INDEX

Aberdeen, Lord, Calhoun's reply to, 118

Abolitionists, Southern, no attempt to suppress, 132; hold Congress in Baltimore, 132; Northern, different attitudes of, 132; their hostility to the Union, 133; their sectional character, 133; Southern Abolitionism killed by, 133; anger of South against, 134; unpopularity of, in North, 135; acquiesce in Secession, 164

Adams, Francis, American Minister in London, 192; protests against the sailing of the Alabama, 192

Adams, John, opposed by Democrats for Vice-President, 57; chosen President by Electoral College, 62; his character and policy, 62-63; defeated by Jefferson, 63; refuses to receive Jefferson at the White House, 67; fills offices with Federalists, 67

Adams, John Quincey, leaves Federalist Party, 71; a candidate for the Presidency, 92; chosen President by House of Representatives, 94; appoints Clay Secretary of State, 95; unpopularity of his government, 96; defeated by Jackson, 96

Alabama secedes from the Union, 161

Alabama, the, built in Liverpool, 191; her devastations, 191; Great Britain declared responsible for, 192; compensation paid on account of, 192

Alexander I. of Russia wishes to intervene in America, 87

Aliens Law, 63

America, discovery of, 1; claimed by Spain, 3; English colonies in, 3; European intervention in, forbidden by Monroe Doctrine, 88. (See also United States)

Anderson, Major, in command of Fort Sumter, 172; surrenders, 173

Andre, Major, relations of, with Arnold, 33; shot as a spy, 33

Antietam, Battle of, 189

Anti-Masonic Party formed, 112

Anti-Slavery Societies, Conference of, at Baltimore, 132; dissolve themselves, 227

Arkansas, only new Slave State possible under Missouri Compromise, 86; rejects Secession, 171; secedes, 175

Arizona acquired from Mexico, 122; open to Slavery, 126

Arnold, Benedict, career of, 32; treason of, 33; commands in South, 33

Arthur, President, succeeds Garfield, 229

Appomattox Court House, Lee's surrender at, 202

Atlanta, Georgia, Sherman moves on, 199; fate of, 200

Baltimore, Maryland, Congress of Anti-Slavery Societies meets in, 132; Douglas Democrats hold Convention at, 154; Union troops stoned in, 177

Baltimore, Lord, a Catholic, 4; founds colony of Maryland, 4; his family deposed, 5

Bank, United States, creation of, proposed by Hamilton, 56; opposition to, 56; constitutionality of, disputed, 56; Washington signs Bill for, 57; Supreme Court decides in favour of, 57; revived after War of 1812, 85; power—unpopularity of, 102-103; Jackson's attitude towards, 103; corrupt influence of, 103; Bill for re-charter of, passes Congress, 103; vetoed by Jackson, 103; Whig championship of, 105; elections adverse to, 105; Jackson removes deposits from, 106; its end, 106

Beaumarchais, instrumental in supplying arms to the Colonists, 30

Beauregard, General, opposed to McDowell in Virginia, 180; commands at Bull Run, 180; rallies Southern troops, 180; attacks Grant at Shiloh, 184

Belgium, Prussian invasion of, 237

Black, Judge, supports the Union, 165; urges reinforcement of Fort Sumter, 172

Blaine, James G., implicated in Erie Railway scandal, 228; character of, 229; candidate for Presidency, 229-230; defeated by Cleveland, 230

Blair, Francis, saves Missouri for the Union, 176

Bland, Richard, appeals to "the Law of Nature," 16

Boon, Daniel, 71

Booth, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, 208; death of, 208

"Border Ruffians," 143, 150

Boston, Mass., taxed tea thrown into harbour at, 17; evacuated by Colonists, 25; abandoned by British troops, 25; Slave Trade profitable to, 49; Hartford Convention resolves to meet again at, 82

"Boston Tea Party," the, 17, 18

Breckinridge, nominated for Presidency by Southern Democrats, 154; Southern support of, 155

Brown, John, character of, 143; his murders in Kansas, 144; his project for a slave insurrection, 152; captures Harper's Ferry, 152; execution of, 153; repudiated by Republican Convention, 153; Lincoln on, 153, 208

Bryan, William J., nominated for Presidency, 234; defeated by McKinley, 234

Buchanan, James, elected President, 145; accepts Lecompton Constitution, 150; quarrels with Douglas, 150; weakness of, 158-159; his Message to Congress, 159; rejects advice of General Scott, 160; his divided Cabinet, 160; attempts to reinforce Fort Sumter, 172

Bull Run, first Battle of, 180-181; second Battle of, 187

Bunker's Hill, Battle of, 18

Burgoyne, General, commands British forces in Canada, 28; his plan, 28; his failure and surrender, 29

Burke, Edmund, inconsistency of, 15

Burnside, General, defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg, 192

Burr, Aaron, 65; Democratic candidate for the Vice-Presidency, 66; ties with Jefferson for the Presidency, 66; his intrigues with Federalists defeated by Hamilton, 66; elected Vice-President, 66; becomes an enemy of Jefferson, 67; candidate for Governorship of New York, 72; Hamilton's influence again defeats, 73; fights and kills Hamilton, 73; his plans regarding the West, 73-74; approaches Jackson, 74; Jackson on, 75; arrest and trial of, 75

Butler, Benjamin, instrumental in the impeachment of Johnson, 219; his character and career, 219

Calhoun, John Caldwell, superior to Clay as an orator, 79; in the running for the Presidency, 90; chosen Vice-President, 97; his connection with the Eaton affair, 97-98; his quarrel with Jackson, 98; defends Nullification, 99; compromises with Clay, 101; joins coalition against Jackson, 102; his attitude towards the Indians, 107; leaves the Whigs, 110; his transformation after quarrel with Jackson, 111; his advocacy of State Rights, 111; his defence of Slavery, 111, 134; appointed Secretary of State, 115; eager for annexation of Texas, 116; resists clamour for war with England, 117; his argument, 117; defends Slavery in despatch to Lord Aberdeen, 118; his action condemned by Northern Democrats, 118; not favoured for Presidency, 119; opposes war with Mexico, 121; advocates strictly defensive policy, 121; foresees consequences of large annexations, 121-122; opposes Compromise of 1850..128; his "Testament," 128; his death and epitaph, 128; influence of his defence of Slavery on Southern opinion, 134; Jefferson Davis succeeds to position of, 140

California acquired from Mexico, 122; gold discovered in, 123; decision of, to exclude Slavery, 123; Taylor advocates admission of, as a Free State, 125; admitted under Compromise of 1850..126

Canada, a French colony, 9; conquered by Great Britain, 10; Burgoyne commands in, 28; not disposed to join rebellion, 28; conquest of, hoped for, 80; rebellion in, 111

Canning, George, opposes European intervention in America, 87; suggests joint action by Great Britain and U.S., 88

Carnegie, Andrew, massacre of workmen by, 223

Carolinas, colonization of, 8; overrun by Cornwallis and Tarleton, 31. (See also North and South Carolinas)

"Carpet-Baggers," 221, 224

Cass, General, Democratic candidate for Presidency, 125; Secretary of State under Buchanan, 160; for vigorous action against Secession, 160, 165

Catholics, reasons of first Stuarts for leniency to, 4; find a refuge in Maryland, 5; establish religious equality, 5; dispossessed of power, 5; New England dislikes tolerating, 38; "Know-Nothing" movement directed against, 138-139

Chancellorsville, Battle of, 192

Charles I. grants charter of Maryland, 4

Charles II. grants William Penn charter for Pennsylvania, 7; grants charter of Carolinas to Hyde family, 8

Charleston, South Carolina, occupied by Cornwallis, 21; Democratic Convention meets at, 153; Breckinridge nominated at, 154; cheers election of Lincoln, 156; Fort Sumter in harbour of, 172; Negro demonstrations in, 222

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, directs war against France, 10; denounces employment of Indians, 28

Chattanooga, Battle of, 198

Cherokee Indians, problem of the, 107; Jackson's attitude towards, 107; removed beyond the Mississippi, 107

Chesapeake, the, duel with the Shannon, 80

Chickamauga, Battle of, 198

Chicago, Ill., Republican Convention meets at, 153

Chinese, immigration of, 230; Sumner's plea for, 230; exclusion of, 231

Civil War, the, not fought over Slavery, 162; motives of South, 163-164; case for North stated, 166-167; issue of, as defined by Lincoln, 167; progress of, 180-202

Clay, Henry, leader of "war hawks," 78; character of, 78-79; signs peace with Great Britain, 83; arranges Missouri Compromise, 85; a candidate for the Presidency, 91; deserted by the West, 95; supports Adams, 95; Secretary of State, 98; responsible for Protectionist policy, 100; seeks a compromise with Calhoun, 101; supports U.S. Bank, 105; crushing defeat of, 105; the appropriate Whig candidate for Presidency, 113; passed over for Harrison, 113; partial retirement of, 125; called upon to save the Union, 125; his last Compromise, 126-127; death of, 126, 129; Crittenden a disciple of, 160

Cleveland, Grover, elected President, 230; second election, 234

Clinton, Democratic candidate for Vice-Presidency, 57

Cobbett, William, on American prosperity, 37; supports Federalists, 59

Collectivism, alien to the American temper, 223

Colonies (see English, French, Dutch, Spanish Colonies)

Columbia, South Carolina, burning of, 201

Columbia, district of, slavery legal in, 126; slave-trade abolished in, 126

Columbus, Christopher, discovers America, 1; American view of, 1; and the Renaissance, 2

Compromise of 1850, drafted by Clay, 126; supported by Webster, 127; opposed by Calhoun, 128; reasons for failure of, 129 seq.; administered by a new generation, 139; Seward's speech on, 139

Compromises (see Constitution, Crittenden, Missouri)

Confederate Debt, repudiation of, demanded, 204, 216

Confederate States, Constitution of, 169; Davis President of, 169; flag of, raised over Fort Sumter, 173; Kentucky declares war on, 178; military position of, 178-180; Congress of, summoned to meet at Richmond, 180; send Mason and Slidell to Europe, 182; blockaded 184; opportunity to make peace offered to, 199; slavery dead in, 199, 203

Congress, how elected, 47; U.S. Bank secures, 103; recommends amendments to the Constitution protecting slavery, 168; opposed to policy of President Johnson, 214; committed to Negro Suffrage, 218

Connecticut, a Puritan colony, 5; accepts invitation to Hartford Convention, 81

Conscription, adopted by both sides in Civil War, 195; form of, imposed in the North, 195; New York City resists, 195

Constitution of United States not modelled on British, 45; essential principles of, 45-46; compromises of, 46-49; slavery protected by, 49, 162; opposition to, 51; publicly burnt by Garrison, 133; described by South Carolina as a "Treaty," 157; in relation to expansion, 234-235; amendments to, 54, 67, 161, 168, 203, 216, 228

Constitution of Confederate States, 169

Continental Congress, first meets, 19; issues "Declaration of Colonial Right," 19; meeting of, forbidden by British Government, 19; second meets, 19; issues a general call to arms, 19; resolves on separation from Great Britain, 21; adopts "Declaration of Independence," 24; moribund, 41; attempt to remodel fails, 43

Convention meets to frame Constitution, 42; Washington presides over, 42; debates of, 42; Jefferson absent from, 42, 54; difficulties confronting, 43; decisions of, 44-49

"Copperheads," name given to Northern Pacifists, 192; their futility, 193; Lincoln's policy regarding, 194-195; capture Democratic Party, 200

Cornwallis, Lord, invades South Carolina, 31; retreats to Yorktown, 34; surrender of, 34

Cotton industry in American colonies, 11; has nothing to gain from Protection, 85, 98, 157

Cowpens, Battle of, 32

Crawford, William, of Georgia, a candidate for the Presidency, 91-92

Creek Indians, descend on South-West, 81; Jackson overthrows, 82; take refuge in Florida, 87; pursued by Jackson, 87

Crittenden, Senator, a disciple of Clay, 160; proposes his compromise, 160; his compromise unacceptable to Lincoln, 161; rejected, 161

Cuba, Lincoln fears filibustering in, 161; American sympathy with insurrection in, 234; at disposal of U.S., 234; abandoned, 235

Czolgosz, assassinates McKinley, 235

Davie, cavalry leader, 32; at Battle of Hanging Rock, 32

Davis, Jefferson, of Mississippi, successor of Calhoun, 140; on extension of Slavery, 144-145; elected President of the Confederacy, 169; his qualifications and defects, 169-170; an obstacle to peace, 199; believes Slavery dead, 199, 203; relieves Johnstone of his command, 200; accused of complicity with Lincoln's murder, 209; his retort on Johnson, 209; never brought to trial, 217

"Declaration of Colonial Right," 19

"Declaration of Independence," drafted by Jefferson, 22; quoted, 22; its implications, 23-24; Slave Trade condemned in original draft, 48-49; Slavery inconsistent with, 148; misinterpreted by Douglas, 151; misunderstood by Sumner, 205-207; invoked by Sumner in favour of Chinese, 232

De Grasse, in command of French fleet, 34

Delaware, acquired from Dutch, 7; small slave population of, 176

Democracy, in English colonies, 13, 16; theory of, 23-24; application of, in America, 36-37; unjust charges against, 65; characteristic of the West, 92; Jackson's loyalty to, 93; its true bearing on the Negro problem, 206-207; effect of, on corruption, 229

Democratic Party, name ultimately taken by followers of Jefferson, 57; organization of, under Jackson, 96, 108; unwise attacks on Harrison by, 113-114; refuses to come to rescue of Tyler, 115; chooses Polk as Presidential candidate, 119; holds Convention at Charleston, 153; split in, 154; captured by "Copperheads," 200; defeated by trickery in 1876, 225, 229; returns Cleveland, 230; unites with Populists in support of Bryan, 234; returns Wilson, 236

Donelson, Fort, captured by Grant, 183

Douglas, Stephen, on Slavery, 130, 141; Senator for Illinois, 140; character of, 140-141; motives of, 141-142; introduces Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 142; his doctrine of "Popular Sovereignty," 142; upsets Missouri Compromise, 142; results of his policy, 143-144; accepts Dred Scott decision, 147; rejects Lecompton Constitution, 150; his Quarrel with Buchanan, 150; his contest with Lincoln, 150; debates with Lincoln, 151-152; rejected by the South, 153; nominated for Presidency, 154; defeat of, 155; supports Crittenden Compromise, 160; his patriotism, 174; present at Lincoln's inauguration, 174; his last campaign and death, 174

Draft Riots in New York, 195

Dred Scott decision delivered by Taney, 146; its implications, 146-147; rejected by Republicans, 147; accepted by Douglas, 147; fatal to "Popular Sovereignty," 147; necessitates an amendment to Constitution, 161

Dutch colonies in America, 7

Eaton, Major, in Jackson's Cabinet, 97; marriage of, 97; Calhoun accused of wishing to ruin, 98

Eaton, Mrs., charges against, 97; boycott of, 97; Jackson takes part of, 97-98

Electoral College, original theory of, 46; responsible for choice of Adams, 62; tie between Jefferson and Burr in, 66; figment of, destroyed, 96; Lincoln's majority in, 155

Emancipation Proclamation, decision to issue after Antietam, 189; Lincoln's defence of, 191; effect abroad, 191

Embargo, imposed by Jefferson, 76; withdrawn, 77

Emerson on John Brown, 153

England and Spain, 3. (See also Great Britain)

English colonies in America, 3; French attempt to hem in, 9; economic position of, 10-12; government of, 12-13; democracy in, 13; proposal to tax, 14-15, 17; attitude of, 16-17; unite, 19; declare their independence, 22; France forms alliance with, 30; independence of, recognized by Great Britain, 35; internal revolution in, 36

"Era of Good Feeling," 86, 90

Erie Railway scandal, 228, 229

Erskine, British Minister at Washington, 77

Everett, nominated as candidate for Presidency, 154; Border States support, 155

Farragut, Admiral, takes New Orleans, 186

Federalist, The, established to defend the Constitution, 51; Hamilton and Madison contribute to, 51

Federalist Party, support a National Bank, 57; sympathies of, with England against France, 59; pass Alien and Sedition Acts, 63; Burr's intrigues with, 66, 72; oppose Louisiana Purchase, 70; suicide of, 71

Fessenden, Senator, on Charles Sumner, 205

Fifteenth Amendment, effect of, 228

Filmore, Millard, succeeds Taylor as President, 125; his succession favourable to Clay, 126

Florida, British land in, 82; Jackson expels British from, 82; acquired by U.S., 86-87; secedes from Union, 161; Negro government of, makes fraudulent return, 225

Floyd, Secretary for War under Buchanan, 160; his sympathy with secession, 160; his distribution of the U.S. armament, 179

Force Bills, demanded by Jackson, 100; supported by Webster, 101; precedence for, insisted on, 101; signed by Jackson, 101; nullified by South Carolina, 101

"Forty-Seven-Forty-or-Fight," 117, 120

Fourteenth Amendment, provisions of, 216; Southern opposition to, 217; Lee's views on, 217

France and England in America, 9; War with, 9-10; hesitates to recognize American independence, 29; forms alliance with revolted colonies, 30; Jefferson Minister to, 42; Jefferson's sympathy with, 59-60; badly served by Genet, 60; anger with, over "X.Y.Z. letters," 63; acquires Louisiana, 68; sells to U.S., 68; Jackson settles disputes with, 107; intervention of, in Mexico, 213; American sympathy with, 237

Franklin, Benjamin, goes to France to solicit help for, 29; represents Confederation at Peace Congress, 35; a member of the Convention, 42; dislikes provision regarding fugitive slaves, 48

Frederick the Great, his creed contrasted with Jefferson's, 239

Freemasons, origin of, 112; death of Morgan attributed to, 112; outcry against, 112; President Jackson a, 112

Free Trade, established between States, 44; with England, South Carolina's desire for, 157. (See also Protection)

Fremont, General, Republican candidate for Presidency, 145; commands in Missouri, 190; proclamation of, regarding slaves repudiated by Lincoln, 190; candidate of Radical Republicans for the Presidency, 200; withdrawn, 200

French Canadians, antagonized by New England intolerance, 38

French Colonies in America, 9-10

French Revolution, Jefferson's interest in, 54; American enthusiasm for, 58; New England shocked at, 58; continued popularity of, 60; effect of, in Latin America, 87

Fugitive Slaves, their return provided for by Constitution, 48; provision nullified by some Northern States, 127, 136

Fugitive Slave Law, part of Compromise of 1850, 127; accepted by Lincoln, 149, 168; Lincoln's strict enforcement of, 171, 189

Garfield, President, elected, 229; murdered, 229

Garrison, William Lloyd, founder of Northern Abolitionism, 132; his view of Slavery, 133; his hostility to the Union, 133; on Southern Abolitionism, 133; on Secession, 164

Gates, General, Burgoyne surrenders to, 29

Genet, French Minister to U.S., 60; his reception, 60; his mistakes, 60

George III. determined on subjection of American Colonies, 17

German mercenaries employed by Great Britain, 27, 34

German population in U.S., 237

German propaganda in U.S., 237

Germany (see Prussia)

Gerrard, James W., American Ambassador at Berlin, 238; foresees war, 239

Gerry, a member of the Convention, 42

Gettysburg, Battle of, 196

Ghent, Peace of, 83

"Good Feeling, Era of," 86, 90

Grant, Ulysses S., captures Forts Henry and Donelson, 183; attacked at Shiloh, 184; captures Vicksburg, 196; appointed commander of U.S. forces, 197; his career and character, 197; in Virginia, 198; outmanoeuvred by Lee, 198; fights in the Wilderness, 198; Lee surrenders to, 202; his report on temper of the South, 213; quarrel with Johnson, 219; elected President, 223; a tool of the politicians, 223; corruption under, 228; implicated in Missouri Whisky scandal, 228

Great Britain imposes taxes on her colonies, 14 et seq.; revokes charter of Massachusetts, 18; inadequate military action of, 19; prohibits Continental Congresses, 19; practical reasons for repudiating sovereignty of, 20; Continental Congress resolves on separation from, 21; sends out expedition under Howe, 27; effect of Burgoyne's surrender on, 29; loses mastery of the sea, 34; recognizes independence of the colonies, 35; complains of non-fulfilment of peace terms, 41; goes to war with French Revolution, 59; claims right to search American ships, 77; war with, 79; hatred of, consequent on burning of Washington, 80; sends fleet to the Gulf of Mexico, 81; weary of war, 83; peace concluded with, 83; separates from Holy Alliance, 87; proposes joint declaration with U.S., 88; her postulate of naval supremacy compared with the Monroe Doctrine, 88-89; Jackson settles disputes with, 107; Jackson's tribute to, 107; war with, avoided, 111; claims in Oregon, 117; clamour for war with, 117; Calhoun's objections to war with, 117; intervenes in Texas question, 118; Calhoun's despatch to, 118; variation of opinion in, concerning Civil War, 181-182; proclaims neutrality, 182; anger in, over Trent affair, 183; Alabama built in, 192; declared not to have shown "reasonable care," 192; pays compensation, 192; war with no remedy for sectional divisions, 213; less popular in America than France, 237; allowed to be in the right against Prussia, 237

Greeley, Horace, editor of New York Tribune, 164; on Secession, 164; his "Prayer of the Twenty Millions," 190; Lincoln's reply to, 190; his inconsistency, 193; goes bail for Davis, 217

Grenville, George, proposes Stamp Duty for America, 14

Guiteau, murders President Garfield, 229

Hamilton, Alexander, a member of the Convention, 42; writes for the Federalist, 51; Secretary to the Treasury, 52; his opinions and policy, 53-54; his financial successes, 55; proposes taking over State Debts, 55; buys off Southern opposition, 55; proposes creation of National Bank, 56; opposition to, 57; defeats Burr's intrigues for the Presidency, 66; opposes Burr's candidature in New York, 73; death of, 73

Hampton Roads, negotiations at, 199

Hanging Rock, Battle of, 32

Harper's Ferry, John Brown captures, 152; Jackson sent back to hold, 189

Harrison, General, an imitation Jackson, 113; his nickname of "Tippercanoe," 113; elected President, 114; dies soon after election, 114

Harrison, Benjamin, Republican President, 234

Hartford Convention, summoned, 81; proceedings of, 82; Jackson on conveners of, 100

Hawkins, Sir John, pioneer of the Slave Trade, 12

Hayes, President, fraudulent election of, 225

Henry Fort, captured by Grant, 183

Henry, Patrick, on Stamp Act, 16; opposes Constitution, 51

Holt, a Southerner, supports the Union, 165

Holy Alliance proposes to re-subjugate Spanish colonies, 87; Great Britain separated from, 87

Hooker, General Joseph, defeated at Williamsburg, 186; trapped in the Wilderness, 192; defeated at Chancellorsville, 192

House of Representatives, how elected, 47; Burr's intrigues in, 66; chooses Adams for President, 94; a Democratic majority secured in, 229

Howe, Lord, commands British expedition to America, 27

Illiterates, exclusion of, 232

Immigration of Irish, 138; of Chinese, 230; change in attitude towards, 231; Act passed over President Wilson's Veto, 232

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 218

Imperialism in U.S., 234

Indians, Penn's Treaty with, 8; employed by Great Britain, 28; effect of, on the West, 71. (See also Cherokee, Creek, Seminole)

Ingersoll, Robert, defends Blaine, 229

Irish, immigration of, 138; qualities and power of, 138; "Know-Nothing" agitation against, 138; antagonism to Negroes, 195. (See also Scotch-Irish)

Jackson, Andrew, fights at Hanging Rock, 32; commands Tennessee militia, 74; relations with Burr, 74-75; defeats the Creek Indians, 82; expels British from Florida, 82; successful defence of New Orleans by, 83; pursues Indians into Florida, 87; conduct in Florida, 87; appointed Governor, 87; nominated for Presidency, 92; his character, 93-94; passed over for Adams, 94; shocked at the Adams-Clay bargain, 95; attacked through his wife, 96; elected President, 96; his clearance of Government offices, 96-97; coalition against, 97; his quarrel with Calhoun, 98; his toast at the Jefferson Banquet, 100; demands the coercion of S. Carolina, 100; dislikes Clay-Calhoun compromise, 101; insists on precedence for Force Bill, 101; signs Force Bill and New Tariff, 101; on Nullification and Secession, 102; his attitude towards U.S. Bank, 103; vetoes Bill for re-charter, 103; triumphant re-election, 105; orders removal of Bank deposits, 106; censured by Senate, 106; censure on, expunged, 107; treatment of Cherokees by, 107; foreign policy of, 107; on relations with Great Britain, 107; Palmerston on, 108; retirement of, 108; results of his Presidency, 108-109; nominates his successor, 110; Harrison's candidature an imitation of, 113; his memory invoked in, 1860, 160; his plans for coercing S. Carolina sent to Buchanan, 160

Jackson, "Stonewall," nickname earned at Bull Run, 181; campaign in Shenandoah Valley, 186; sent back to hold Harper's Ferry, 189; death of, 192; Lee's tribute to, 192

Jackson, replaces Erskine as British representative at Washington, 77

Jacksonians, rally of, to the Union, 165

James I., attitude of, towards Catholics, 4; approves Baltimore's project, 4

Jefferson, Thomas, delegate to Second Continental Congress, 20; his character, 20-21; his political creed, 21; drafts "Declaration of Independence," 22; nearly captured by the British, 34; effects reforms in Virginia, 36; his belief in religious equality, 36; a Deist, 39; his project for extinguishing Slavery, 41; Minister to France, 42; on Slavery, 50, 130; returns to America, 54; Secretary of State, 54; accepts the Constitution, 54; helps to settle taking over of State Debts, 55; repents of his action, 55; his view of American neutrality, 59; his sympathy with France, 60; on insurrections, 61; drafts Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64; elected President, 64; his inauguration, 67; his Inaugural Address, 67; refuses to recognize Adams' appointments, 68; negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 68; his diplomacy, 69; his alleged inconsistency, 69-70; orders arrest of Burr, 74; re-elected, 75; attitude regarding Napoleonic Wars, 76; places embargo on American trade, 76; withdraws embargo, 77; favours prohibition of Slavery in Territories, 85; character of his government, 90; Democratic Banquet on his birthday, 100; his doctrine misrepresented by Sumner, 205; his fears justified, 226; his creed contrasted with Frederick the Great's, 239

Jewish problem in America, 232; influence in American Socialism, 233

Johnson, Andrew, elected Vice-President, 200; becomes President, 209; accuses Davis of complicity in murder of Lincoln, 209; Davis's retort on, 209; bitterness of, against Confederate leaders, 209; his difficulties and defects, 210; his electioneering campaign, 218; vetoes Reconstruction Bill, 218; impeachment of, 218; acquittal of, 218

Johnstone, General Joseph E., in Shenandoah Valley, 180; joins Beauregard at Bull Run, 180; eludes McClellan, 186; contests Sherman's advance, 199; relieved of his command, 200; Lee attempts to effect a junction with, 201; surrenders to Sherman, 213

Kansas, sectional quarrels in, 143; constitution for, adopted at Lecompton, 150

Kansas-Nebraska Bill introduced by Douglas, 141; doctrine of "Popular Sovereignty" introduced into, 142; effect of, in Kansas, 143; Republican Party formed to oppose, 145

Kentucky, protest of, against Alien and Sedition Laws, 63-64; opened to colonization by Boon, 71; Lincoln a native of, 147; proclaims "neutrality" in Civil War, 177; Lincoln's diplomatic treatment of, 177-178; her soil violated by Confederates, 178; declares war on Confederacy, 179

Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64

"Know-Nothing" party, 138-139

Ku-Klux-Klan, organization and methods of, 223; Act passed to put down, 224; its work done, 224

Labour Unions, 223; movement not Collectivist, 223; hostility of, to the Trusts, 223-224

Lafayette, the Marquis de, comes to America, 34

Lawrence, Free Soil settlement of, burnt, 143

Lecompton Constitution framed, 150; accepted by Buchanan, 150; rejected and defeated by Douglas, 150

Lee proposes separation from Great Britain, 22

Lee, Robert E., sent by Davis to the Crimea, 170; sounded as to accepting command of Federal forces, 175; refuses, 176; resigns his commission, 176; accepts Virginian command, 176; on Slavery, 176; opposed to Secession, 176; his view of State Rights, 176-177; defeats McClellan, 186; defeats Pope, 187; invades Maryland, 187; his proclamation, 189; fights McClellan at Antietam, 189; retires into Virginia, 189; defeats Hooker at Chancellorsville, 192; defeats Burnside at Fredericksburg, 192; invades Pennsylvania, 196; defeated at Gettysburg, 196; gets back unhammered, 196; outmanoeuvres Grant, 198; fights in the Wilderness, 198; his proposal to recruit Negroes, 199; effect of Sherman's march on, 201; attempts to join Johnstone, 201; surrenders to Grant, 202; his views on Fourteenth Amendment, 217

Liberator, the, founded by Garrison, 133; Lincoln denounced by, 148

Lincoln, Abraham, joins Republican Party, 147; his career and character, 148-149; his contest with Douglas, 150; debates with Douglas, 151; chosen candidate for the Presidency, 153; elected President, 155; objects to Crittenden Compromise, 161; South ignorant of character of, 163-164; defines issue of Civil War, 167; his Inaugural Address, 168-169; his policy, 171-172; sends supplies to Fort Sumter, 172; calls for soldiers, 174; returns Mason and Slidell, 183; refuses to supersede McClellan, 185; replaces McClellan by Pope, 187; effect of his personality on Maryland, 188; decides to issue Emancipation Proclamation, 189; his reply to Greeley, 190; defends proclamation as a military measure, 191; on Grant, 196-197; appoints Grant commander-in-chief, 197; prepared to compensate Southern slave owners, 199; re-elected, 199; opposition of Radicals to, 200; his policy of Reconstruction, 204; on Negro Suffrage, 204; last public speech, 207; assassinated, 208; his advantages lacked by Johnson, 210

"Little Giant, the," nickname of Stephen Douglas, 140

Longfellow on John Brown, 153

Long Island, Battle of, 27

Look-Out Mountain, Battle of, 198

Louisiana, a French colony, 9; ceded to Spain, 10; re-ceded to Napoleon, 68; bought by U.S., 68; Burr's plans regarding, 73-74; secedes from the Union, 161; Lincoln's plan for reconstruction of, 204; Negro government of, makes fraudulent returns, 225

Lovejoy, killed, 135

Lowell, James Russell, expresses sentiments of Anti-War Whigs, 121; his satire on Taylor's candidature, 124

Lusitania, the, sunk, 238

Lyon, Captain, commands Union forces in Missouri, 176

Macaulay on Calhoun's dispatch, 118

McClellan, General, sent to Crimea by Davis, 170; clears West Virginia of Confederates, 181; supersedes McDowell, 181; trains army of the Potomac, 185; his defects, 185; lands on Yorktown peninsula, 186; besieges Yorktown, 186; beaten by Lee, 186; retires to Harrison's Landing, 186; superseded, 187; reinstated, 189; fights Lee at Antietam, 189; Democratic candidate for the Presidency, 200; defeat of, 200

McDowell, General, advances into Virginia, 180; defeated at Bull Run, 180-181; superseded, 181; ordered to join McClellan, 186; fails to cut off Jackson, 186

McKinley, William, elected President, 234; re-elected, 235; assassinated, 235

McLane, Jackson's Secretary to the Treasury, 104; favourable to the U.S. Bank, 104; transferred to State Department, 106

Madison, James, a member of the Convention, 42; writes for the Federalist, 51; President, 77; his pacific leanings, 78; war forced on, 79; re-elected by sectional vote, 79

Maine, colonized from New England, 5; admitted as a State, 86

Maine, the, blown up, 234

March to the Sea, Sherman's, 201

Maryland, founded by Lord Baltimore, 4; early history of, 5; strategic importance of, 177; menacing attitude of, 177; Lincoln's success with, 177; Lee invades, 187; Southern illusions concerning, 188; refuses to rise, 188-189; becomes a Free State, 203

"Maryland! My Maryland!" 188

Mason-Dixon Line drawn, 7; becomes boundary of Slave States, 41

Mason and Slidell, Confederate envoys to Europe, 182; seized by Captain Wilkes, 182; English anger over seizure of, 183; Northern rejoicings over, 183; returned by Lincoln, 183

Massachusetts, a Puritan Colony, 5; resists Tea Tax, 17; charter of, revoked, 18; attempt to coerce, 25; Hartford Convention called by, 81; votes for War with Mexico, 120; Webster's influence with, 127; Sumner Senator for, 139; troops from, stoned in Baltimore, 177

Maximilian, placed on Mexican throne, 213; his death, 214

Mayflower, the, voyage of, 5

Meade, General, defeats Lee at Gettysburg, 196; permits him to retire unhammered, 196

Merrimac, the, exploits of, 184; duel with the Monitor, 184

Mexican War, outbreak of, 120; compared to Boer War, 120-121; opposition to, 121; successful prosecution of, 122; results of, 122-123

Mexico, Texas secedes from, 115; dispute with, over Texan boundary, 120; U.S. goes to war with, 120; Calhoun opposes invasion of, 121; defeat of, 122; peace terms dictated to, 122; Lincoln fears filibustering in, 161; Napoleon III. interferes in, 213

Mexico City taken, 120

Ministers, excluded from Congress, 45

Missionary Ridge, charge up, 198

Mississippi, Davis Senator for, 140; secedes from Union, 161

Mississippi River, upper, secured by Grant's victories, 184; whole in Federal control, 196

Missouri, disputes regarding admission of, 85; admitted as a Slave State, 86; settlers from, invade Kansas, 143, 150; defeat of Secessionists in, 176; becomes a Free State, 203

Missouri Compromise effected, 86; terms of, 86; validity of, disputed, 142; violated by Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 142; party formed to defend, 143; declared invalid, 147

Missouri Whisky Ring, 228

Monitor, the, duel with the Merrimac, 184

Monroe, James, a member of the War Party, 78; President, 84; declares European intervention unfriendly to U.S., 88; last of the Virginian dynasty, 91

Monroe Doctrine, propounded, 88; keystone of American policy, 88-89; application to Texas, 118; Napoleon III. violates, 213

Monterey, defeat of Mexicans at, 120; Davis wounded at, 140

Morgan, murder of, 112

Napoleon I., obtains Louisiana, 68; sells to U.S., 68; Jefferson's attitude towards, 76

Napoleon III., intervenes in Mexico, 213; withdraws, 214

Nashville, Tennessee, abandoned by Confederates, 184

National Debt, establishment of, 55; not to be repudiated, 216

"National Republicans," policy of, 84

Navigation Laws, 11, 15

Navy, U.S., successes of, in War of, 1812, 80; use of, by North, 184; New Orleans captured by, 186

Negroes, brought to America as slaves, 12; Jefferson's views on, 75; Irish antagonism to, 195; Lee proposes recruitment of, 199; problem of, not settled by emancipation, 203; behaviour of, during Civil War, 212; Southern feeling towards, 212-213; their desire for freedom, 221; their political incompetence, 221; organization of, 221; conduct of, 222; thrown over by the Republican Party, 228; concession to, in Immigration Law, 231

Negro Rule, imposed on the South, 220; effects of, 222; resistance offered to, 223; overthrow of, 224-225; results of, 225-226

Negro Slavery (see Slavery)

Negro Suffrage, Lincoln's proposals regarding, 204; provisions of Fourteenth Amendment as to, 217; Lee on prospects of, 217; Congress committed to, 218; imposed on the South, 220

New Hampshire, colonized for New England, 5

New Jersey, acquisition of, 7

New Mexico, acquired by U.S., 122; open to Slavery, 126

New Orleans, attacked by British, 83; Jackson successfully defends, 83; message of Dix to, 165; captured by Farragut, 186; racial riot in, 218

New York, origin of, 6; becomes a British possession, 6; the objective of Lord Howe, 27; votes with the South, 58; Tammany Hall founded in, 58; Burr controls Democratic organization of, 66; runs for Governor of, 72; Van Buren fears power of Bank in, 104; riots against Draft in, 195

New York Tribune, on Secession, 164

North, the, insignificance of Slavery in, 40; Slavery abolished in, 40; divergence between South and, 47; balance between South and, 47, 85; Abolitionists unpopular in, 135; attitude of, towards slave owning, 136; resents abrogation of Missouri Compromise, 144; vote of, for Lincoln, 155; opinions in, regarding Secession, 164-165; anger of, over Fort Sumter, 173; effect of Lincoln's assassination on, 208-209; Johnson out of touch with, 210; doubts of, regarding Reconstruction, 211-212; tired of protecting Negro Governments, 224

North Carolina rejects Secession, 171; secedes from Union, 175

North, Lord, consents to coerce Colonies, 18; offers terms, 29; resignation of, 34

"Nullification" foreshadowed in Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64; proclaimed by South Carolina, 99; defended by Calhoun, 99; repudiated by Jackson, 100; applied to Force Bill, 101; not discredited in South, 102

Nullifiers, attitude of, 98-99; miscalculate Jackson's temper, 100; Jackson proposes to coerce, 100; Jackson's warning against, 102

Ohio, invaded by British, 80

"Old Hickory," nickname of Andrew Jackson, 93, 113

Oregon, dispute concerning territory of, 117; outcry for war over, 117; Calhoun on disadvantages of war over, 117

"Palmetto Flag" of South Carolina, 158

Parliament, claim of, to tax the colonies, 14 et seq.

Party System, unreality necessary to a, 137

Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 7; establishes religious equality, 8; his treaty with the Indians, 8; disapproves of Slavery, 12

Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 7; cleared of the French, 10; Slavery legal in, 12; Washington retreats into, 28; "Whisky Insurrection" in, 61; invaded by Lee, 196

Pensacola, British occupy, 82; dislodged from, 82

Perry, Commander, burns British fleet on the Lakes, 80

Personal Liberty Laws passed in certain Northern States, 136; disposition to repeal, 163

Personal Rights Bill, Sumner's, 214

Philadelphia, capital of Pennsylvania, 8; abandoned by Washington, 28; Convention meets at, 42

Philippine Islands, left at disposal of U.S., 234; annexed, 235

Phillips, Wendell, on Secession, 164

Pickett's Brigade, charge of, 196

Pierce, Franklin, elected President, 139; Sumner compares Grant to, 213

Pinckney, of South Carolina, a member of the Convention, 42

Pinkerton, private assassinators hired by, 233

Polk, chosen as Democratic candidate for Presidency, 119; elected, 120; embarrassed over Oregon question, 120; decides for war with Mexico, 120; asks for supply to purchase Mexican territory, 122

Pope, General, succeeds McClellan, 187; defeated at second Battle of Bull Run, 187

Populist Party, objects of, 234; supports Bryan, 234

President, powers of, 45; method of election, 46; effect of Jacksonian Revolution on position of, 109

Progressive Party formed by Roosevelt, 236

Protection adopted after War of 1812..84; Cotton States opposed to, 85, 98; Republican Party and tradition of, 227

Prussia forces war on Europe, 237; attacks neutral Belgium, 237; sinks Lusitania, 238; revives campaign of murder at sea, 239; contrasted with U.S., 239

Puritan Colonies in America, 5-6; dislike of Catholicism in, 38; feeling against Irish, 138-139

Quebec, taken by Wolfe, 10

Quincey, Josiah, protest of against Louisiana Purchase, 70

Radical Republicans, Chase favoured by, 153; adopt Fremont as candidate, 200; oppose Lincoln on Reconstruction, 204; Sumner spokesman of, 205; still a minority, 211; increased power in Congress, 218; commit Congress to Negro Suffrage, 218

Raleigh, Sir Walter, projects Colony of Virginia, 3-4

Randolph, John, draws up declaration of neutrality, 59

Randolph, Peyton, presides at first Continental Congress, 19; absent from second, 20

Reconstruction, Lincoln's views on, 204; Congress takes up, 216; Bill passed by Congress over Johnson's veto, 218. (See also Negro Rule)

Religious Equality, established in Maryland, 5; in Pennsylvania, 8; true theory of, 36-38; in American Constitution, 38

"Republican" original name of Jefferson's party, 57. (See also Democratic Party)

Republican Party formation of, 145; Fremont Presidential candidate of, 145; adopts Lincoln as candidate, 153; victory of, 155; Johnson out of touch with, 209; reasons for supporting Negro rule, 224; secures Presidency by a trick, 225; change in character of, 227-228; abandons cause of Negro, 228; becomes Capitalist party, 228; Roosevelt's efforts to reform, 235

Revolution of 1689 transfers government of Maryland to Protestants, 5; Hamilton's admiration for, 54

Revolution, French (see French Revolution)

Rhode Island, a Puritan Colony, 5; provisional acceptance of invitation to Hartford Convention, 81

Richmond, Virginia, capital of Confederacy transferred to, 176; Confederate Congress to meet at, 180; Northern demand for capture of, 180; abandoned by Lee, 201

Rochambeau, co-operates with Washington against Cornwallis, 34

Rockingham Whigs, repeal Stamp Act, 16; conclude peace, 35

Roosevelt, Theodore, elected Vice-President, 235; succeeds McKinley, 235; his campaign against Trusts, 235; popularity of, 235; denounces his successor, 236; founds Progressive Party, 236; wishes U.S. to join Allies, 238

Rosecrans, General, defeated at Chickamauga, 198

San Francisco, Republican Convention at, 236

Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, 29; effect of, 29-30

"Scallywags," 221

Scotch-Irish, immigration of, 8-9

Secession, contemplated at Hartford Convention, 81; talked of in South Carolina, 123; of South Carolina, 158; of Gulf States, 161; motives, of, 163-164; Northern views of, 164; Abolitionists favour, 164; Greeley on, 164; Jacksonians oppose, 165; a popular movement, 166; Lincoln denies right of, 160; Douglas resists, 174; of Virginia, etc., 176

Sedition Law, 63

Seminole Indians, Jackson pursues, 87

Senate, how chosen, 47; Whig majority in, 106; refuses to confirm appointment of Taney, 106; censures Jackson, 106; Censure expunged, 107; Northern majority in, 163

Seven Years' War, outbreak of, 9

Seward, William, Senator, for New York, 139; his speech on Fugitive Slave Law, 139; passed over for Fremont, 145; for Lincoln, 153; Secretary of State, 172; attempt to assassinate, 207; his desire for foreign war, 213

Shannon, the, duel with the Chesapeake, 80

Shay's Insurrection, 42; Jefferson on, 61

Shenandoah Valley, Johnstone in, 180; Jackson's campaign in, 186; Sheridan in, 201

Sheridan, General, his campaign in Shenandoah Valley, 201

Sherman, Senator John, opposes Negro Suffrage, 218

Sherman, General William T., left in command in the West, 197; wins Battle of Chattanooga, 198; moves on Atlanta, 199; takes Atlanta, 200; his march to the sea, 201; receives surrender of Johnstone, 213; his proposed terms of peace, 213

Slavery, reappears in New World, 3; legal in all English Colonies, 12; difference in North and South, 12; general disapproval of, 40; disappears in Northern States, 40; Jefferson's proposals for extinction of, 41; Constitutional Compromises over, 48-49; opinion on American Fathers regarding, 49, 50, 129; Jefferson on, 50; excluded from North-West Territories, 85; Missouri Compromises concerning, 86; Calhoun's defence of, 111, 118, 134; California decides to exclude, 123; Arizona and New Mexico open to, 126; strengthening of, 129; decline in public reprobation of, 130; debates on, in Virginian legislature, 131; effect of economic changes on, 131; Garrison's view of, 133; Scriptural appeals regarding, 134-135; Douglas's attitude towards, 141; Lincoln's view of, 148-149; Crittenden compromise concerning, 160; not the issue of the Civil War, 162; Lincoln's pledge regarding, 168; not referred to by Davis, 169-170; Stephens on, 170; Lee on, 176; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, 189-191; destroyed by the War, 199; dead, 203; Thirteenth Amendment abolishes, 203

Slave Trade, in hands of Northern Colonists, 12; condemned in first draft of Declaration of Independence, 49; suffered to continue for 20 years, 49; prohibition of, 49; abolished in District of Columbia, 126

Slidell (see Mason and Slidell)

Socialism, character of American, 233

"Solid South, the," 225, 228, 234

South, the, staple industries of, based on Slavery, 40; divergence between North and, 47; balance between North and, 47, 85; changes of view of Slavery in, 129-135; aggressive policy of, 144-145; rejects Douglas, 153; votes for Breckinridge, 155; motives of Secession of, 163-164; military capabilities of, 179; attitude of, after the war, 211-212; attitude of, towards Negroes, 212; Grant on temper of, 213; Negro rule established in, 221-222; liberation of, 224-225; Negro problem in, 225-226

South America, colonized by Spain, 1; influence of French Revolution on, 87; freedom of, guaranteed by Monroe Doctrine, 88; German ambitions in, 238

South Carolina, colonization of, 8; "Tories" in, 31; Cornwallis and Tarleton in, 31; dislike of Protection in, 98; nullifies Tariff, 99; nullifies Force Bill, 101; talk of Secession in, 123; election of Lincoln cheered in, 156; peculiar attitude of, 156-157; secedes from the Union, 158; demands surrender of Sumter, 172; anger against, 173-4; Sherman's march through, 201

Southern Confederacy, anticipated by Jackson, 102; formed, 169. (See also Confederate States.)

Spain, Columbus sails from, 1; claims the New World, 3; decline of, 9; Louisiana transferred to, 10; dominated by Napoleon, 68; Burr seeks support from, 73; proposes war with, 74; neutral in war of 1812..82; U.S. complaints against, 86-87; sells Florida to U.S., 87; war with, 234

Spanish Colonies, 1, 3; revolt of, 87

"Spoils System," the, Jefferson accused of originating, 68; Jackson inaugurates, 96; effect of, 109

Spottsylvania, Battle of, 198

"Squatter Sovereignty," hostile nickname for "Popular Sovereignty" (q.v.), 142

Stamp Act, imposed, 14; resistance to, 15-16; repealed, 17

Stanton, appointed Secretary for War, 194; dismissal of, 219

Stars and Bars, the flag of the Confederacy, 173

Stars and Stripes, the, origin of, 35; South Carolina hands down, 158; affection of Davis for, 167; anger at affront to, 173-174; first appearance of, on European battlefields, 239-240

States, independence of, recognized severally, 35; powers of, under the Constitution, 44; representation of, in Congress, 47

State Sovereignty, question of, left undefined by the Convention, 43; doctrine of, affirmed by Quincey, 70; Hartford Convention takes its stand on, 82; Calhoun maintains, 111; extreme view of, taken by South Carolina, 156-157; Lincoln avoids overt challenge to, 171; Virginia's adherence to, 174-175; Lee's belief in, 175-176; Kentucky's interpretation of, 177-178

Stephens, Alexander H., opposes secession of Georgia, 161; chosen Vice-President of the Confederacy, 169; on Slavery, 170; urges claims of Negroes, 212

Stevens, Thaddeus, dictator of Reconstruction policy, 214; his character and aims, 214-216; compels House to accept his leadership, 216; mover in Impeachment of Johnson, 218; death of, 224

Stowe, Mrs. Beecher, 132, 133, 136

Sumner, Charles, enters Senate, 139; his speeches and beating, 151; spokesman of Radicals, 205; his character, 205; misunderstands Declaration of Independence, 205-207; censures Grant's report, 213; not director of Reconstruction, 214; his scruple about mentioning black men, 217; his opinion on the Impeachment of Johnson, 220; his contention regarding Chinese, 230; concession to, 231

Sumter, cavalry leader, 32

Sumter Fort, held by Federal Government, 172; attempt to reinforce, 172; Lincoln sends supplies to, 172; Davis consents to bombardment of, 173; surrender of, 173; anger at attack on, 173-174

Supreme Court, independence of, 45; pronounces a National Bank constitutional, 57; Jackson on, 105; decides against Dred Scott, 146

Suratt, Mrs., 207

Taft, President, succeeds Roosevelt, 236; denounced by Roosevelt, 236

Talleyrand and "X.Y.Z. letters," 63; Jefferson's negotiations with, 69

Tammany Hall, foundation of, 58

Taney, Roger, a Catholic, 39; Attorney-General, 105; and Jackson's Veto Message, 105; appointed Secretary to the Treasury, 106; Senate refuses to confirm, 106; his judgment in the Dred Scott case, 146; supports the Union, 165

"Tariff of Abominations," the, 98

Tarleton, leader of South Carolina "Tories," 31; defeated at Cowpens, 31

Taxation of the Colonies, 14-16

Taylor, Zachary, defeats Mexicans, 122; Whig candidate for Presidency, 124; Lowell's satire on, 124; elected, 125; on California, 125; an obstacle to Clay, 126; death of, 126

Tea Tax, imposed, 17; resisted in Boston, 17

Tennessee, Jackson commands in, 74; nominates Jackson for Presidency, 92; rejects Secession, 171; secedes, 175

Territories surrendered to Federal Government, 44; Slavery in, 85, 142 et seq., 160; Douglas eager for development of, 141-142

Texas, secedes from Mexico, 115; the "Lone Star State," 116; seeks admission to the Union, 116; Calhoun eager to annex, 116; boundary of, in dispute, 117; Secessionism in, 171

Thirteenth Amendment, Slavery abolished by, 203

Thomas, General, a Virginian Unionist, 97; associated with Sherman in the West, 97

"Tippercanoe," nickname of Harrison, 113

Tobacco industry in American colonies, 11

Townshend, Charles, proposes taxation of Colonies, 17

Trent, the, Mason and Slidell take passage on, 182; stopped by Captain Wilkes, 182; anger in England over, 183

Trusts, unpopularity of, 234; Roosevelt attacks, 235

Tyler, Whig candidate for Vice-Presidency, 113; succeeds Harrison as President, 114; differences with Whig leaders, 114-115; appoints Calhoun Secretary of State, 115; Democrats refuse to accept as candidate, 119

"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 136

Union, urgent need for, 41-42; difficulties of, 43; achieved, 51; Western feeling for, 72; Jackson's devotion to the, 100; Clay called upon to save the, 125; Abolitionists hostile to the, 133, 136; South Carolina's view of the, 157; Lincoln declares perpetual, 168; calls for soldiers to defend the, 174

United States, Constitution framed for, 42 et seq.; neutrality of, 59; enthusiasm for France in, 60; Louisiana purchased by, 68; war with Great Britain, 79; Great Britain makes peace with, 83; feeling of victory in, 84; Florida acquired by, 87; European intervention in America declared unfriendly to, 88; Monroe Doctrine essential to, 88-89; Jackson's importance for, 108; claims of, to Oregon, 117; Texas desires to join, 118; dispute between Mexico and, 120; successful in war against Mexico, 122; California, etc., acquired by, 122; secessions from, 158, 161, 176; anger in Great Britain with, 183; protests of, in Alabama case, 192; compensation paid to, 192; Napoleon III. avoids conflict with, 214; immigration problems in, 230-231; labour movement in, 233-234; attitude of, towards European War, 237-238; declares war, 239; contrast between Prussia and, 239

Vallandingham, a typical "Copperhead," 194; sent across Confederate lines, 195

Van Buren, accuses Calhoun of conspiring against Eaton, 98; fears power of U.S. Bank in New York, 104; reports Palmerston on Jackson, 108; President, 110; avoids war with Great Britain, 111

Vermont, a Puritan Colony, 5; refuses invitation to Hartford Convention, 81

Vice-President, how chosen, 46; change in method of choosing, 67; Calhoun, 97; Tyler, 114; unimportance of, 114; Johnson, 200; Roosevelt, 235

Vicksburg, capture of, 196

Vikings, unimportance of, 2

Virginia, foundation of, 3-4; opposition to Stamp Act in, 16; sends Jefferson to Continental Congress, 20; invaded by British forces, 34; Jefferson's reforms in, 36 et seq.; fails to adopt his plan regarding Slavery, 41; slave insurrection in, 130; legislature of, discusses slavery, 130; John Brown plans slave rising in, 152; rejects Secession, 171; objects to coercion of a State, 174-175; secedes from the Union, 176; joins Confederacy, 176; invaded, 180, 186, 187, 192, 198

War of 1812, 79-84; effect of, 84, 87

War of Independence, 25-35

War with Spain, 234-235. (See also Civil War, Mexican War)

Washington, City of, site agreed on, 55; Jefferson inaugurated in, 67; burnt by British, 80; Slave Trade abolished in, 126; attack on, feared, 187

Washington, Booker, quoted, 212, 220

Washington, George, serves in French War, 10; chosen to command American forces, 25; his character and strategy, 26-27; defeated at Long Island, 27; abandons Philadelphia, 28; defeats Tarleton at Cowpens, 31; besieges Yorktown, 34; presides over Convention, 42; President, 51; national confidence in, 52; signs Bill for a National Bank, 57; re-elected, 57; declares U.S. neutral, 59; suppresses "Whisky Insurrection," 61; condemns Democratic societies, 61; declines a third term, 62; his farewell address, 62

Webster, Daniel, as an actor, 79, 100; supports Force Bill, 101; leagued with Clay and Calhoun, 102; Secretary of State, 114; supports Compromise of 1850..127; death of, 139

Wellington, proposal to send to America, 83

West, the, opened up by Daniel Boon, 71; its governing conditions, 71-72; influence of, on Clay, 78; Slavery in, 85; deserts Clay for Jackson, 95; Douglas a product of, 140-141; Douglas appeals to, 174; military qualities of, 196

West Virginia, cleared by McClellan, 181; recognized as a State, 181

Whig Party, name adopted by Coalition against Jackson, 105; committed to defence of Bank, 105; defeat of, 105; appropriateness of name for, 109; abandonment of principles by, 113; victory of, 114; Tyler out of sympathy with, 114; runs Taylor for President, 124; disappearance of, 139, 145

Whitman, Walt, quoted, 173

Wilderness, the, Hooker trapped in, 192; Lee fights Grant in, 198

Williamsburg, Hooker defeated at, 186

Wilkes, Captain, seizes Mason and Slidell, 182; compliments to, 183

Wilmot Proviso, 122

Wilson, Woodrow, elected President, 236; career and character of, 236; his policy regarding European War, 238-239; supported by nation in declaring war, 239

Wolfe, James, takes Quebec, 160

"X.Y.Z." Letters, 63

Yorktown Peninsula, Cornwallis retires to, 34; McClellan lands on, 186

Yorktown, surrenders, 34; McClellan besieges, 186



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