— Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul. I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay— Ta' buleh-lah tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya. He paid an exorbitant price for it— Dia bĕli dengan harga mahal ter-lampau. What is it worth?— Bĕr-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia? Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you— Bĕr-apa-apa harga yang angkau bĕli itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan. Have you no curiosities in your shop?— T'ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini? I bought this article at auction— Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam 'lelong. I did not venture to bid more— Ta' bĕrani sahaya tawar lebeh. I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece— Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu. You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit— Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-bĕri hutang. He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it— Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta' mahu juga dia lepas-kan. As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price— Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta' sayang pasal harga-nia. Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it— Păreḳsa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa. Gutta-percha sells very well just now— Gĕtah baniak laku sakarang. This coin is not current here— Wang ini ta' laku di-sini. Write down all the items and let me know what the total is— Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan bĕr-apa jĕmlah-nia. There are ten dollars for you— Nah! sa-puloh ringgit. This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or beauty of colour— Ta' lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia. It is both strong and thick— Kukuh lagi tebal. This colour does not fade— Ta' turun warna ini.

EXERCISE.

How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don't be uneasy; you can trust this man.



LESSON XXXVII.

BUILDING.

When will your new house be finished?— Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah? Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together— Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an. The floor and walls will be of plank— Lantei papan dinding pun papan. There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor— Sa-bĕlah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul. The front door has steps (in front of it)— Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga. The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet, including the verandah— Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki. The servants' houses have atap walls covered with samir or kajang matting— Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang. This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly— Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti rĕput. These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible— Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali. Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.— Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, rasuk, gĕlĕgar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia. Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate— Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang. Those door-posts are not straight— Ta' betul jinang paha pintu itu. I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over— Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di-atas-nia. In how many days will you thatch it?— Bĕr-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap? Three thousand ataps will not be enough— Ta' chukup-lah tiga ribu atap.

EXERCISE.

In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only:— "Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu?" Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:— "Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater."



LESSON XXXVIII.

SEWING.

I want two or three jackets made— Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga 'lei. I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is well done— Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia. If it is not well done I will not take it— Jikalau ta'elok sahaya ta'mahu tĕrima. Join these two pieces and sew them— Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit. Tack it first and then sew it— Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit. Fell the seams close— Kĕlim tulang halus-halus. Don't let them ravel— Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang. When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that when it is washed the threads will not ravel— Kalau kĕlim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar. Stitch the wristband— Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia. Hem the border— Tepi itu lipat jahit. To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over— Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja. Take those torn stockings and darn them— Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit. That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it— Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh kĕna tampong-lah. To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)— Tarik benang bahagi kerudut. Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you take one. Cannot you sew closer?— Ken'apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat kĕrap-kĕrap? Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton— Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh sa'kotak.

EXERCISE.

It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this decision, the Kazi said, "This morning, in my house, I ordered this woman to fill my inkstand; this she at once did most expertly, like one accustomed to the task. Then I knew she must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the wife of a peasant know of inkstands?" All praised the Kazi for his wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.



LESSON XXXIX.

SICKNESS.

I am not at all well— Ta' sedap badan sahaya. For five or six days he has been unable to eat— Sudah lima anam hari dia ta'buleh makan nasi. What is the matter with him?— Apa sakit-nia? His father has taken him into the country for treatment— Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat. He is a little better— Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia. When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would not recover— Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir tiada buleh baik. I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak— Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlahan sahaja. Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up— Sa-bĕlah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta'lalu bangket. Open your mouth and put out your tongue— Nganga hulur lidak. You had better take a purgative— Baik makan penchahar. Let me feel his pulse— Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia. He is suffering from fever— Dia sakit demam panas. He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints— Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua. I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his body every day till he is well— Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu. Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it— Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu minum. If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes— Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra'iyat sumua. The fever called kapialu is very dangerous and often ends fatally— Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat kĕrap juga bawa niawa. Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded— Ta'un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali.

EXERCISE.

Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman 'aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka 'ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, "Hei, mahkota, karana apa angkau tiada jadi betul?" Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta'ala menyahut. "Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi betul."[6]

[Footnote 6: This and the following exercise are extracts from the Taj-assalatin.]



LESSON XL.

TO ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF NUMERAL CO-EFFICIENTS.[7]

In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room— Rumah tuan itu sa'BIDANG tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek. They found in the hut five spears, one long kris, and nine muskets— Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima BATANG, kris panjang sa-BILAH dengan snapang sembilan PUCHUK. See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?— Chahari-lah telor tĕrubuk dua puloh lima KAMPUH. Bĕr-apa harga-nia sa-KAMPUH? She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway— Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-LABUH di muka pintu. That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows— Di-dalam sa-TANDAN pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat. I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax— Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu bĕli lilin sa-puloh TAMPANG. The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck— Budak itu ada pakei sa-LABUH merjan di leher-nia. How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?— Sa-KAYU kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?[8] How many ataps can one person make in a day?— Satu orang bĕr-apa MENGKAWAN buleh semat atap pada sa'hari? The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon-grass plants— Sudah di-makan kerbau tĕbu anam RUMPUN dengan serei ta'tuntu baniak RUMPUN-nia. He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house— Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan PERDU. It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets— Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus KAJANG kartas. I have bought a casting-net to take home with me— Sahaya sudah bĕli jala sa'UTAS (OR sa'RAWAN) handak bawa pulang ka tampat sahaya. He tied three threads round his stomach— Di-ikat-nia tiga URAT benang di pĕrut-nia. Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red flower— Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga KUTUM dengan bunga merah itu barang sa-puloh TANGKEI.

[Footnote 7: See supra, p. 70.]

[Footnote 8: Ela, yard, from the Dutch el.]

EXERCISE.

Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda "chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta" maka sembah Hakim itu "Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-nia itu" maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia dan bichara-nia yang baik itu.



APPENDIX TO PART IV.

MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.

1. Muharram. 2. Safar. 3. Rabia-el-awal. 4. Rabia-el-akhir. 5. Jumad-el-awal. 6. Jumad-el-akhir. 7. Rejab. 8. Sha'aban. 9. Ramazan. 10. Shawal. 11. Zu'l-ka'adah. 12. Zu'l-hajah.

DAYS OF THE WEEK.

Sunday, Ahad, lit. "the first." Monday, Isnein or Senein, lit. "the second." Tuesday, Salasa, lit. "the third." Wednesday, Arba'ah or Rabu, lit. "the fourth." Thursday, Khamis, lit. "the fifth." Friday, Juma'at, lit. "the congregation." Saturday, Sabtu, lit. "Sabbath."

PERIODS OF PRAYER.

1. Maghrib, a few minutes after sunset. 2. 'Isha, evening, after dark. 3. Subh, daybreak. 4. Lohor, or Dluḥr, between noon and 1 P.M. 5. Asr, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.

MALAY PHRASES FOR DIVISIONS OF TIME.

1. Belum terbang lalat, "Before the flies are astir," just before daybreak. 2. Pechah panas, "When the heat commences," sun-up. 3. Kĕring ambun, "When the dew dries," about 8 A.M. 4. Tengah naik, "When the sun is half-way," 9 A.M. 5. Tulih tenggala, "When the plough is idle."[1] 6. Tengah hari tĕpat, "Mid-day exactly," noon. 7. Rambang, "Right in the middle" (i.e. the sun in the sky), noon. 8. Buntar membayang, "When the shadows are round" (i.e., when your shadow is round your feet), noon. 9. Ber-alis hari, "When the day changes," afternoon. 10. Lepas ba'adah, and lepas ba'adah salah, "After (Friday's) prayers (in the mosque)," about 1.30 P.M. 11. Turun kerbau be-rendam, "When the buffaloes go down to the water," about 5 P.M. 12. Jindĕra budak, "When the children have gone to sleep," about 10 P.M.

[Footnote 1: Tulih tinggala muda is about 9 A.M., and tulih tinggala tuah about 11 A.M.]

MALAY PROPER NAMES.

The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, "Muhammad" is shortened to "Mat," "Ibrahim" becomes "Brahim" and "Him," and for "Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often heard.

Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly used, "Long," "Ngah," and "Busuk:"—

Long is equivalent to Sulong, "eldest," Ngah is equivalent to Tengah, "middle," Busuk is equivalent to Bongsu, "youngest."

In Perak seven of these names are in use:—

1. Long. 2. Ngah. 3. Alang. 4. Panjang. 5. Pandah. 6. Uda. 7. Utih.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

16 tahil, 1 kati.[2] 100 kati, 1 pikul. 3 pikul, 1 bahara. 40 pikul, 1 koyan.

[Footnote 2: 1 kati = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.]

GOLDSMITH'S WEIGHT.

12 saga, 1 mayam. 16 mayam, 1 bungkal.[3] 12 bungkal, 1 kati.

[Footnote 3: 1 bungkal = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.]

CAPACITY.

4 chupak, 1 gantang.[4] 10 gantang, 1 parah. 16 gantang, 1 nalih. 160 gantang, 1 kunchah. 5 kunchah or 800 gantang 1 koyan.

[Footnote 4: 1 gantang contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1 gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.]

LINEAR.

2 jingkal (span), 1 hasta (cubit). 2 hasta, 1 ela (yard). 4 hasta, 1 dĕpa (fathom). 2 dĕpa, 1 jumba. 20 jumba, 1 orlong (80 yards).

SQUARE MEASURE.

400 jumba, 1 orlong.

The jumba is equal to 144 square feet; the orlong is equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1-1/3 acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).

MONEY.

The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (ringgit or real) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is called suku (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang, kupang (=10 cents), and in Malacca, wang baharu (=2 cents).

In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.

The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:—

TIN COINAGE.

2 boya, 1 tampang (value the 10th part of a dollar).[5] 5 boya, 1 bidor (value the 4th part of a dollar).

[Footnote 5: The weight of the tampang (in Perak) was one kati. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The bidor weighed 2 kati, or the 40th part of a pikul.]

SILVER COINS USED IN WEIGHING GOLD.

2 penjuru, 1 piah, weight 1 mayam. 4 piah, 1 jampal, weight 4 mayam. 2 jampal, 1 real, weight 8 mayam.

COINS FORMERLY IN USE.

36 duit hayam (copper), 1 wang (silver). 7 wang, 1 suku.



PART V.

VOCABULARY.

A.

Abandon, to, meninggal-kan. Abase, to, me-rendah-kan, meng-hina-kan. Able, larat, sămpat, buleh, lalu. Abscess, barah. Abuse, to, maki, me-maki. Accept, to, tĕrima, menĕrima. Accompany, to, ber-serta, ber-sama, ber-kawan, ber-tĕman, menyerta. Accomplish, to, habis-kan, meng-habis-kan, menyampei-kan, sudah-kan, menyudah-kan, sampei hajat. Accost, to, tegor, siapa-kan, meny-apa-kan. Accounts, kira-kira, hitong-an, bilang-an. Accuse, to, tudoh. Accustomed, biasa. Ache, sakit, sakit-an, senak. Acknowledge, to, aku, mengaku. Acquire, to, ber-uleh, dapat, men-dapat. Act, buat-an, karja, pe-karja-an. Active, chĕpat. Add, to, tambah, menambah; (to cast up), jumlah-kan. Adjourn, to, tangguh. Admirable, endah. Admire, chengang. Adopt, to, angkat. Adrift, ter-hanyut. Adultery, zinah. Advantage, faidah, laba. Adversity, chelaka, bala, ka-susahan. Advice, peng-ajar-an. Affair, perkara. Affection, kasih, kasih-an. Afraid, takut. Aft, di burit-an. After, lĕpas, bĕlakang. Afterwards, kemdian, ba'ad. After-birth, uri, tembuni. Again, lagi-sakali, pula, kambali. Age, 'umur. Agent, wakil. Ago, sudah. Agree, janji, mufakat, sa-tuju; (suit), rasi, sarasi. Ague, demam-kura. Ahead, di-hadap-an, di-muka, di-halu-an. Aid, tulong, menulong, bantu, mem-bantu. Aim, to, tembak, menembak, tuju, menuju. Air, hawa. Alarmed, ter-kĕjut. Alight, hinggap. All, sumua, sagala, sakali-an. Allow, biar, bĕri, kasih. Allure, bujuk, mem-bujuk. Almighty, maha-kuasa. Almost, hampir, dĕkat, niaris. Almond, badam. Alms, darma, sădăkah. Aloes-wood, gaharu, kayu-gaharu. Alone, sa-orang, bujang, tunggal. Also, juga. Alter, to, ubah, meng-ubah, tukar, menukar. Alum, tawas. Always, sa-lalu, sa-nantiasa, sa-lama-lama-nia. Ambassador, utusan, pĕsuroh. Amid, di-dalam, di-tengah. Amuse oneself, to, main, main-main, ber-main. Ancestors, nenek-moyang. Anchor, an, sauh; (anchor, to), ber-labuh. Angel, malaikat. Anger, marah, ka-marah-an, murka. Angry, marah, murka, gĕram, hangat-hati. Animal, benatang, satwa, morga. Ankle, mata-kaki, peng-gĕlang-kaki. Anklet, gĕlang-kaki. Annoy, to, usik, meng-usik, bising. Another, lain. Answer, to, sahut, menyahut, jawab, balas jawab. Ant, sĕmut; (large red), kĕrangga; (white), anei-anei. Anthill, pongsu, busut. Antidote, pĕnawar. Anvil, landas, landas-an. Anxiety, per-chinta-an. Anxious, rindu, dendam, bimbang, risau. Any, barang. Apart, asing; (with an opening between), renggang. Appear, to, terbit, timbul. Appearance, rupa, sifat. Apply, to, pasang, kĕna-kan; (ask), minta. Appraise, to, nilai. Approach, to, hampir, menghampir. Arabia, benua 'arab. Arm, tangan; (fore-arm), lengan. Arm, weapon, senjata. Armpit, katiak. Army, balatantra, lashkar. Arrive, to, sampei, tiba. Arrow, anak-panah. Arsenic, warangan. Art, hikmat, 'ilmu. As, bagei, saperti, laḳsana, macham. Ascend, to, naik, panjat; (a river), mudik. Ashamed, malu, bermalu. Ashes, habu. Ask, to, minta, pinta, pohun, me-mohun; (a question), tanya. Asleep, ber-tidor, ber-lena, ber-adu. Ass, kaldei. Assault, to, langgar, terkam, pukul, memukul. Assay, uji. Assemble, to, impun, kumpul, kĕrumun. Assist, to, tulong, bantu. Astonished, ter-chengang. Astray, sesat. At, di, pada. Athwart, lentang. Attack, to, langgar, sĕrang, men-yĕrang. Attempt, to, choba, men-choba. Attire, pakei-an. Auction, lelong. Audience-hall, balei, balei-ruang. Auger, gurdi. Aunt, mah, mah-sudara, mah-pena-kan. Authority, kuasa, pĕrentah. Await, to, me-nanti. Awake, to, jaga, ber-jaga; (to arouse), gĕrak-kan, mem-bangket-kan, mem-bangun-kan. Awl, peng-gorek, jara. Axe, kapak.

B.

Babe, anak kechil. Bachelor, bujang, taruna. Back, bĕlakang; (to go —), pulang; (to send —), pulang-kan. Backward, segan, malas. Bad, jahat. Bag, karong, pundi-pundi. Bail, aku-an, tanggong-an. Bait (for fish), umpan. Bake, to, panggang. Balance (scales), naracha; (to weigh), timbang; (surplus), baḳi. Bald, botak. Bale, to, timba, menimba. Banana, pisang. Bank, of a river, tĕbing, baroh; (shoal), bĕting. Bar, kanching. Barber, pen-chukor, tukang-chukor. Bargain, to, tawar; (to conclude a bargain), angkat jual-bĕli. Bark, of a tree, kulit-kayu; (of a dog), salak, menyalak. Barrel, pipa, tong; (of a gun), laras. Base, hina. Basket, bakul, raga, kĕranjang. Bastard, anak-haram, haram-zada. Bat, lalawa, kalawar; (flying fox), kaluang. Bathe, to, mandi, me-mandi. Battle, pĕrang, pe-pĕrang-an. Bawl, to, tĕriak, ber-tĕriak. Bay, telok. Beach, pantei, pasisir. Beads, mani-mani. Beak, of a bird, paroh. Beam, of light, sinar. Bear, to, (carry), pikul, memikul; (endure), tahan; (ursus), bĕruang. Beard, janggut. Beast, benatang, satwa, morga. Beat, to, pukul, palu; (to throb), dabar, ber-dabar. Beautiful, bagus, elok, chantek, molek. Because, sebab, karana. Beckon, to, gamit, lambei. Become, to, jadi, menjadi. Bed, tampat-tidor; (bedstead), katil, gĕrai, geta, pentas; (bridal), palamin. Bee, lĕbah. Beef, daging lumbu. Beetle, kumbang. Before, mengadap, ka-hadap-an; (in time past), dahulu; (ere), sa belum. Beg, to, minta, minta sădăkah. Beginning, per-mula-an, ahwal, pangkal, asal. Behaviour, ka-laku-an, pakerti, per-angei. Belch, to, serdawa. Believe, to, perchaya. Bell, ganta, loching. Beloved, kakasih. Below, bawah, di-bawah, ka-bawah; (under the lee of), di-olak. Belt, tali-pinggang, tali-pinding. Bench, bangko. Bend, to, me-lengkong-kan; (to incline), chondong. Bent, lengkong, bengkok, lengkok. Benevolence, morah-hati. Benzoin, kaminian. Besprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik. Bet, to, ber-taroh. Betel-nut, pinang; (leaf), sirih; (stand), tampat-sirih, bujam-sirih. Betrothed, one that is, tunang, tunang-an. Better, lebeh baik. Between, antara, di-tengah, kĕlang-kĕlang. Beyond, balik, balik-sana. Bible (the Gospels), Injil. Bid, to, tawar. Bier, jănazat. Big, besar. Bind, to, ikat. Bird, burong. Bird's-nest, sarong-burong. Birth, per-anak-an, ka-jadi-an. Bite, to, gigit; (as a snake), pagut. Bitter, pahit. Black, hitam. Blacksmith, tukang-bĕsi. Blade (of a weapon), mata. Blame, to, per-salah-kan. Blanket, kamal, kamli, kain panas. Blemish, chachat. Blessing, barkat. Blind, buta. Block, pulley, kapi. Blood, darah. Blossom, bunga, kembang. Blow, to, (with wind), hambus, tiup; (through a tube), sumpit, men-yumpit; (as a flower), ber-kembang. Blue, biru. Blunderbuss, pamuras. Blunt, tumpul. Boar, babi-jantan. Board, papan. Boat, prahu, sampan. Body, tuboh, salira, badan. Boil, to, rĕbus; (rice), tanak, menanak. Boiling, to be, mendidik. Bold, bĕrani. Bolt, kanching, penganching. Bond, surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang. Bone, tulang. Book, surat; (religious —), kitab. Booth, teratak, jambar, lengkok. Bore, to, korek, gorek, mengorek. Borrow, to, pinjam, meminjam. Bother, bising. Bottle, balang. Bough, dahan, ranting. Bound, to, lompat, me-lompat. Boundary, per-hingga-an,[1] tumpu-tumpu-an.

[Footnote 1: Pronounced prĕnggan.]

Bow, to, (reverence), tunduk, men-unduk. Bow (weapon), busar, gandiwa. Bow (of a ship), halu-an. Bowels, pĕrut, isi-pĕrut. Box, peti; (small ornamental), chumbul, chelapa. Box, to, (fight), tinju. Brains, otak. Branch, dahan, ranting, chabang; (of a river or road), sempang, chabang. Brass, tambaga. Brave, bĕrani. Brazen-faced, muka-papan. Bread, roti. Bread-fruit, sukun. Break, to, pechah, patah, putus. Breast, dada. Breasts, susu, tetek. Breath, nafas. Breeches, saluar, sarual. Breed, family, bangsa, asal. Breeding, manners, bahasa, budi-bahasa. Breeze, angin; (land), angin-darat; (sea), angin-laut. Bribe, suap. Brick, bata, batu-bata. Bride, pengantin. Bridegroom, mempelei. Bridge, titi, jambatan, gerta; (of the nose), batang-hidong. Bridle, kang, kakang, lagam (Hindustani). Bright, tĕrang, chaya. Bring, to, bawa; (out), kaluar-kan. Broad, lebar, luas. Broad-cloth, sahalat. Broil, to, panggang. Broken, ter-pechah, ter-patah, ter-putus. Brooch, krosang. Broom, penyapu. Brother, sudara; (elder), abang; (younger), adek. Brother-in-law, ipar. Brow, dahi; (eye —), kening. Bruise, lebam. Brush, to, sikat-kan, menyapu. Brushwood, semak. Bucket, timba, tong. Buckle, kanching, pinding. Bud, of a flower, kutum, kuntum; (of a leaf), tunas. Buffalo, kerbau. Bug, pijat-pijat. Build, to, men-diri-kan, bangun-kan, buat, mem-buat. Bull, lumbu jantan. Bullet, peluru. Bunch (of fruit), tandan. Bundle, bungkus, baban. Burial-place, kuburan, kandang, kĕramat. Burn, to, bakar, hangus. Bury, to, tanam, menanam, kubur-kan, simpan mayat. Bush, pokok, semak. Business, karja, pe-karja-an. But, tetapi. Butt, target, sasar, sasar-an. Butter, mantega. Butterfly, kupu-kupu, rama-rama. Button, kanching. Buy, to, bĕli. By and by, sa-buntar lagi.

C.

Cabbage, kobis. Cable, tali-sauh. Cage, sangkar, sangkar-an, kurong-an. Cake, penganan, kueh. Calculate, to, kira, hitong, bilang. Calf, anak lumbu; (of the leg), jantong-betis. Calico, kain kalamkari. Call, to, panggil. Calm, tenang, tedoh. Calumny, fitnah. Camel, unta. Camphor, kapur-barus. Can, buleh, sampat, lalu. Canal, salur-an, parit. Cancel, to, hapus, baṭal-kan. Candle, dian, lilin. Candlestick, kaki-dian.