{62} The writer had the privilege of visiting Mr. White at Jedburgh, and retaining his valued friendship through life, visiting him a short time before his death, and receiving many kindnesses from him.

{64} The Morning Post of April 8, 1889, referring to the death of Sir F. Gore Ouseley, says "He was a member of an ancient Irish family . . . which gave to the world the Wellesleys, the Wesleys, and the Ouseleys, all springing from the same stock;" all three names being only varied forms of the same. A clergyman, Rev. L. H. Wellesley Wesley, now of Folkestone, combines the two names.

{65} Samuel Wesley, the father, was himself originally a dissenter, but afterwards conformed to the established church. He was appointed to the benefice of South Ormsby in 1699 and afterwards held the Rectory of Epworth, and that of Wroot. His eldest son, Samuel, born about 1692, was an Under Master in Westminster School for several years, and later became Head Master of the Grammar School at Tiverton, in Devonshire.

{66a} This has been re-issued by Mr. A. C. Fifield, as No. 16 of "The Simple Series," 6d., 1905.

{66b} As a proof of his regard for the church we may quote his remark (given in Christian Sects of the 19th century, W. Pickering, 1850) "The Church of England is the purest in Christendom."

{66c} The first Conference was held in London at "The Foundry," June 25, 1744. It consisted of only 10 persons, viz., the two brothers, John and Charles Wesley, three beneficed clergymen, John Hodges, Rector of Wenvo, Henry Piers, Vicar of Bexley, Samuel Taylor, Vicar of Quinton, and John Meriton, with four Methodist preachers, viz., John Downes, John Bennett, Thomas Richards and Thomas Maxfield. At this gathering "The Rules of a Helper" were adopted, which form to this day a part of the "discipline" enjoined on Wesleyan Ministers.

{68a} Mr. Carr Brackenbury died August 11, 1818, aged 65, and the Stamford Mercury of the time says of him, "He powerfully and eloquently preached the glad tidings of the gospel during many years, in numerous Wesleyan Chapels, in various parts of the kingdom. He had previously to his intimacy with Wesley been a celebrated character on the turf."

{68b} The aged son of the last named is still (1905) living at Alford, and several grandsons are dispersed about the country.

{70a} Horncastle News, August 31, 1907.

{70b} The first Sunday School was held in the British School (later the Drill Hall) east of the Wong, from 1812 to 1848.

{71a} We may add that at the time of writing (1905) a Wesleyan Church House is about to be erected in Westminster, a fine building in the Renaissance style of architecture, which is to cost 140,000 pounds, the firm of Lanchester & Richards being contractors for the work.

{71b} In addition to the authorities already named, we are indebted for much of the information here given to an account by Mr. Watson Joll, in the Methodist Recorder of Aug. 27, 1903, and to an article by the late Mr. W. Pacy, in the Lincoln Gazette of Aug. 20, 1898.

{71c} Religious Worship in England and Wales, by H. Mann, from the census of 1851.

{72} Within comparatively recent times a Primitive Chapel at Thimbleby was commonly called "The Ranters" Chapel.

{73} Life of the Venerable Hugh Bourne, by Rev. Jesse Ashworth, 1888; also History of the Primitive Methodist Connexion, by Rev. H. B. Kendall, B.A.

{74} The Venerable William Clowes, a sketch, by Thomas Guttery.

{78} In connection with Robert Brown's writings it may be of interest to note, that in the year 1907, an American scholar, Mr. Champlin Burrage, of the Newton Theological Institution, of Massachusetts, discovered in the Library of Lambeth Palace, London, a hitherto unpublished work, in MS., entitled The Retraction of Robert Brown; which the author himself describes as "A reproofe of certeine schismatical persons and their doctrine touching the hearing and preaching of the Word of God." This was written about the year 1588. It has now been published by permission of the Archbishop of Canterbury (Oxford University Press, 2/6 net), and is described by the editor as "a sane and broad-minded" production. [Guardian Newspaper, June 19, 1907.]

{80a} These particulars are gathered from the volume Christian Sects of the 19th century, published by W. Pickering, 1850.

{80b} Mann's Religious Worship in England and Wales, from the census of 1851.

{80c} Only two copies of this pamphlet are known to exist; one in the Library at Revesby Abbey; the other is in the possession of Mr. C. M. Hodgett, of Horncastle, an officer of the chapel, having been given to him by Miss Frances Robinson, a relative, presumably, of the author "W.R.," otherwise William Robinson.

{80d} Letter of Rev. J. G. Crippen, of The Congregational Library Memorial Hall, London, Dec., 1858.

{82} A fuller notice of Rev. T. Lord appears on page 89.

{84a} Written in prison, A.D. 1675.

{84b} Under what was called "The Five Mile Act."

{84c} The chapel generally regarded as the oldest in the kingdom is that at Highthorne, in Kent, which dates from 1650.

{84d} There is a tradition that there was a chapel near the watermill, but this was probably only a room retained for the convenience of those who were "dipped" in the pit. Under date, Aug. 7, 1889, it is recorded, as though a novel event, that at a special service in the evening, the Lay Pastor, Mr. W. P. Milns, performed the ceremony of baptism, by immersion, in the chapel, the baptized being an adult, Horncastle News, August 10, 1889.

{85a} In 1876 the Horncastle Baptists joined the "Notts., Derby and Lincoln Union," which proved a great help to them.

{85b} Among those present were Rev. M. C. Mason from Tura, Assam, British India, a member of the American Missionary Union; Pasteur Saillens, of the French Baptist community; Dr. B. D. Gray of Georgia, U.S.A.; as well as delegates from Russia and Japan.

{91} For further information as to the origin of the school see addendum at the end of this chapter.

{92a} "Comorants," this is the Latin "Commorantes," meaning "temporarily resident."

{92b} Lord Clinton was 9th in descent from John de Clinton, of Armington and Maxlock, Co. Warwick. He was born in 1512; married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Blount, and widow of Gilbert, Lord Tailbois. He was made Lord Lieutenant of the County of Lincoln, Governor of the Tower of London, had been already granted the Manor and Castle of Tattershall by Ed. VI. and was created Earl of Lincoln by Elizabeth in 1572, a title still held by his descendants, now Dukes of Newcastle. He died January 16, 1584, and was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor.

{92c} It has already been stated that lands were given by John Neale in 1575; and by will dated Feb. 7, 1692, Mr. Nicholas Shipley bequeathed 100 pounds to assist poor scholars, but this was lost by the Treasurer, in 1703.

{92d} By an apparently irregular proceeding, the land in Thornton was in 1704, transferred to the Hon. Lewis Dymoke of Scrivelsby, Champion of England. In 1811 the Governors decided to have their rights in this matter investigated. Application was made to the Champion for an explanation of the transaction. The case was submitted to the Charity Commissioners, no reply however was ever received from the Champion, and after a delay of 25 years, the matter was allowed to drop. The 12 pounds a year paid in lieu of the former land does not seem to be an equivalent for the original gift.

{93} The present writer has a copy of this work.

{94} This grant amounted in 1903 to 60 pounds 19s. The income for that year, apart from the grant, was 256 pounds 11s. 4d.; fees of pupils amounting to 263 pounds 10s.; school expenses 473 pounds 3s. 8d.

{95a} Among those, formerly connected with the school, who contributed to this Magazine, were the late Head Master, Canon S. Lodge; the Senior Governor, Dr. R. Jalland; A. C. Clapin, a whilome French pupil in the days of Dr. Smith, who was son of an officer in the army of Napoleon I.; and the present writer, who wrote School Reminiscences.

{95b} To the credit and honour of Dr. Smith, he brought his aged father and mother, the former being blind, to Horncastle, and provided for them in their old age. They resided in a small cottage, close to his own house, now adjoining the Great Northern Hotel.

{99a} The writer possesses a copy of this, given to him by the author. He has also a 1st class prize, a book, signed by J. B. Smith and F. Grosvenor as 1st and 2nd masters.

{99b} His practice was always to close the school with these words. When the boys were let out for 10 minutes, to freshen up in the school yard, as was done at 11.30 every morning, the expression was varied to "exire licet."

{99c} Among the tasks set us to do by ourselves between Saturday morning and Monday, were theses on various subjects, or original verses, on some chosen theme; the writer still possesses several of these, of varied merit. They taught us, however, the careful use of words.

{100a} The ringing of this bell was given up a few years ago, as the Governors decided not to pay for it.

{100b} The veteran, Mr. Thomas Baker, the friend of the champion cricketer, Dr. W. G. Grace, and the trainer of Sir Evelyn Wood, had not yet arrived at Horncastle, which he did a few years later, to put life and energy into our cricketers.

{106a} By Rev. T. P. Brocklehurst, Vicar of that parish, 1901.

{106b} As a similar instance to that named in the text, the school at Kingston on Thames is now called "Queen Elizabeth's," but it was founded by Bishop Edington, in 1364. It may here be mentioned that the grammar school of Bruton, Somerset, which was originally founded in 1519, was re-established by Edward VI., "by letters patent, dated June 20, 1549, Corpus Christi day," on which day the Governors, Masters, and Scholars still attend a special commemoration service in the Parish Church. (Guardian, August 2, 1905, p. 1,287.)

{106c} Full details of these appointments are given in a Paper, by Mr. A. F. Leach, author of English Schools at the Reformation, for the Gazette of the Old Bostonian Club, which is reprinted in the Journal of the Lincolnshire Architectural Society, vol. xxvi, pt. ii, pp. 398 et seq, 1902.

{108a} The firm of Handley were Solicitors, of Sleaford. Their recent representative was a member of the Banking Company of Peacock, Handley & Co. Henry Handley, Esq., represented South Lincolnshire in Parliament during 9 years, after the passing of the Reform Bill, dying in 1846, much regretted, after a long illness. As a memorial of his public services a statue of him was erected in the main street of Sleaford in 1851, costing upward of 1,000 pounds.

{108b} The Swallows were a well-to-do family in Horncastle, living in the same part of the town as Mr. Watson, and the Coningtons. Members of it, within memory, have been farmers, nurserymen, victuallers, &c.

{110a} This particular plot of ground, sometimes called "fool thing," is named in various other ancient documents connected with Horncastle.

{110b} The Governors at this date were John Thorold, M.D., Horncastle; Rev. Arthur Rockliffe, Roughton; Rev. William Boawre Coningsby; Robert Cole, Horncastle, gent; Benjamin Stephenson, Mareham-le-Fen, gent; Richard Heald, Horncastle, gent; Rev. John Wheeler, Mareham-le-Fen; Simon Draper and William Hirst Simpson, Horncastle; Francis Conington, Residuary Devisee; and Joseph Mowbound, Horncastle, clerk.

{111} Weir's History of Horncastle, 1820, pp. 41, 42.

{112a} Professor Walter's History of England, vol. vii., pp. 454-6.

{112b} This date is definitely fixed by the fact that the fittings of the school were sold by auction early in the following year (1877), among them being a desk, still in use, to the present writer's knowledge, in a neighbouring village school. The premises were afterwards purchased by the late Mr. Alfred Healy, for a corn store, and they are now the warehouse of Messrs. Carlton & Sons, Chemists, of High Street.

{112c} The efficiency of the present church schools is testified to by the Report of the Government Inspector, in July, 1905, as follows: "Staff adequate, teaching energetic, boys and girls. The new library should be a great benefit. Infants, brisk and kind discipline; teaching bright and thorough."

{113a} The Right Hon. George Joachim Goschen, afterwards Viscount Goschen.

{113b} 53 and 54 Victoria, chap. 60.

{114a} Mr. Mallet was afterwards assisted by Mr. Sydney N. Hawling, clerk to Mr. H. W. Kemp, Chemist, and also by Miss M. E. Edgar.

{114b} Horncastle News, Sept. 19, 1896.

{115} Miss Foster was an enthusiast in all her work, and being a cyclist she explored the country for many miles round Horncastle to collect fossils, besides making excursions into other counties, thus obtaining a valuable collection of specimens. The writer possesses a copy of these lectures, which are remarkable for their fulness and precision.

{120a} The Rev. John Fretwell was Rector of Winceby, and began his ministry in Horncastle, June 24th, 1782, and was Curate under the Vicars, Revs. James Fowler and Joseph Robinson. He would appear to have possessed a private income beyond his official stipend. He was probably, for some time, in sole charge of the cure, as we find him disposing of some of the "communion money," for the benefit of the Dispensary, as recorded in a subsequent page of this chapter. There is a tablet of black marble on the north wall of the chancel, in St. Mary's Church, in memory of Elizabeth, his first wife, who died Dec. 4th, 1784, and also of his infant son by his second wife), Matthew Harold, who died Sept. 19th, 1786.

{120b} This was the house now occupied by Dr. H. A. Howes, 30, West Street; and the writer may add, that, within his own memory, while the house was occupied by a later tenant, Mr. Jason Alison, a poor lunatic, probably a survival of Dr. Harrison's asylum, was kept chained to the kitchen fireplace. Such treatment would now be impossible, but parallel cases are on record in the neighbourhood.

{122} Dr. E. Jenner made his first experiment in 1796, announced his success in 1798, and the practice became general in 1799.

{124} Mr. Macarthur was the most indefatigable and efficient dispenser up to that time; the Governors more than once passing a vote of thanks for his services, raising his salary, or presenting him with a cheque.

{127} Weir, in his History of Horncastle, says that lime, manure, and road material were charged half rates. This was in 1828.

{128} We refer to an admirable Paper, read before the Society of Arts, London, by Mr. Buckley, C.S.I., Feb. 15th, 1906.

{129a} See a very interesting volume, Our Waterways, by Urquhart A. Forbes and W. H. R. Ashford. Murray, London, 1906.

{133} Garnier's Annals of British Peasantry, 1895.

{134a} As an instance of this the Horncastle Union comprises 69 parishes.

{134b} These books were inspected by the present writer a few years ago, although now (1906) supposed to be lost. In the account of Thimbleby, given in the appendix to this volume, instances are given of various forms of relief to paupers, in coals, shoes, petticoats, &c., but always on condition that they attended the church services regularly, otherwise such relief was forfeited.

{134c} In some parts of the country "black bread," made of oatmeal, was in use, among the humbler classes, as late as in 1850.

{134d} This had been forestalled as early as in the reign of Edward I.; a Pipe Roll dated 12 Edward I. (A.D. 1284) shows that a payment of 60 shillings was made for a common oven, rented of the Bishop of Carlisle, as Lord of the Manor. Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iv, p. 237.

{134e} The older ones among us will remember that in the days of our grandmothers the spinning wheel was usually to be seen in the boudoir, or drawing room. A common shrub of our hedgerows and copses is the spindle tree (euonymus europeus), so named because of its compact, yet light, wood was made the spindle of the spinster. An old MS., kept by Sarah Cleveland, shows how not only the poor but ladies of all ranks, like the Homeric Penelope and her maidens, practised spinning; the younger with a view to providing a marriage portion for themselves; whence, until marriage, they were called "spinsters," a term still in use. [Berenden Letters of William Ward and his family, of Berenden, Kent, 1758-1821, edited by C. F. Hardy. Dent & Co., 1901.] It may be here mentioned that the ancient building in Boston named Shodfriars' Hall, was formerly a spinning school. In the Parish Register of Wispington, in this neighbourhood, not only is the female mentioned as "spinster," but the male is called "weaver," and in the adjoining parish of Woodhall there is a "weavers' close," part of which is named "tailors' garth," in the same connection, and the present parish clerk's grandmother, a Mrs. Oldfield, had herself a hand loom; and in the parish of Minting weaving is known to have been carried on extensively, an informant telling the present writer that his grandmother had a hand loom, see Records of Woodhall Spa, &c., under Minting, by the author. In Horncastle a weaver, named Keeling, formerly occupied the premises now the bookseller's shop of Mr. Hugh Wilson; another lived in the house, 3, North Street, now occupied by Mr. G. Walkley.

{134f} The members of this committee are given as Rev. Jas. Fowler (Vicar), Joshua Towne (a well-known clock maker, whose clocks are still valued), Geo. Heald (gent), James Watson, William Maddison, Robert Boulton, John Spraggings, Francis Rockliffe, and Joshua Vickers (hatter).

{134g} In digging to lay the foundations of the building, a considerable number of ancient jars were exhumed, which passed subsequently into the possession of the Chaplain, the late Rev. E. M. Chapman, Rector of Low Toynton. After disappearing for some years, several of these were sold in 1905. They are supposed to be Cyprus ware. The present writer has three of them, others have been presented to different museums, &c.

{135} The only town constable at that time was a feeble old man (it was said) a former smuggler. He afterwards retired from this post, for which he was unfitted, and became host of the Lord Nelson Inn, close by the former scene of his duties. We may add that the sign of this inn, a good portrait of Nelson, was the work of the artist Northouse.

{140} 300 pounds was borrowed Nov. 19th, 1901.

{142a} Robert Whelpton, the father of George, who was also a shoemaker, used to relate that he made shoes for Sir John Franklin, before he went out as Governor of Tasmania. Sir John, a native of Spilsby, was brother-in-law of Mr. Henry Selwood, who lived in the house on the west side of the Market Place, now occupied by Mr. R. W. Clitherow, which would be opposite Whelpton's shop. Sir John was Governor of Tasmania 1836-1842.

{142b} William Thomas Whelpton took as a residence 69, Gloucester Crescent, Regent's Park, London; and Henry Robert Whelpton resided in Upton Park, Slough.

{142c} While at Derby he revisited Horncastle, driving over in a hired carriage, with pair of horses, and it is said that a local wag, seeing his carriage in the Bull Hotel yard, wrote upon it with chalk:

"Who would have thought it, That pills could have bought it?"

{143a} His wife's maiden name was Barber. She was, by profession, a lady's stay maker, and occupied a house standing on the site of the present Church National School.

{143b} The inscription on the houses states that they were erected by George Whelpton, of 1, Albeit Road, Regent's Park, London, in 1861, in memory of his wife Elizabeth, who died Dec. 11, 1859.

{145} The present writer still has in his possession, as a cherished heirloom, the sword and sash of his grandfather, the owner of Tanshelf House, Pontefract, as well as of residences at Lofthouse and Methley.

{146} Similarly the present writer has a photograph of an uncle, who was an officer of yeomanry in 1804, and lived to join the modern yeomanry in 1860.

{155} Illustrated Police News, Aug. 18th, 1883,

{159} The Boston Guardian in an obituary notice said "all who knew him esteemed him," and the Horncastle News said "There is gone from among us one of nature's true gentlemen."

{160} This ready mode of disolving the bond of wedlock was not uncommon in former times, but a similar case is recorded as having occurred in or near Scarborough in recent years, and in November 1898 a case came before Mr. Justice Kekewich, in the Chancery Court, of a man, before leaving for Australia, having sold his wife for 250 pounds.

{162} For these details, as well as many others, I am indebted to family records in the possession of the late Mr. John Overton, which I have had the privilege of consulting on many occasions. J.C.W.

{165} Mr. Isaac Taylor in his Words and Places (p. 201, ed. 1873), says "I cannot discover any indication of the place where the Lincolnshire 'Thing' (the Saxon 'County Council') assembled, unless it was at Thimbleby or Legbourne." There are, however, several parishes containing the element "thing" in their field names; for instance there is one in Welton near Lincoln; there is a Candlesby Thyng, a Norcotes Thyng, and Ravenworth Thyng, named in a Chancery Inquisition, 20 Henry VII., No. 133, &c. (Architectural Society's Journal, 1895, p. 38.) These were probably the localities where smaller parish meetings were held.

{166a} A superior tenant, holding under Bishop Odo, was a rather important man in the county, frequently mentioned in documents of the period, as Alan of Lincoln. He also held lands in Langton and other parishes in the neighbourhood. (Survey of Lindsey, Cotton MS., British Museum. Claudius, c. 5. A.D. 1114-1118.)

{166b} Notices of Hagworthingham.

{166c} Albemarle, or Aumarle, was a town in Normandy, now called Aumale, whence the Duc d' Aumale, of the Royal family of France, takes his title. Probably the Earl put in a claim for this demesne indirectly, because (as already stated) Adeliza, Countess of Albemarle, was sister of Bishop Odo, the former Lord of Thimbleby.

{166d} The Gaunts took their name from Gande, now Ghent, in Flanders. Gilbert was the son of Baldwyn, Earl of Flanders, whose sister was married to William the Conqueror. He was thus nephew to the Conqueror's consort. He held 113 manors in Lincolnshire besides many others elsewhere. Both he and his son Walter largely endowed Bardney Abbey. The name of Gaunt still survives in our neighbourhood.

{166e} Notes on Bolingbroke, &c.

{167a} Feet of Fines, Lincoln, 31 Edward I.

{167b} Architectural Society's Journal, 1897, p. 52.

{167c} It may be nothing more than an accidental coincidence that the name of Bartholomew occurs in the Thimbleby Register in modern times.

{167d} These charters belong to the Rev. J. A. Penny, Vicar of Wispington, by whom they were communicated to Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. v, No. 38, April, 1897.

{168a} Harleian Charter, British Museum, 43 G, 52, B.M. Lincs. Notes & Queries, Oct., 1898, p. 244.

{168b} Chancery Inquisition post mortem 6 Ed. III.

{168c} Chancery Inquisition post mortem, 34 Ed. III., and notes thereon, Architectural Society's Journal, 1896, p. 257.

{168d} Court of Wards Inquisition, 3, 4, 5 Ed. VI., vol. 5, p. 91.

{169a} Harleian Charter, British Museum, 56 B, 49 B.M.

{169b} Myntlyng MS. of Spalding Priory, folio 7 b.

{170a} At the time of the Norman Conquest, according to Sir Henry Ellis, there were 222 parish churches in the county, and only 131 resident priests. Sharon Turner gives 226 churches, about half without a resident minister.

{170b} Hundred Rolls, p. 299. Oliver's Religious Houses, p. 78.

{171a} Lincs. Notes & Queries, 1898, p. 135.

{171b} History of Lincolnshire, p. 334.

{172a} Lincs. Notes & Queues, vol. ii, p. 38.

{172b} I have been informed of this by the Rev. Edwin Richard Kemp, of St. Anne's Lodge, Lincoln, who is a scion of a collateral branch of the family, to be named next amongst the successive owners of the Hall-garth.

{173a} Weir's History of Lincolnshire, p. 334.

{173b} Henry Kemp and "Elinor" Panton were married in 1723. They had a numerous family, including Michael, baptized May 2nd, 1731; Thomas, baptized 1737, married 1768; and Robert, baptized 1740, married 1766. Thomas and Robert were family names, which occurred in successive generations. There were other branches of the family, whose representatives still survive; including the Rev. Edwin R. Kemp, already referred to, whose grandfather was first cousin of the last Thomas Kemp residing at the Hall-garth. When the Kemp property was sold, a portion, at one time belonging to William Barker, was bought by the Rev. R. E. Kemp of Lincoln.

{173c} N. Bailey's Dictionary 1740.

{173d} The Saxon word "caemban" meant "to comb," whence our words "kempt" and "unkempt," applied to a tidy, neatly trimmed, or combed, person, and the reverse; or used of other things, as Spenser, in his Faery Queen, says:

"I greatly lothe thy wordes, Uncourteous and unkempt."—Book III, canto x, stanza xxix.

On the other hand, more than 100 years before the days of the Huguenots, there was a Cardinal John Kemp, afterwards consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 1452, born at Wye, near Ashford in Kent. In the old Rhyming Chronicle "Laweman's Brut," of date about A.D. 1205, we find "Kemp" used as a parallel to "Knight," or warrior; as

"Three hundred cnihtes were also Kempes, The faireste men that evere come here."

("Hengist and Horsa," Cottonian MS., Brit. Mus., "Otho," c. xiii.) ("Morris's Specimens of early English," p. 65.)

In Bedfordshire there is a village named Kempston, which, like Campton in the same county, is supposed to be derived from the Saxon "Kemp," meaning "battle." Taylor's Words and Places, p. 206.

{175} One of these Marshalls began life as the owner of property, hunting in "pink," &c., but ended his days as the clerk of a neighbouring parish. Another had a public-house and farm in another near parish; his descendant is a beneficed clergyman in the diocese of Exeter.

{176a} There were six bells in the original church. These were sold by the said churchwarden, who would appear to have been a zealous iconoclast. According to one tradition they went to Billinghay, but as the church there has only three bells, this is probably an error. Another version is that they were transferred to Tetford church; had the removal occurred in the time of the Thimblebys, this might not have been improbable, as they were patrons of that benefice; but several other churches claim this distinction, and, further, there are only three bells in that church, so that this again is doubtless a mistake.

{176b} Gervase Holles gives the following as the inscription existing in his time (circa 1640), "Hic jacet Gulielmus Brackenburg et Emmotta ejus uxor, qui quidem Gulielmus obiit 6 die Januarii, An'o D'ni 1476, quorum a'iabus p'pitietur Deus. Amen." There are, he adds, "figures of themselves upon the stone, and ten children, all in brasse." Harleian MS., Brit. Mus., No. 6,829, p. 177.

{177} In Magna Britannia it is stated that he held 15 manors in this county. In connection with the Paganell family it may here be noted that a daughter, Maud, of Gilbert de Gaunt, married a Norman, Ralph Fitzooth; their son William Fitzooth married the daughter of Beauchamp Paganell; from whom sprung Robert Fitz Ooth, commonly known as Robin Hood. Stukeley, Palaeol Brit., vol. ii, p. 115.

{178a} Guardian, Jan. 18th, 1905.

{178b} Monasticon, vol. i, 564-565.

{178c} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iv, pp. 16, 17.

{178d} Weir's History of Lincolnshire, vol. i, p. 335. Ed. 1828.

{179} Harleian MSS., No. 6,829, p. 342.

{180a} It contains several entries of baptisms during the Commonwealth, a period when, frequently, only births were allowed to be registered.

{180b} Testa de Nevill, folio 248 (536).

{183a} Testa de Nevill, fol. 348 (556).

{183b} Domesday Book.

{183c} Soc-men were small tenants who held their lands under the lord, on the terms of doing certain agricultural service for him. Bordars, from the Saxon "bord" a cottage, were a lower class of smaller tenants, who had a cottage and small allotment, supplying to the lord more continuous labour, and also eggs and poultry. By statute of Queen Elizabeth (31 Eliz., c. 7), which probably only confirmed old usage, at that time liable to fall into abeyance, it was enacted that any proprietor electing a new cottage should be compelled to attach thereto four acres of land. If something like this were done in these days we should probably hear less of the rural population migrating to the towns, to the increase of pauperage. There was a third still lower class of dependents, not here mentioned, named villeins, who performed the meanest labours; these were attached either to the land, or to the person of the owner, and could be transferred from one to another owner, like goods or chattels. Such a position of serfdom is unknown to the agricultural labourer of modern times; and their name, as having belonged to the lowest grade of society, now only survives as a synonym for a dishonest person, a scoundrel or villain.

{184a} A "trentall" was thirty masses for the dead to be celebrated on thirty several days.

{184b} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol iv, pp. 12-13.

{185a} Weir's History, ed. 1828, p. 335.

{185b} Mr. Taylor in his Words and Places, p. 130, says that "there is hardly a river named in England which is not celtic, i.e. British. The name Waring is British; garw, or gwarw, is welsh, i.e. British, and appears in other river names, as the Yarrow and Garry in Scotland, and the Garonne in France.

{186} This bridge was taken down and a wider and more substantial one erected in 1899.

{187a} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iii. p. 218.

{187b} Ibid., pp. 87, 88.

{187c} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iv. pp. 212, 213.

{188a} Canon Maddison, Architectural Society's Journal, 1897, p. l62.

{188b} In the old Register Book of Burials, &c., of the parish of "Toynton Inferior," is an entry of the burial of "—- Newcomen ye 17th November, 1592." The Christian name is undecipherable.

{190a} Sewer is a common local name for a drain, or even a clear running stream. Such a stream, called the Sewer, rises at Well-syke Wood in this parish, and runs into the Witham river, nearly four miles distant, perfectly limpid throughout its course. As to the name Well-syke, "sike" is an old term for a "beck," or small running stream. "Sykes and meres" are frequently mentioned in old documents connected with land. The word syke is doubtless connected with "soak," and this wood was so named because the "syke" welled up within a marshy part of it.

{190b} Architectural Society's Journal, vol. xxiii, pp. 122 and 132.

{190c} Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 244.

{191} It was at Roughton in 1631.

{192a} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iii, pp. 245-6.

{192b} Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 245.

{194a} Sir Jos. Banks was Lord of the Manor.

{194b} Archdeacn Churton's English Church; Introd. Domesday Book, by C. Gowen Smith, p. xxxii.

{195a} Harleyan MS., No. 6829, p. 218.

{195b} Burn's Justice, vol. v, pp. 823-4.

{196a} Revesby Deeds & Charters, published by Right Hon. E. Stanhope, No. 150.

{196b} Architectural Society's Journal, 1894, p. 214.

{196c} Architectural Society's Journal, 1891, p. 24, and 1897, pp. 145-163.

{196d} Architectural Society's Journal, 1897, pp. 75, 79.

{196e} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iii, p. 215.

{198a} A pamphlet on The Ayscough family and their connections, by J. Conway Walter, 1896.

{198b} Lincolnshire Wills, by Canon Maddison.

{198c} At this early period, partly perhaps owing to laxity of morals, but partly because the papal supremacy was not fully recognised, celibacy of the clergy was not strictly enforced. On the accession of Queen Mary great numbers of them were found to be married. She issued "Injunctions" to the bishops in 1553-4, ordering them to deprive all such of their benefices; although some of them, on doing public penance, were restored to their position. In the Lincoln Lists of Institutions to Benefices, at that period, many of the vacancies are stated to have occurred, owing to the deprivation of the previous incumbent; and in some cases, as at Knebworth, Herts., and at Haversham, Bucks, (both then in the Lincoln diocese), it is specified that the incumbent so deprived was married (sacerdos conjugatus). Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. v, p. 174.

{198d} One derivation of the name Revesby is from "reeve," a fox, or rover, and we still call the fox the "little red rover."

{201a} The Glenham family were at one time located at Miningsby; when the Revesby estates passed from the Duke of Suffolk, Thomas Glenham, Esq., with Sir Henry Sidney, and some others, succeeded to different portions.

{201b} Words and Plans, by J. Taylor.

{202} This tract of forest probably was very extensive. We know that in the north-west of the county, and extending to near Doncaster, there was the forest of Celidon; south of that was Sherwood forest. In Holland there was the forest of "Haut Huntre" (its Norman name); and there is a tradition, in our neighbourhood, of a church, not far from Old Bolingbroke, being called "St. Luke's in the Forest," now known as Stickney; this name itself probably meaning a "sticken," or staked, island; a kind of preserved oasis, or clearing, in a wilderness of wood and morass. Architectural Society's Journal, 1858, p. 231.

{203a} This has also been quoted in the Notes on High Toynton; and another case of a similar tenure of land is mentioned in the Notes on Hameringham.

{203b} Lincs. Notes & Queues, vol. iii, pp. 245-6.

{203c} Domesday Book, "Land of Robert Despenser."

{204} In Domesday Book the chief features are "the woodland" and "fisheries," no less than 10 of the latter are named as belonging to Robert Despenser.

{205} Harleyan MS., No. 6829, pp. 179-182, given in Weir's History of Horncastle, pp. 50-53.

{206a} In the reign of Mary Sir Edward Dymoke married Anne, daughter of Sir G. Taillebois.

{206b} Gentleman's Magazine, April, 1826.

{207a} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. ii, p. 108.

{207b} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. iv, pp. 119-120.

{208a} Mr. Tyrwhitt, like many other clergy in his day, was non-resident; the duty being performed by a curate, the Rev. W. Robinson, who held also the rectory of Moorby, but resided in Horncastle.

{208b} Lincs. Notes & Queries, vol. ii, p. 39.

{209} The writer of these notes in his youth used to visit a farmer, living in the fen, whose father was among the first to erect his farmstead in that locality. He had first to solidify the site of his dwelling by importing soil by boat; and, when that was effected, to import by boat all the materials for the buildings; the construction of roads followed; and thus in course of time a waste of morass became one of the most fertile tracts in the country.

THE END